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Trophy Hunting Trophy hunting : behavioral, demographic, and evolutionary consequences in ungulate populations : the example of the ungulates of African savannahs William Georges Crosmary To cite this version: William Georges Crosmary. Trophy hunting : behavioral, demographic, and evolutionary consequences in ungulate populations : the example of the ungulates of African savannahs. Animal biology. Uni- versité Claude Bernard - Lyon I; Université Laval (Québec, Canada). Faculté des sciences et de génie, 2012. English. NNT : 2012LYO10065. tel-00992148 HAL Id: tel-00992148 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00992148 Submitted on 16 May 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. WILLIAM-GEORGES CROSMARY LA CHASSE AUX TROPHÉES: CONSÉQUENCES COMPORTEMENTALES, DÉMOGRAPHIQUES, ET ÉVOLUTIVES CHEZ LES POPULATIONS D’ONGULÉS L’exemple des ongulés des savanes africaines Thèse de doctorat en cotutelle présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales de l’Université Laval, Québec dans le cadre du programme de doctorat en biologie pour l’obtention du grade de Philosophiae Doctor (Ph.D.) DÉPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES ET DE GÉNIE UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL QUÉBEC et UNIVERSITÉ CLAUDE BERNARD LYON 1 LYON FRANCE 2012 © William-Georges Crosmary, 2012 i RÉSUMÉ La chasse aux trophées peut contraindre les ongulés à ajuster leur comportement pour réduire le risque de mortalité. De plus, comme cette chasse est basée sur des critères de taille, et biaisée en faveur des mâles, elle peut causer des changements morphologiques vers des individus plus petits, et altérer la structure et la dynamique des populations. La chasse aux trophées est l’un des modes de conservation des habitats naturels. Son potentiel de conservation est encore incertain parce qu’il y a peu d’études en dehors des parcs nationaux, notamment en Afrique. Cette thèse examine les effets de cette chasse sur les ongulés africains, i.e. sur leur comportement, la longueur des cornes, la proportion de mâles adultes, la taille de groupe, et la densité des populations. J’ai travaillé à partir d’observations comportementales et de données populationnelles de suivis à long terme. Pour plusieurs espèces (surtout l’impala Aepyceros melampus, le grand koudou Tragelaphus strepsiceros, et l’hippotrague noir Hippotragus niger), j’ai comparé le comportement, la structure et la densité des populations entre le Parc National de Hwange et les zones de chasse adjacentes, Zimbabwe. Dans les zones de chasse, j’ai analysé les tendances de longueur des cornes au cours des 30 dernières années. Les ongulés venaient davantage de nuit aux points d’eau, et étaient plus vigilants dans les zones de chasse que dans le parc national. L’amplitude de ces ajustements en revanche, était limitée par le besoin en eau, et par le risque de prédation naturelle. La longueur des cornes a décliné, plus particulièrement pour les espèces prisées des chasseurs et subissant une pression de chasse élevée. Il n’y avait pas de différence significative de la proportion de mâles adultes, ou de la taille de groupe, entre les populations du parc national et des zones de chasse. Au cours des 30 dernières années, les densités de population ont globalement davantage diminué dans le parc national que dans les zones de chasse. Ceci suggère que la chasse aux trophées n’a eu qu’un effet minime sur les densités de population par rapport à d’autres facteurs comme les précipitations, ou possiblement la prédation naturelle et l’éléphant. Malgré les ajustements comportementaux, le déclin de la longueur des cornes, et le prélèvement biaisé en faveur des mâles adultes, les densités d’ongulés étaient aussi élevées dans les zones de chasse que dans le Parc National de Hwange. Cette étude illustre comment les zones de chasse aux trophées, lorsque rigoureusement gérées, peuvent jouer un rôle dans la conservation des ongulés africains. ii ABSTRACT Like predation, trophy hunting may constrain ungulates to adjust their behaviour to decrease mortality risk. Moreover, because this removal is size selective and male-biased, it may induce morphological changes towards individuals with smaller traits, alter population structure and dynamics. Trophy hunting is one of the conservation modes of natural habitats, particularly in Africa. However, its conservation potential is still unclear because there are few studies outside National Parks. This thesis aimed to investigate the subtle effects of trophy hunting on African ungulates, i.e. on their behaviour, horn length of harvested males, proportion of adult males, group size, and population densities. I worked from behavioural observations, and from population data of long-term surveys. For several species (mainly impala Aepyceros melampus, greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, and sable antelope Hippotragus niger), I compared behaviour, population structure, and densities between Hwange National Park and adjacent hunting areas, Zimbabwe. In hunting areas, I analysed trends in horn length of harvested males over the past 30 years. This thesis shows that ungulates drank more often at night, and were more vigilant in hunting areas than in the national park. However, the amplitude of these adjustments was constrained by the need of surface water, and by natural predation risk. Trophy hunting caused a decline in horn length, particularly for species that experienced high hunting pressure and were of high value for hunters. Trophy hunting tended to decrease proportion of adult males, though not significantly, and did not affect group size. Moreover, during the last 30 years, ungulate densities generally declined more in the national park than in neighbouring hunting areas. This suggests that trophy hunting played a minor role on densities compared to other factors, i.e. rainfall, and possibly natural predation and elephant densities. Despite behavioural adjustments induced by hunting risk, decline of horn length, and harvest skewed towards adult males, ungulate densities in hunting areas adjacent to Hwange National Park remained comparable to densities within the national park. This study illustrates how trophy hunting areas, when rigorously managed, may play a significant role in the conservation of ungulates in Africa. AVANT-PROPOS Ma thèse est composée de deux sections, comprenant cinq chapitres écrits en anglais sous la forme d’articles scientifiques. J’ai mené la planification, l’acquisition, l’analyse, l’interprétation des données de chacun de ces articles, et en suis l’auteur principal. Mais cette thèse est le fruit d’une riche collaboration entre plusieurs organismes, et divers auteurs y ont donc contribué. Mes deux directeurs de thèse tout d’abord, dans le cadre de ma cotutelle Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (France) / Université Laval (Canada): Hervé Fritz, directeur de recherche UMR CNRS 5558 – Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive de Lyon, et Steeve Côté, professeur titulaire au département de biologie de l’Université Laval. Tous deux sont co-auteurs de tous les chapitres pour leur implication dans le financement et la planification du projet, en plus de la supervision lors de la rédaction et de la révision des manuscrits. Ma thèse s’inscrit dans le contexte du programme de recherche HERD (Hwange Environmental Research for Development), collaboration entre le CNRS (Centre National de Recherche Scientifique), le CIRAD (Centre International de Recherche en Agronomie pour le Développement), et la ZNPWMA (Zimbabwe National Parks and Wildife Management Authority). La première partie de ma thèse cherche à voir si le risque de chasse induit des ajustements comportementaux chez les ongulés africains, et si l’amplitude de ces ajustements varie en fonction des espèces, selon leur besoin en eau de surface et leur vulnérabilité aux prédateurs naturels. Cette section comprend le Chapitre 2, écrit en collaboration avec Marion Valeix, alors post doctorante au WildCRU de l’Université d’Oxford, Angleterre, et Hillary Madzikanda, chef écologiste à la ZNPWMA. Tous deux ont été impliqués dans la révision du manuscrit. Ce chapitre intitulé « AFRICAN UNGULATES AND THEIR DRINKING PROBLEMS: HUNTING AND PREDATION RISKS CONSTRAIN ACCESS TO WATER » est publié dans le journal ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR en 2012. J’y montre que les groupes d’ongulés en zone de chasse basculent partiellement leurs visites aux points d’eau à la nuit, en réponse au risque de chasse diurne, alors que les groupes dans le parc national viennent quasi exclusivement de jour aux points d’eau. Le Chapitre 3 a été écrit en collaboration avec Peter Makumbe, alors étudiant de la National University of Science and Technology à Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Peter Makumbe a participé à la collecte des données, et à la révision du manuscrit. Ce iv chapitre intitulé « VULNERABILITY TO PREDATION AND WATER CONSTRAINTS LIMIT BEHAVIOURAL ADJUSTMENTS OF UNGULATES IN RESPONSE TO HUNTING RISK » sous presse dans le journal ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR. Dans le Chapitre 3, je montre que les individus des groupes en zones de chasse passent plus de temps en vigilance que ceux des groupes du parc
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