DOCSLIB.ORG

Wood Gnats of the Genus Sylvicola (Diptera, Anisopodidae): Taxonomic Status, Family Assignment, and Review of Nominal Species Described by J

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Wood Gnats of the Genus Sylvicola (Diptera, Anisopodidae): Taxonomic Status, Family Assignment, and Review of Nominal Species Described by J MICHELSEN: Taxonomy of Sylvicola VERNER MICHELSEN Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen WOOD GNATS OF THE GENUS SYLVICOLA (DIPTERA, ANISOPODIDAE): TAXONOMIC STATUS, FAMILY ASSIGNMENT, AND REVIEW OF NOMINAL SPECIES DESCRIBED BY J. C. FABRICIUS Michelsen, V., 1999. Wood gnats of the genus Sylvicola (Diptera, Anisopodidae): taxonomic status, family assignment, and review of nominal species described by J. C. Fabricius. − Tijd- schrift voor Entomologie 142: 69-75. [ISSN 0040-7496]. Published 22 September 1999. Comments are given on the contents and relationships of Sylvicola Harris, 1780, an important genus of anisopodid gnats. Tonnoirina Amorim & Tozoni, 1994 is sunk as a new junior syn- onym. At the family-group level aspects of nomenclature, fossils and taxon/lineage definitions are dealt with, and the phylogenetic structure of extant wood gnats discussed. It is preferred to treat them all in a single family and to abandon other formal supra-generic classification. A composite maxillo-labial ‘mentum’ is a remarkable state of the adult mouthparts that seems to combine the Mycetobia- and Olbiogaster-groups. Finally, the identity of three nominal species of Sylvicola has been checked and lectotypes designated on basis of authentic type material. All three are from Europe and were described by J. C. Fabricius. Sylvicola subfuscatus Krivosheina & Menzel, 1998 is a new junior synonym of S. fuscatus (Fabricius, 1775) and S. fuscatoides sp. n. is proposed for ‘S. fuscatus Fabricius’ of recent authors. V. Michelsen, Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK- 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark. E-mail: [email protected] Key words. − Diptera; Anisopodidae; Sylvicola; phylogeny; classification; nomenclature. Wood gnats or Anisopodidae in the sense of Hen- ly, the identity of nominal species of Sylvicola de- nig (1973) and Peterson (1981), i.e. including Sylvi- scribed by J. C. Fabricius (and other 18th century au- cola Harris, Olbiogaster Osten Sacken, Mycetobia thors) is assessed. Meigen and related genera, are today a small family of Acronyms for depositories: ZIUL, Zoological Insti- nematocerous Neodiptera (see Michelsen 1996a) tute, University of Lund; ZMUC, Zoological Museum, with ca. 120 species described. However, a rich fossil University of Copenhagen. record suggests that the direct lineage leading to the modern family can be traced back to early Middle TAXONOMIC STATUS OF SYLVICOLA HARRIS Mesozoic (200+ Myr). The family is rather cos- mopolitan, occurring in arboreal habitats ranging Over time there has been consensus on gathering from tropical to cold-temperate climates. A few most species of wood gnats into a single genus based species of Sylvicola, the so-called ‘window gnats’, are on characters of the wing: vein R2+3 strongly sinuous very common in domestic situations. Anisopodid lar- and wing membrane with macrotrichia. By that diag- vae are terrestrial saprophages living in decaying or- nosis the genus is large (about 75 extant species ganic matter. Rotting wood and sap runs seem known) and distributed worldwide. Yet, the simple favourable to many species of anisopodids, but a question of what name to apply for it has been a most much wider range of breeding media, including ma- contentious issue. Meigen (1818) ignored his own nure and decaying vegetables, are utilised by the com- earlier (Meigen 1803, 1804) proposal of the name mon window gnats. Anisopus, and all subsequent 19th century authors The purpose of this paper is to discuss and clarify adopted the name Rhyphus Latreille, 1804. Upon the various topics that relate to the systematics of Sylvico- discovery of an obscure pamphlet issued by Meigen la. The nomenclature and synonymy of the genus is (1800), Hendel (1908, 1928) introduced the senior considered first, followed by some supra-generic is- name Phryne, a course followed notably by German sues (family nomenclature, status of fossil names, re- and French authors. However, a still older name was lationships and classification of extant genera). Final- introduced through Coquillett’s (1910) fixation of a 69 Downloaded from Brill.com10/01/2021 10:50:27AM via free access T E, 142, 1999 type-species for Sylvicola. Harris (1780: 100, pl. 31) Genus Sylvicola Harris, 1780 proposed that generic name for nine newly described Sylvicola Harris, 1780: 100, index [4]. Type-species Sylvico- British species of the present families Rhagionidae la brevis Harris, 1780 [= Tipula fenestralis Scopoli, 1763], (7), Athericidae (1) and Anisopodidae (1). It was first by designation of Coquillett (1910: 610). given as ‘ ’, but appears in proper singular [Phryne Meigen, 1800: 16. Unavailable, suppressed by Sylvicolae I.C.Z.N. (1963: 339).] form in the legend to plate 31 (on p. [4] of the ‘In- Anisopus Meigen, 1803: 264. Type-species Anisopus fuscus dex’). Knab (1912) was not convinced about the va- Meigen, 1804 [= Tipula fuscata Fabricius, 1775], by des- lidity of either of the names Sylvicola and Phryne. In- ignation of Coquillett (1910: 507). stead, he adopted the name Anisopus on grounds that Rhyphus Latreille, 1804: 188. Type-species Tipula fenestralis is has priority over Rhyphus, a course followed notably Scopoli, 1763 [as ‘fenestrarum’], by monotypy. Tonnoiri- by British and American authors. Eventually, the se- na Amorim & Tozoni, 1994: 531. Type-species Anisopus festivus Edwards, 1928, by original designation. Syn. n. nior name Sylvicola gained general acceptance by the early 1960s, probably on the influence of Melville’s (1960) report leading to the suppression of all FAMILY ASSIGNMENT OF SYLVICOLA HARRIS: Meigen-1800 names in 1963. That report (pp. 31- A COMMENTARY ON THE SUPRA-GENERIC 32) clarified the nomenclatorial status of the oldest genus-group names in Anisopodidae. CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD GNATS Based on the small Nearctic fauna (five species only), a division of Sylvicola into two subgenera, Nomenclature Sylvicola s. str. and Anisopus was attempted by Pratt & The following list presents, in chronological order, Pratt (1980). However, as argued by Amorim & To- all the family-group names that have been proposed zoni (1994), such action probably leaves Sylvicola for extant and fossil (†) groups of anisopodid or al- s.str. paraphyletic in terms of Anisopus. These authors leged ‘anisopodiform’ gnats. Evenhuis (1994) should proposed instead a division of the former genus Sylvi- be consulted for full references to the literature on the cola into a Laurasian and a Gondwanan component. fossil names. Sylvicola was maintained for the Laurasian group of about 15 species, and a new genus, Tonnoirina was Rhyphidae Newman, 1834: 379, 387 [as Rhyphites]. Type- erected to accommodate the Gondwanan group (60 genus Rhyphus Latreille, 1804. Oriental, Australian, Afrotropical and Neotropical Mycetobiinae Winnertz, 1863: 657 [as Mycetobinae]. Type-genus Mycetobia Meigen, 1818. species). However, I find that classification equally †Protorhyphidae Handlirsch, 1906, Fossilen Insekten: 487. difficult to accept. The only evidence given in sup- Type-genus Protorhyphus Handlirsch, 1906 (Lower Juras- port of the monophyly of Tonnoirina is the dorsally sic). contiguous state of the male eyes. Considering the Anisopodidae Knab, 1912: 111 [as Anisopidae]. Type-genus frequent occurrence of extreme male holopticism in Anisopus Meigen, 1803. Replacement name for Rhyphi- dae. the basal groups of Neodiptera, this is not much of an [Phrynidae Hendel, 1928: 9, 63 [as Phryneidae]. Type- argument. Even among wood gnats, the contiguous genus Phryne Meigen, 1800. Unavailable replacement state of the male eyes is not confined to Tonnoirina. It name for Rhyphidae, type-genus suppressed for the pur- occurs at least in Sylvicola punctatus (Fabricius) and in poses of zoological nomenclature.] all Mesochria Enderlein. Finally, an examination of Olbiogastridae Hennig, 1948: 78 [as Olbiogasteridae]. material from Terra del Fuego, Argentina (in Type-genus Olbiogaster Osten-Sacken, 1886. †Oligophrynidae Rohdendorf, 1962, [Fundament. Pale- ZMUC) revealed that the ‘Gondwanan’ Anisopus ont.] 9: 332 [as Oligophryneidae]. Type-genus andinus Edwards, 1930 is not a species of Tonnoirina Oligophryne Rohdendorf, 1962 (Lower Jurassic). but a Sylvicola in the sense of Amorim & Tozoni: †Protolbiogastridae Rohdendorf, 1962, [Fundament. Pale- male eyes narrowly separated dorsally; female with a ont.] 9: 332. Type-genus Protolbiogaster Rohdendorf, single spermatheca. Edwards (1930: 115) was evi- 1962 (Lower Jurassic). dently right in suggesting that a close relationship ex- [Sylvicolidae Hennig, 1954: 290. Type-genus Sylvicola Har- ris, 1780. Unavailable, published as a synonym of ists between the ‘Gondwanan’ andinus and the Phryneidae.] ‘Laurasian’ fenestralis-species group. Sylvicolidae Alexander, 1962: 3, 7. Type-genus Sylvicola On the above evidence, I prefer to maintain Sylvi- Harris, 1780. Replacement name for Anisopodidae. cola in the accustomed broad sense. The formal syn- †Crosaphididae Evans, 1971, Mem. Queensl. Mus. 16: 146. onymy is as follows: Type-genus Crosaphis Evans, 1971 (Upper Triassic). †Limnorhyphidae Hong, 1983, [Middle Jurass. Ins. N. Chi- na]: 132. Type-genus Limnorhyphus Hong, 1983 (Middle Jurassic). †Siberhyphidae Kovalev in Kalugina & Kovalev, 1985, [Dipt. Ins. Jurass. Sib.]: 123. Type-genus Siberhyphus Kovalev in Kalugina & Kovalev, 1985 (Middle Jurassic). 70 Downloaded from Brill.com10/01/2021 10:50:27AM via free access MICHELSEN: Taxonomy of Sylvicola Lobogastrini Amorim & Tozoni, 1994: 530. Type-genus all recent species
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Topic Paper Chilterns Beechwoods
    . O O o . 0 O . 0 . O Shoping growth in Docorum Appendices for Topic Paper for the Chilterns Beechwoods SAC A summary/overview of available evidence BOROUGH Dacorum Local Plan (2020-2038) Emerging Strategy for Growth COUNCIL November 2020 Appendices Natural England reports 5 Chilterns Beechwoods Special Area of Conservation 6 Appendix 1: Citation for Chilterns Beechwoods Special Area of Conservation (SAC) 7 Appendix 2: Chilterns Beechwoods SAC Features Matrix 9 Appendix 3: European Site Conservation Objectives for Chilterns Beechwoods Special Area of Conservation Site Code: UK0012724 11 Appendix 4: Site Improvement Plan for Chilterns Beechwoods SAC, 2015 13 Ashridge Commons and Woods SSSI 27 Appendix 5: Ashridge Commons and Woods SSSI citation 28 Appendix 6: Condition summary from Natural England’s website for Ashridge Commons and Woods SSSI 31 Appendix 7: Condition Assessment from Natural England’s website for Ashridge Commons and Woods SSSI 33 Appendix 8: Operations likely to damage the special interest features at Ashridge Commons and Woods, SSSI, Hertfordshire/Buckinghamshire 38 Appendix 9: Views About Management: A statement of English Nature’s views about the management of Ashridge Commons and Woods Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), 2003 40 Tring Woodlands SSSI 44 Appendix 10: Tring Woodlands SSSI citation 45 Appendix 11: Condition summary from Natural England’s website for Tring Woodlands SSSI 48 Appendix 12: Condition Assessment from Natural England’s website for Tring Woodlands SSSI 51 Appendix 13: Operations likely to damage the special interest features at Tring Woodlands SSSI 53 Appendix 14: Views About Management: A statement of English Nature’s views about the management of Tring Woodlands Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), 2003.
    [Show full text]
  • Local and Regional Influences on Arthropod Community
    LOCAL AND REGIONAL INFLUENCES ON ARTHROPOD COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND SPECIES COMPOSITION ON METROSIDEROS POLYMORPHA IN THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ZOOLOGY (ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGy) AUGUST 2004 By Daniel S. Gruner Dissertation Committee: Andrew D. Taylor, Chairperson John J. Ewel David Foote Leonard H. Freed Robert A. Kinzie Daniel Blaine © Copyright 2004 by Daniel Stephen Gruner All Rights Reserved. 111 DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to all the Hawaiian arthropods who gave their lives for the advancement ofscience and conservation. IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Fellowship support was provided through the Science to Achieve Results program of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and training grants from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and the National Science Foundation (DGE-9355055 & DUE-9979656) to the Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology (EECB) Program of the University of Hawai'i at Manoa. I was also supported by research assistantships through the U.S. Department of Agriculture (A.D. Taylor) and the Water Resources Research Center (RA. Kay). I am grateful for scholarships from the Watson T. Yoshimoto Foundation and the ARCS Foundation, and research grants from the EECB Program, Sigma Xi, the Hawai'i Audubon Society, the David and Lucille Packard Foundation (through the Secretariat for Conservation Biology), and the NSF Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant program (DEB-0073055). The Environmental Leadership Program provided important training, funds, and community, and I am fortunate to be involved with this network.
    [Show full text]
  • R. P. LANE (Department of Entomology), British Museum (Natural History), London SW7 the Diptera of Lundy Have Been Poorly Studied in the Past
    Swallow 3 Spotted Flytcatcher 28 *Jackdaw I Pied Flycatcher 5 Blue Tit I Dunnock 2 Wren 2 Meadow Pipit 10 Song Thrush 7 Pied Wagtail 4 Redwing 4 Woodchat Shrike 1 Blackbird 60 Red-backed Shrike 1 Stonechat 2 Starling 15 Redstart 7 Greenfinch 5 Black Redstart I Goldfinch 1 Robin I9 Linnet 8 Grasshopper Warbler 2 Chaffinch 47 Reed Warbler 1 House Sparrow 16 Sedge Warbler 14 *Jackdaw is new to the Lundy ringing list. RECOVERIES OF RINGED BIRDS Guillemot GM I9384 ringed 5.6.67 adult found dead Eastbourne 4.12.76. Guillemot GP 95566 ringed 29.6.73 pullus found dead Woolacombe, Devon 8.6.77 Starling XA 92903 ringed 20.8.76 found dead Werl, West Holtun, West Germany 7.10.77 Willow Warbler 836473 ringed 14.4.77 controlled Portland, Dorset 19.8.77 Linnet KC09559 ringed 20.9.76 controlled St Agnes, Scilly 20.4.77 RINGED STRANGERS ON LUNDY Manx Shearwater F.S 92490 ringed 4.9.74 pullus Skokholm, dead Lundy s. Light 13.5.77 Blackbird 3250.062 ringed 8.9.75 FG Eksel, Belgium, dead Lundy 16.1.77 Willow Warbler 993.086 ringed 19.4.76 adult Calf of Man controlled Lundy 6.4.77 THE DIPTERA (TWO-WINGED FLffiS) OF LUNDY ISLAND R. P. LANE (Department of Entomology), British Museum (Natural History), London SW7 The Diptera of Lundy have been poorly studied in the past. Therefore, it is hoped that the production of an annotated checklist, giving an indication of the habits and general distribution of the species recorded will encourage other entomologists to take an interest in the Diptera of Lundy.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification Key for Mosquito Species
    ‘Reverse’ identification key for mosquito species More and more people are getting involved in the surveillance of invasive mosquito species Species name used Synonyms Common name in the EU/EEA, not just professionals with formal training in entomology. There are many in the key taxonomic keys available for identifying mosquitoes of medical and veterinary importance, but they are almost all designed for professionally trained entomologists. Aedes aegypti Stegomyia aegypti Yellow fever mosquito The current identification key aims to provide non-specialists with a simple mosquito recog- Aedes albopictus Stegomyia albopicta Tiger mosquito nition tool for distinguishing between invasive mosquito species and native ones. On the Hulecoeteomyia japonica Asian bush or rock pool Aedes japonicus japonicus ‘female’ illustration page (p. 4) you can select the species that best resembles the specimen. On japonica mosquito the species-specific pages you will find additional information on those species that can easily be confused with that selected, so you can check these additional pages as well. Aedes koreicus Hulecoeteomyia koreica American Eastern tree hole Aedes triseriatus Ochlerotatus triseriatus This key provides the non-specialist with reference material to help recognise an invasive mosquito mosquito species and gives details on the morphology (in the species-specific pages) to help with verification and the compiling of a final list of candidates. The key displays six invasive Aedes atropalpus Georgecraigius atropalpus American rock pool mosquito mosquito species that are present in the EU/EEA or have been intercepted in the past. It also contains nine native species. The native species have been selected based on their morpho- Aedes cretinus Stegomyia cretina logical similarity with the invasive species, the likelihood of encountering them, whether they Aedes geniculatus Dahliana geniculata bite humans and how common they are.
    [Show full text]
  • Wiesław Krzemiński—A Man of a Great Passion for Fossil Flies
    Palaeoentomology 003 (5): 434–444 ISSN 2624-2826 (print edition) https://www.mapress.com/j/pe/ PALAEOENTOMOLOGY PE Copyright © 2020 Magnolia Press Editorial ISSN 2624-2834 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.3.5.1 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:72BA5A28-1CE2-4C20-8DA0-B9E4DA3D0354 Wiesław Krzemiński—a man of a great passion for fossil flies AGNIESZKA SOSZYŃSKA-MAJ1, KORNELIA SKIBIŃSKA2 & KATARZYNA KOPEĆ2 1University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, 90-237 Lodz, Poland 2Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-016 Krakow, Poland [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2661-6685 [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5971-9373 [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6449-3412 FIGURE 1. Wiesław Krzemiński, Natural History Museum in London, 2014 (photo A. Soszyńska-Maj). Wiesław Krzemiński was born on 26 October 1948, Polish Academy of Sciences in Kraków (ISEA PAS) and in Oświęcim, south of Poland. In his youth he was an the Pedagogical University in Kraków. addicted book reader and developed his love for nature. In 1976, Wiesław finished his master’s degree at After few years of playing in a big beat band he eventually the Department of Biology and Earth Sciences at the focused on biology. Currently, he is a full time Professor Jagiellonian University in Kraków under the supervision of and works in the Institute of Systematics and Evolution Dr. Janusz Wojtusiak. His thesis considered the taxonomy 434 Submitted: 6 May.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Seedling Tray Drench of Insecticides for Cabbage Maggot (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) Management in Broccoli and Cauliflower
    Evaluation of seedling tray drench of insecticides for cabbage maggot (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) management in broccoli and cauliflower Shimat V. Joseph1,*, and Shanna Iudice2 Abstract The larval stages of cabbage maggot, Delia radicum (L.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), attack the roots of cruciferous crops and often cause severe eco- nomic damage. Although lethal insecticides are available to controlD. radicum, efficacy can be improved by the placement of residues near the roots where the pest is actively feeding and causing injury. One such method is drenching seedlings with insecticide before transplanting, referred to as “tray drench.” The efficacy of insecticides, when applied as tray drench, is not thoroughly understood for transplants of broccoli and cauliflower. Thus, a series of seedling tray drench trials were conducted on transplants of these 2 vegetables using cyantraniliprole, chlorantraniliprole, clothianidin, bifenthrin, flupyradifurone, chlorpyrifos, and spinetoram in greenhouse and field settings. In the greenhouse trials, the severityD. of radicum feeding injury was significantly lower on broccoli and cauliflower transplants when drenched with clothianidin, bifenthrin, and cyantraniliprole compared with untreated controls. In broccoli field trials, incidence and severity of feeding injury was lower in seedlings drenched with cyantraniliprole and clothianidin, as well as a clothianidin spray at the base of seedlings, than the use of spinetoram, chlorpyrifos, flupyradifurone, and chlorantraniliprole. In a cauliflower field trial,
    [Show full text]
  • Diptera - Cecidomyiidae, Trypetidae, Tachinidae, Agromyziidae
    DIPTERA - CECIDOMYIIDAE, TRYPETIDAE, TACHINIDAE, AGROMYZIIDAE. DIPTERA Etymology : Di-two; ptera-wing Common names : True flies, Mosquitoes, Gnats, Midges, Characters They are small to medium sized, soft bodied insects. The body regions are distinct. Head is often hemispherical and attached to the thorax by a slender neck. Mouthparts are of sucking type, but may be modified. All thoracic segments are fused together. The thoracic mass is largely made up of mesothorax. A small lobe of the mesonotum (scutellum) overhangs the base of the abdomen. They have a single pair of wings. Forewings are larger, membranous and used for flight. Hindwings are highly reduced, knobbed at the end and are called halteres. They are rapidly vibrated during flight. They function as organs of equilibrium.Flies are the swiftest among all insects. Metamorphosis is complete. Larvae of more common forms are known as maggots. They are apodous and acephalous. Mouthparts are represented as mouth hooks which are attached to internal sclerites. Pupa is generally with free appendages, often enclosed in the hardened last larval skin called puparium. Pupa belongs to the coarctate type. Classification This order is sub divided in to three suborders. I. NMATOCERA (Thread-horn) Antenna is long and many segmented in adult. Larval head is well developed. Larval mandibles act horizontally. Pupa is weakly obtect. Adult emergence is through a straight split in the thoracic region. II. BRACHYCERA (Short-horn) Antenna is short and few segmented in adult. Larval head is retractile into the thorax Larval mandibles act vertically Pupa is exarate. Adult emergence is through a straight split in the thoracic region.
    [Show full text]
  • The Non-Photosynthetic Algae Helicosporidium Spp.: Emergence of a Novel Group of Insect Pathogens
    Insects 2013, 4, 375-391; doi:10.3390/insects4030375 OPEN ACCESS insects ISSN 2075-4450 www.mdpi.com/journal/insects/ Review The Non-Photosynthetic Algae Helicosporidium spp.: Emergence of a Novel Group of Insect Pathogens Aurélien Tartar Division of Math, Science, and Technology, Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-954-262-8148; Fax: +1-954-262-3931 Received: 30 May 2013; in revised form: 4 July 2013 / Accepted: 8 July 2013 / Published: 17 July 2013 Abstract: Since the original description of Helicosporidium parasiticum in 1921, members of the genus Helicosporidium have been reported to infect a wide variety of invertebrates, but their characterization has remained dependent on occasional reports of infection. Recently, several new Helicosporidium isolates have been successfully maintained in axenic cultures. The ability to produce large quantity of biological material has led to very significant advances in the understanding of Helicosporidium biology and its interactions with insect hosts. In particular, the unique infectious process has been well documented; the highly characteristic cyst and its included filamentous cell have been shown to play a central role during host infection and have been the focus of detailed morphological and developmental studies. In addition, phylogenetic analyses inferred from a multitude of molecular sequences have demonstrated that Helicosporidium are highly specialized non-photosynthetic algae (Chlorophyta: Trebouxiophyceae), and represent the first described entomopathogenic algae. This review provides an overview of (i) the morphology of Helicosporidium cell types, (ii) the Helicosporidium life cycle, including the entire infectious sequence and its impact on insect hosts, (iii) the phylogenetic analyses that have prompted the taxonomic classification of Helicosporidium as green algae, and (iv) the documented host range for this novel group of entomopathogens.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register/Vol. 81, No. 216/Tuesday, November 8, 2016
    Federal Register / Vol. 81, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 8, 2016 / Notices 78567 Done in Washington, DC, this 2nd day of forth the permit application On March 16, 2016, APHIS received November 2016. requirements and the notification a permit application from Cornell Kevin Shea, procedures for the importation, University (APHIS Permit Number 16– Administrator, Animal and Plant Health interstate movement, or release into the 076–101r) seeking the permitted field Inspection Service. environment of a regulated article. release of GE DBMs in both open and [FR Doc. 2016–26941 Filed 11–7–16; 8:45 am] Subsequent to a permit application caged releases. We are currently BILLING CODE 3410–34–P from Cornell University (APHIS Permit preparing an EA for this new Number 13–297–102r) seeking the application and will publish notices permitted field release of three strains of associated with the EA and FONSI (if DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GE diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella one is reached) in the Federal Register. xylostella, strains designated as Animal and Plant Health Inspection Done in Washington, DC, this 2nd day of OX4319L-Pxy, OX4319N-Pxy, and November 2016. Service OX4767A-Pxy, which have been Kevin Shea, genetically engineered to exhibit red [Docket No. APHIS–2014–0056] Administrator, Animal and Plant Health fluorescence (DsRed2) as a marker and Inspection Service. repressible female lethality, on August Withdrawal of an Environmental [FR Doc. 2016–26935 Filed 11–7–16; 8:45 am] Assessment for the Field Release of 28, 2014, the Animal and Plant Health BILLING CODE 3410–34–P Genetically Engineered Diamondback Inspection Service (APHIS) published in Moths the Federal Register a notice 1 (79 FR 51299–51300, Docket No.
    [Show full text]
  • Insects Commonly Mistaken for Mosquitoes
    Mosquito Proboscis (Figure 1) THE MOSQUITO LIFE CYCLE ABOUT CONTRA COSTA INSECTS Mosquitoes have four distinct developmental stages: MOSQUITO & VECTOR egg, larva, pupa and adult. The average time a mosquito takes to go from egg to adult is five to CONTROL DISTRICT COMMONLY Photo by Sean McCann by Photo seven days. Mosquitoes require water to complete Protecting Public Health Since 1927 their life cycle. Prevent mosquitoes from breeding by Early in the 1900s, Northern California suffered MISTAKEN FOR eliminating or managing standing water. through epidemics of encephalitis and malaria, and severe outbreaks of saltwater mosquitoes. At times, MOSQUITOES EGG RAFT parts of Contra Costa County were considered Most mosquitoes lay egg rafts uninhabitable resulting in the closure of waterfront that float on the water. Each areas and schools during peak mosquito seasons. raft contains up to 200 eggs. Recreational areas were abandoned and Realtors had trouble selling homes. The general economy Within a few days the eggs suffered. As a result, residents established the Contra hatch into larvae. Mosquito Costa Mosquito Abatement District which began egg rafts are the size of a grain service in 1927. of rice. Today, the Contra Costa Mosquito and Vector LARVA Control District continues to protect public health The larva or ÒwigglerÓ comes with environmentally sound techniques, reliable and to the surface to breathe efficient services, as well as programs to combat Contra Costa County is home to 23 species of through a tube called a emerging diseases, all while preserving and/or mosquitoes. There are also several types of insects siphon and feeds on bacteria enhancing the environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Arthropod Pest Management in Greenhouses and Interiorscapes E
    Arthropod Pest Management in Greenhouses and Interiorscapes E-1011E-1011 OklahomaOklahoma CooperativeCooperative ExtensionExtension ServiceService DivisionDivision ofof AgriculturalAgricultural SciencesSciences andand NaturalNatural ResourcesResources OklahomaOklahoma StateState UniversityUniversity Arthropod Pest Management in Greenhouses and Interiorscapes E-1011 Eric J. Rebek Extension Entomologist/ Ornamentals and Turfgrass Specialist Michael A. Schnelle Extension Ornamentals/ Floriculture Specialist ArthropodArthropod PestPest ManagementManagement inin GreenhousesGreenhouses andand InteriorscapesInteriorscapes Insects and their relatives cause major plant ing a hand lens. damage in commercial greenhouses and interi- Aphids feed on buds, leaves, stems, and roots orscapes. Identification of key pests and an un- by inserting their long, straw-like, piercing-suck- derstanding of appropriate control measures are ing mouthparts (stylets) and withdrawing plant essential to guard against costly crop losses. With sap. Expanding leaves from damaged buds may be tightening regulations on conventional insecti- curled or twisted and attacked leaves often display cides and increasing consumer sensitivity to their chlorotic (yellow-white) speckles where cell con- use in public spaces, growers must seek effective tents have been removed. A secondary problem pest management alternatives to conventional arises from sugary honeydew excreted by aphids. chemical control. Management strategies cen- Leaves may appear shiny and become sticky from tered around
    [Show full text]
  • A Systematic Review of Human Pathogens Carried by the Housefly
    Khamesipour et al. BMC Public Health (2018) 18:1049 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5934-3 REVIEWARTICLE Open Access A systematic review of human pathogens carried by the housefly (Musca domestica L.) Faham Khamesipour1,2* , Kamran Bagheri Lankarani1, Behnam Honarvar1 and Tebit Emmanuel Kwenti3,4 Abstract Background: The synanthropic house fly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), is a mechanical vector of pathogens (bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites), some of which cause serious diseases in humans and domestic animals. In the present study, a systematic review was done on the types and prevalence of human pathogens carried by the house fly. Methods: Major health-related electronic databases including PubMed, PubMed Central, Google Scholar, and Science Direct were searched (Last update 31/11/2017) for relevant literature on pathogens that have been isolated from the house fly. Results: Of the 1718 titles produced by bibliographic search, 99 were included in the review. Among the titles included, 69, 15, 3, 4, 1 and 7 described bacterial, fungi, bacteria+fungi, parasites, parasite+bacteria, and viral pathogens, respectively. Most of the house flies were captured in/around human habitation and animal farms. Pathogens were frequently isolated from body surfaces of the flies. Over 130 pathogens, predominantly bacteria (including some serious and life-threatening species) were identified from the house flies. Numerous publications also reported antimicrobial resistant bacteria and fungi isolated from house flies. Conclusions: This review showed that house flies carry a large number of pathogens which can cause serious infections in humans and animals. More studies are needed to identify new pathogens carried by the house fly.
    [Show full text]