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Alternative Energy Carriers and Powertrains to Reduce GHG from Transport

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Alternative Energy Carriers and Powertrains to Reduce GHG from Transport Alternative Energy Carriers and Powertrains to Reduce GHG from Transport Nikolas Hill (Lead Author, AEA) 25 June 2009 - DRAFT Tom Hazeldine (AEA) Johannes von Einem (AEA) Alison Pridmore (AEA) David Wynn (AEA) Alternative Energy Carriers and Powertrains to ReduceAlternative GHG energy carriersfrom and Transport powertrains EU Transport GHG: Routes to 2050? AEA/ED45405/Paper 2 Contract ENV.C.3/SER/2008/0053 Nikolas Hill (Lead Author, AEA) 25 June 2009 - DRAFT Tom Hazeldine (AEA) Alison Pridmore (AEA) Johannes von Einem (AEA) David Wynn (AEA) Suggested citation: Hill, Hazeldine, Pridmore, von Einem and Wynn (2009) Alternative Energy Carriers and Powertrains to Reduce GHG from Transport. Paper produced as part of contract ENV.C.3/SER/2008/0053 between European Commission Directorate-General Environment and AEA Technology plc; see website www.eutransportghg2050.eu ii EU Transport GHG: Routes to 2050? Alternative energy carriers and powertrains Contract ENV.C.3/SER/2008/0053 AEA/ED45405/Paper 2 Table of contents Executive Summary v 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Topic of this paper 1 1.2 Background to project and its objectives 1 1.3 Background and purpose of the paper 1 1.4 Structure of the paper 2 2 General Background for Different Transport Modes 3 2.1 Road Transport 3 2.2 Aviation 3 2.3 Shipping 3 2.4 Rail 4 2.5 References 5 3 Liquid Biofuels and Biogas 6 3.1 Introduction 6 3.2 Overview of options 6 3.3 General 7 3.4 Road transport 8 3.5 Aviation 9 3.6 Shipping 10 3.7 Rail 11 3.8 Gaps in Identified Information 12 3.9 References 13 4 CNG, LNG and LPG 15 4.1 Introduction 15 4.2 Overview of options 15 4.3 Road Transport 16 4.4 Aviation 20 4.5 Shipping 20 4.6 Rail 21 4.7 Gaps in Identified Information 22 4.8 References 23 5 Pure Electric and Plug-in Hybrids 25 5.1 Introduction 25 5.2 Overview of options 25 5.3 Road Transport 25 5.4 Aviation 30 iii Alternative energy carriers and powertrains EU Transport GHG: Routes to 2050? AEA/ED45405/Paper 2 Contract ENV.C.3/SER/2008/0053 5.5 Shipping 30 5.6 Rail 31 5.7 Gaps in Identified Information 31 5.8 References 31 6 Hydrogen and Fuel Cells 33 6.1 Introduction 33 6.2 Overview of options 33 6.3 Road Transport 34 6.4 Aviation 37 6.5 Shipping 38 6.6 Rail 38 6.7 Gaps in Identified Information 39 6.8 References 39 7 Summary of Key Findings and Conclusions 42 7.1 Key Findings 42 7.2 Summary of Issues for Further Discussion 50 iv EU Transport GHG: Routes to 2050? Alternative energy carriers and powertrains Contract ENV.C.3/SER/2008/0053 AEA/ED45405/Paper 2 Executive Summary To be completed for final version v EU Transport GHG: Routes to 2050? Alternative energy carriers and powertrains Contract ENV.C.3/SER/2008/0053 AEA/ED45405/Paper 2 1 Introduction 1.1 Topic of this paper This paper covers of the potential of alternative energy carriers and powertrains to reduce GHG emissions from all motorised transport modes in the short-term (to 2020) and long-term (to 2050). The paper provides a high-level summary drawn from evidence from existing studies and excludes powertrain improvements for fossil-fuel based engines in road transport (addressed in Paper 1) and other technical options for non-road transport modes (addressed in Paper 3). 1.2 Background to project and its objectives The background of the project “EU Transport GHG: Routes to 2050?” is to serve the Commission’s long-term objective for tackling climate change, which entails limiting global warming to 2oC and includes the definition of a strategic target for 2050. As far as transport is concerned, there are various new policy measures that are aimed at controlling emissions from the transport sector, but these measures are not part of a broad strategy or overarching goal. Hence, the key objective of this project is to provide guidance and evidence on the broader policy framework for controlling GHG emissions from the transport sector. In order to fulfil this objective the project has been structured along 10 Tasks, which can be classified in three parts, according to their overall objectives: • Part I (‘Review of the available information’) involves Tasks 1 to 4 aiming at collating the relevant data and providing the context for the project (e.g. potential emissions reductions that transport may have to deliver, transport trends and drivers) and an initial analysis of technical and non-technical options and policy measures for reducing GHG emissions from transport. • Part II (‘In depth assessment and creation of framework for policy making’) involves Tasks 6 to 8, bringing the work of Part I together to develop a long-term policy framework for reducing transport’s GHG emissions. In particular, the following objectives have been identified: • Part III (‘Ongoing tasks’) covers Tasks 5, 9 and 10. These tasks mainly concern with dissemination aspects, as the Task 5 (stakeholder engagement, aiming at providing insights into the feasibility of various GHG reduction measures) and Task 9, supporting the discussion with the development of papers. Task 10, project management, will support the effective realization of the work throughout the project lifetime. 1.3 Background and purpose of the paper This paper forms part of a suite of papers that aim to review the technical and non-technical options for reducing CO2 emissions from transport between 2009 and 2050. Together the suite of papers forms Task 4 of the wider project. Whilst this paper covers alternative energy carriers and powertrains the other papers cover: • Technical options for road transport; • Technical options for non-road transport; • Non-technical options for road transport; • Fiscal and other economic instruments for road transport (incl. ETS); • Options related to modal shift and intelligent transport systems. 1 Alternative energy carriers and powertrains EU Transport GHG: Routes to 2050? AEA/ED45405/Paper 2 Contract ENV.C.3/SER/2008/0053 Using evidence from existing studies these papers will assess each of these options against a number of key criteria such as cost, carbon savings and barriers to implementation. Tasks 1 to 4 form Part 1 of the project, which aims to review the available information by: • Setting the analytical framework and data collection (Task 1) • Identifying transport’s potential contributions to meeting long-term, EU GHG targets (Task 2) • Assessing transport demand trends and drivers (Task 3) Part 2 of the project will entail an in-depth assessment of the measures and the creation of a framework for policy making. This will include developing cost curves to enable measures to be prioritised. Part 3 of the project, which is continuous throughout the work, mainly consists of stakeholder consultation and project management. This document is the first draft of this paper for internal review by other members of the wider project team. Amendments will be made in response to comments from the project team before a second draft is circulated to stakeholders for review at a Technical Focus Group in late June/early July 2009. The final format of this document will be a standalone paper available on the project website and summarised in the final report. 1.4 Structure of the paper Following this introduction this paper is split into the following further 6 chapters: 2. General Background for Different Transport Modes 3. Liquid Biofuels and Biogas 4. CNG, LNG and LPG 5. Pure Electric and Plug-in Hybrids 6. Hydrogen and Fuel Cell 7. Summary of Key Findings and Conclusions Each of the chapters from 3 to 6 begins with an introduction to the specific area, which includes an overview of the options for different transport modes. The options are then analysed in turn to assess a range of factors. Where data was available the following factors were included: • GHG reduction at vehicle level (short-term and long-term); • Long term overall reduction potential; • Indication of cost at vehicle level and total cost; • Timeframe for application; • Co-benefits; • Infrastructural requirements; • Stakeholder vision; • Barriers; • Policy instruments; • Interaction with other GHG reduction options; • Uncertainties and main open issues. Each chapter concludes with a comprehensive list of references. 2 EU Transport GHG: Routes to 2050? Alternative energy carriers and powertrains Contract ENV.C.3/SER/2008/0053 AEA/ED45405/Paper 2 2 General Background for Different Transport Modes 2.1 Road Transport The road transport sector accounts for about one fifth of the EU’s CO2 emissions, with passenger cars responsible for over half of this. As by far the largest transport source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (and with much faster fleet turnover compared to air, ship and rail transport) road transport has been the primary focus of most of the R&D into alternative fuels and powertrains. Although policy, legislation and R&D have focused on road transport initially, this has began to widen to other transport modes in recent years. Even so, it is anticipated that the greatest potential for long-term GHG reductions lies in road transport with the potential to virtually eliminate CO2 emissions in the very long term with a switch to renewable hydrogen-fuelled and/or electric vehicles. In the interim there are a number of other measures that are may provide important bridges to eventual independence from fossil derived energy sources, such as biofuels and plug-in hybrid vehicles. However, there are a technical and non-technical challenges and uncertainties for all these options that need to be overcome in order to achieve significant savings in both the short-term (to 2020) and long-term (to 2050 and beyond).
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