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HIS STORY HAS NEVER BEEN TOLD. It Starts in Pre-1959 Miami and Ends with the 2000 Gore/Bush Presidential Election

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HIS STORY HAS NEVER BEEN TOLD. It Starts in Pre-1959 Miami and Ends with the 2000 Gore/Bush Presidential Election HIS STORY HAS NEVER BEEN TOLD. It starts in pre-1959 Miami and ends with the 2000 Gore/Bush presidential election. A story T of intrigue carried out in Havana and Washington, as well as in Panama, Nassau, Kingston, Cuernavaca, Mexico City, New York, and Atlanta, Secret Missions to Cuba is a powerful exposé of the intimidating influence that militant Cuban exiles have had, and its enormous consequences for Cuban Americans. The key to exploring exile politics in Florida is Bernardo Benes, a Cuban American lawyer who made dozens of trips to Cuba to meet with Fidel Castro during the Carter and Reagan administrations. Benes’s first mission in 1978 led to the release of 3,600 political prisoners and enabled exiled Cubans to visit their relatives. He operated in an atmosphere of intimidation so strong that those not adhering to exile community pressures were branded Castro agents, or worse. The personal consequences for Benes were severe: He became—and remains to this day—an outcast in Miami’s Cuban community for having dealt personally with Castro. “As a reporter who covered Miami during the time these events took place, I wish I knew then what this book reveals now. Truth is truly stranger than fiction,” notes best-selling writer Edna Buchanan, who won the Pulitzer Prize for crime reporting while at the Miami Herald. In 2000, anti-Castro rancor in Miami fueled an intense dispute between Cuban Americans and their neighbors over Elián González. The anti- government backlash meant that even more Cuban Americans than usual voted for the Republican Party in the remarkably narrow presidential election. This groundbreaking book by Latin American specialist Robert M. Levine is about the shaping of American foreign policy, Cuban–American relations, and the United States’s hidden history with Cuba. For the first time ever, read the full story—and witness the tensions, volatility, and paradoxes inherent to Cuban Miami. Secret Missions to Cuba Secret Missions to Cuba Fidel Castro, Bernardo Benes, and Cuban Miami Robert M. Levine SECRET MISSIONS TO CUBA Copyright © Robert M. Levine, 2001. All rights reserved. No part of this 6RIWFRYHUUHSULQWRIWKHKDUGFRYHUVWHGLWLRQ book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published 2001 by PALGRAVE™ 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010 and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS. Companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave is the new global publishing imprint of St Martin’s Press LLC Scholarly and Reference Division and Palgrave Publishers Ltd (formerly Macmillan Press Ltd). ISBN 978-1-4039-6046-7 ISBN 978-1-137-04360-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-137-04360-3 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Levine, Robert M. Secret missions to Cuba : Fidel Castro, Bernardo Benes, and Cuban Miami / by Robert M. Levine. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p.) and index. 1. United States—Relations—Cuba. 2. Cuba—Relations—United States. 3. Benes, Bernardo. 4. Businessmen—Florida—Miami— Biography. 5. Cuban Americans—Florida—Miami—Biography. 6. Exiles—Florida—Miami—Political activity—Case studies. 7. Castro, Fidel, 1927 - 8. Espionage, American—Cuba. 9. Cuban Americans— Florida—Miami—Social conditions. 10. Miami (Fla.)—Social conditions—20th century. E183.8.C9 L46 2001 303.48’27307291—dc21 2001 021890 Design by Letra Libre, Inc. First Edition: September 2001 10987654321 To the grandchildren of Ricky and Bernardo Benes: Allan, Eliana, Garrett, Seth, Brett, Stephen, Nataly and Cydney Contents List of Photographs ix Preface xiii Acknowledgments xix Statement on Corroboration xxi Chapter One Beginnings 1 Chapter Two Cuban Miami 39 Chapter Three Mission to Havana: The Carter Years 85 Chapter Four The Reagan Years and Beyond 149 Chapter Five The Making of a Pariah 175 Chapter Six Only in Miami 217 Chapter Seven Elián Elects a President 249 Notes 287 Index 313 List of Photographs PREFACE P.1 President Jimmy Carter thanking Benes at Miami International Airport. Miami News collection. xv CHAPTER ONE 1.1 Panama City, 1969, Office of General Omar Torrijos, meeting on housing needs. Bernardo Benes collection. 2 1.2 Receipt from Panamar Restaurant. Bernardo Benes collection. 3 1.3 Matanzas, ca. 1936. Birthday party. Bernardo Benes collection. 13 1.4 Benes receiving Bar Association Award from Fidel Castro, 1959. Bernardo Benes collection. 15 CHAPTER TWO 2.1 Broken-down housing for new arrivals, early 1960s. Robert M. Levine collection. 48 2.2 Alpha 66 truck in Miami anti-Castro demonstration, early 1960s. Robert M. Levine collection. 75 2.3 Rafters in the Florida Straits. Robert M. Levine collection 83 CHAPTER THREE 3.1 Notes taken by Benes at secret Mexico City meeting. Bernardo Benes collection. 94 x 3.2 Page of memorandum from Benes to Zbigniew Brzezinski, March 24, 1978. Bernardo Benes collection. 98 3.3 Press coverage of first prison visit, October 1978. Bernardo Benes collection. 117 3.4 Partial list of prisoners to be released, 1978. Bernardo Benes collection. 124 3.5 Wedding in Havana prison, 1978. Bernardo Benes collection. 134 3.6 Orange Bowl Tent City during Mariel, 1980. Bernardo Benes collection. 143 3.7 Page from Cuban computer printout listing claims to be paid after normalization. Bernardo Benes collection. 143 CHAPTER FIVE 5.1 Senator Edward M. Kennedy installing Benes as president of the American Health Planning Association in Washington, D.C., June 1977. 177 5.2 Postcard received by Benes, 1974. Bernardo Benes collection. 184 5.3 Bomb damage, Miami, 1979. Miami Herald. 189 5.4 Threats against dialoguers, 1978. Source: Benes FBI file. Photograph by Robert M. Levine. 194 5.5 Picketing Benes, Continental National Bank, Little Havana, 1978. Robert M. Levine collection. 195 5.6 Fidel Castro with Bernardo Benes in Cuba, October, 1978. Miami News. 212 5.7 Benes and former political prisoner Juan Ferrer, Miami, 2000. Bernardo Benes collection. 212 CHAPTER SIX 6.1 George Sánchez’s Bay of Pigs Memorial. Robert M. Levine collection. 234 xi 6.2 Batista and Pérez Roura at Havana rally celebrating defeat of student-led attack on presidential palace, 1957. Bernardo Benes collection. 236 6.3 Armando Pérez Roura in Cuba, standing behind revolutionary Minister of Labor, during the confiscation of CMQ radio and television, Havana, May 13, 1960. Bernardo Benes collection 237 CHAPTER SEVEN 7.1 Elián González billboard, Miami, 2000. Photograph by Robert M. Levine 261 7.2 Bernardo Benes on his balcony, October 2000. Photograph by Robert M. Levine 276 7.3 Periodiquito rack, Versailles Restaurant, Little Havana. Photograph by Robert M. Levine. 279 Preface ecret Missions to Cuba reveals for the first time the full details of a story sketchily known at best. Indeed, some of its events have never Sappeared in print. The research in this book generated tensions as it progressed. Participants differed pointedly one from another in recol- lections of activities in which they played key roles. Our story begins with Bernardo Benes. Benes arrived in Miami from Havana on Friday, November 11, 1960, as a young lawyer and accountant in the wave of arrivals after Castro’s victory on January 1, 1959. The man “with a flair for public relations, a cigar in his mouth, and an atrocious accent in English”1 demanded full participation by Cubans in the community. He not only lobbied for Cuban exile causes but, from the early 1960s to 1978, spent long hours trying to convince “Anglo” philanthropies, businesses, and other organizations to reach out into the Cuban exile community. First, he advised, they should form Hispanic (read: Cuban) divisions, and later bring local Cuban Americans into positions of leadership.2 Starting in 1977, Benes made at least seventy-five private trips to Ha- vana with the support of high officials of the Carter and Reagan adminis- trations. He spent approximately 150 hours with Fidel Castro, and thousands of hours with Cuban senior officials, mostly members of Cas- tro’s trusted Special Forces. The players in the secret negotiations had to take extraordinary steps to hide their activities from the Soviets. They ex- changed messages through the Cuban consul in Kingston, Jamaica, and used code names (“Benito” for Benes; “Gustavo” for his business partner, Carlos (Charles) Dascal; “Pedrito” for State Department official Peter Tarnoff). Benes’s descriptions about his encounters with Castro reveal new and sometimes startling insights into Castro’s personality and character. xiv S ECRET M ISSIONS TO C UBA Despite the election of Ronald Reagan, considerably more of a hardliner toward Cuba than Jimmy Carter, Benes and Dascal continued to act as emissaries between the State Department and Castro’s highest advisors, especially during and after the 1980 Mariel crisis. Later, in fact, Benes carried a message from the president to Castro, offering to open rela- tions and end the embargo in exchange for ending Cuba’s “Exporting the Revolution” policy. Had the Miami Cuban exile community learned of this gesture, a CIA-sponsored operation possibly linked to the ad- ministration’s negotiations with Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev, its members would have felt shocked and bitterly betrayed. Among Benes’s achievements, with the assistance of others, was Cas- tro’s agreement in 1978 to free 3,600 political prisoners; another was the Cuban regime’s agreement to permit exiles in the United States to visit their relatives and to allow Cubans to visit their relatives in the United States. Washington spent billions of dollars to deal with Cuba, but Cas- tro’s decision to free his political prisoners and to permit exiles to visit their relatives—done with little cost to Washington—proved the most meaningful act in forty-two years of United States relations with Fidel Castro.
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