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Reintroduction of Extinct Species of Large Herbivores to Gilé National Reserve, Zambézia Province, Mozambique

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Reintroduction of Extinct Species of Large Herbivores to Gilé National Reserve, Zambézia Province, Mozambique REINTRODUCTION OF EXTINCT SPECIES OF LARGE HERBIVORES TO GILÉ NATIONAL RESERVE, ZAMBÉZIA PROVINCE, MOZAMBIQUE February 2010 TITLE: REINTRODUCTION OF EXTINCT SPECIES OF LARGE HERBIVORES TO GILÉ NATIONAL RESERVE, ZAMBÉZIA PROVINCE, MOZAMBIQUE AUTHOR: IGF FOUNDATION PUBLICATION: February 2010, Musseia, Gilé National Reserve, Zambézia Province, Mozambique FUNDING: FFEM & IGF FOUNDATION NATURE OF THE STUDY: Appraisal survey COUNTRY CONCERNED: Mozambique KEY-WORDS: Reintroduction - Extinct species – Large herbivores – Capture – Translocation – Monitoring ABSTRACT: This study was carried out within the project for the co-management of the Gilé National Reserve, Mozambique under the auspices of the Ministry of Tourism of the Republic of Mozambique and the IGF Foundation. The study was funded by the FFEM, the IGF Foundation and private donors. The purpose of the study was to assess the feasibility of the reintroduction of extinct species of large herbivores to the Gilé National Reserve. The Gilé National Reserve is considered as a suitable recipient area for succeeding a reintroduction operation given the recent and steady improvement of its management standards. Four candidate species of large herbivores are selected for reintroduction, namely: - the Southern African buffalo (Syncerus caffer caffer); - the Livingstone’s eland (Taurotragus oryx livingstonii); - the Nyassaland wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus johnstoni); - the Crawshay’s zebra (Equus quagga crawshayi). For a number of reasons, the ideal source area would be the Niassa National Reserve. Risks are evaluated and alleviation means identified. The implementation of the operation is phased: - pre-translocation phase: preparation of the recipient area and the operation; - translocation phase: capture, transport, holding and release; - post-translocation: monitoring. The whole operation complies with the IUCN guidelines for translocation living organisms. Cover picture: Gilé National Reserve (©IGF Foundation/Pascal Mésochina) Reintroduction of extinct species of large herbivores in Gilé National Reserve 2 RESUMO Este estudo foi realizado no âmbito do projecto para a co-gestão da Reserva Nacional do Gilé (RNG), Moçambique implementado consoante o Memorado de Entendimento entre o Ministério do turismo da República de Moçambique e a Fundação IGF. O estudo foi financiado pelo FFEM, a Fundação IGF e doadores privados. O objectivo deste estudo era avaliar a viabilidade da reintrodução de espécies extintas de herbívoros de grande porte na Reserva Nacional do Gilé. A Reserva Nacional do Gilé é considerada como sendo um local de acolhimento conveniente para conseguir a operação de reintrodução dado o melhoramento recente e importante do seu maneio. Quatro espécies potenciais de herbívoros de grande porte são seleccionadas para a reintrodução, nomeadamente: - o Búfalo da África austral (Syncerus caffer caffer); - o Elande de Livingstone (Taurotragus oryx livingstonii); - o Boi-cavalo do Nyassaland (Connochaetes taurinus johnstoni); - o Zebra de Crawshay (Equus quagga crawshayi). Para múltiplas razões, a área fonte ideal seria a Reserva nacional do Niassa. Os riscos são avaliados e as suas medidas de mitigação são identificadas. A implementação da operação segue as fases seguintes: - fase de pre-translocação: preparação da área de acolhimento e da operação; - fase de translocação: captura, transporte, monitoria no boma e solta; - fase de post- translocação: monitoria. A totalidade da operação segue os guiões da UICN relativos à translocação de organismos vivos. Reintroduction of extinct species of large herbivores in Gilé National Reserve 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The following persons must be acknowledged for their respective contributions: - Cobus Raath, Wildlifevets.com, South Africa; - Mike Lagrange, African Wildlife Management and Conservation (AWMC), Zimbabwe; - Hans-Otto Reuter, African Wildlife Services (AWS), Namibia; - Philippe Chardonnet and Hubert Boulet, IGF Foundation. Several other IGF Foundation collaborators took part in the feasibility study. A number of other resource persons in Mozambique have been consulted on this matter. Reintroduction of extinct species of large herbivores in Gilé National Reserve 4 ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS Camp: living and working place, in Gilé National Reserve, with only traditionally built houses (Nassere, Pipini, Naivocone, Muxayani) Community fiscal: villager working with the anti-poaching teams and the administration of the GNR for the monitoring outside the Reserve DNAC: Direcção Nacional das Áreas de Conservação, MITUR (National Directorate of Protected Areas) DPT: Direcção Provincial do Turismo, MITUR (Provincial Service of Tourism) FAO: Food and Agriculture Organisation FFEM: Fonds Français pour l’Environnement Mondial (French GEF) Fiscal: Portuguese name for a game scout, trained and assigned to a protected area for biodiversity monitoring and protection. The fiscal (fiscais in plural) is a Mozambican civil servant, managed by the Ministry of Tourism Guard: camp or main camp warden employed by the Reserve IFC: International Finance Corporation (Branch of the World Bank in charge of operations with the Private Sector) IGF Foundation: International Foundation for the Management of Wildlife (Fondation IGF) Main camp: living and working place, in Gilé National Reserve, with at least one concrete building (Musseia, Mulela, Lice, Nakololo, Namurrua, Etaga) Miombo: Vegetation type characterized by evergreen trees belonging to the Legume family (Fabacae(Fabaceae), in particular Brachystegia, Julbernardia and/or Isoberlinia genus MITUR: Ministério do Turismo (Ministry of Tourism) MoU: Memorandum of Understanding Ratoeira: gin trap used by poachers Régulo: community authority officially recognized by the Mozambican state RNG: Reserva Nacional do Gilé (Gilé National Reserve) TA: Technical Assistant ToRs: Terms of Reference US$: United State Dollar Reintroduction of extinct species of large herbivores in Gilé National Reserve 5 CONTENTS I. RATIONALE ................................................................................................................................... 7 II. FEASIBILITY .................................................................................................................................. 7 1. Suitability of the recipient area................................................................................................................. 7 1.1. Socio-economic suitability.............................................................................................................. 9 1.2. Management suitability................................................................................................................... 9 1.3. Ecological suitability....................................................................................................................... 9 2. Selection of the method .......................................................................................................................... 13 3. Selection of candidate taxa for reintroduction ........................................................................................ 14 3.1. Species .......................................................................................................................................... 14 3.2. Sub-species.................................................................................................................................... 15 4. Selection of individuals .......................................................................................................................... 21 4.1. Buffalo .......................................................................................................................................... 21 4.2. Wildebeest..................................................................................................................................... 21 4.3. Eland ............................................................................................................................................. 22 4.4. Zebra ............................................................................................................................................. 22 4.5. Size and structure of founding populations................................................................................... 23 5. Selection of source populations .............................................................................................................. 23 5.1. General considerations .................................................................................................................. 23 5.2. Specific considerations.................................................................................................................. 24 6. Selection of timing.................................................................................................................................. 27 7. Health implications................................................................................................................................. 28 7.1. General implications ..................................................................................................................... 28 7.2. Specific implications..................................................................................................................... 29 8. Socio-economic implications.................................................................................................................
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