History Of

This article is about the city in . For other uses, est City”, for its year-round good air quality, vast green see Miami (disambiguation). spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets and city-wide Miami (/maɪˈæmi/; Spanish pronunciation: [maiˈami] recycling programs.*[15] According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States, and the world's fifth-richest city in terms of purchasing power.*[16] Miami is nicknamed the “Capital of Latin America”,*[1] is the second largest U.S. city with a Spanish-speaking majority, and the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality.*[17] Downtown Miami is home to the largest concentration of international banks in the United States, and many large national and international companies.*[18]*[19] The Civic Center is a major center for hospitals, research institutes, medical centers, and biotechnology industries. For more than two decades, the Port of Miami, known as the“Cruise Capital of the World,”has been the number one cruise passenger port in the world. It accommodates some of the world's largest cruise ships and operations, and is the busiest port in both passenger traffic and cruise lines.*[20]*[21]

1 History

Main article: See also: National Register of Historic Places listings in Miami, Florida and Timeline of Miami, Florida history The Freedom Tower of 1925 is Miami's historical landmark. The Miami area was inhabited for thousands of years

*[6]) is a city located on the Atlantic coast in southeast- ern Florida and the county seat of Miami-Dade County. The 42nd most populated city proper in the United States, with a population of 419,777, it is the principal, central, and most populous city of the , and the most populous metropolis in the Southeastern United States after Washington, D.C.*[7]*[8] According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Miami's metro area is the eighth most populous and fourth-largest urban area in the United States, with a population of around 5.5 mil- lion.*[9]*[10] Miami is a major center and a leader in finance, com- merce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and in- ternational trade.*[11]*[12] In 2012, Miami was classi- Approximately 400 men voted for Miami's incorporation in 1896 fied as an Alpha- World City in the World Cities Study in the building to the left. Groupʼs inventory.*[13] In 2010, Miami ranked sev- enth in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, by indigenous cultures. The occupied the area culture, entertainment, fashion, education, and other sec- for a thousand years before encountering Europeans. An tors. It ranked thirty-third among global cities.*[14] In Indian village of hundreds of people dating to 500-600 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Miami“America's Clean- B.C. was located at the mouth of the .*[22]

1 2 2 GEOGRAPHY

In 1566 the explorer, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, claimed 2 Geography it for . A Spanish mission was constructed one year later in 1567. Spain and Great Britain alternatively“con- trolled”Florida, and Spain ceded it to the United States in 1821. In 1836, the US built as part of its development of the Florida Territory and attempt to sup- press and remove the . The Miami area subse- quently became a site of fighting during the Second Semi- nole War. Miami is noted as “the only major city in the United States conceived by a woman, ",*[23] a local citrus grower and a wealthy native. The Miami area was better known as“ Country”in the early years of its growth. In the late 19th century, reports described the area as a promising wilderness.*[24] The area was also characterized as “one of the finest build- ing sites in Florida.”*[25] The of 1894– The mouth of the Miami River at Key 95 hastened Miami's growth, as the crops of the Miami area were the only ones in Florida that survived. Julia Miami and its suburbs are located on a broad plain be- Tuttle subsequently convinced , a railroad tween the Florida to the west and Biscayne tycoon, to expand his Florida East Coast Railway to the Bay to the east, which also extends from Florida Bay north region, for which she became known as “the mother of * to Lake Okeechobee. The elevation of the area never Miami.”[26] Miami was officially incorporated as a city * * rises above 40 ft (12 m) [30] and averages at around 6 on July 28, 1896 with a population of just over 300. [27] ft (1.8 m)*[31] above mean sea level in most neighbor- It was named for the nearby Miami River, derived from * hoods, especially near the coast. The highest undulations , the historic name of Lake Okeechobee. [28] are found along the coastal Miami Rock Ridge, whose During the early 20th century, northerners were attracted substrate underlies most of the eastern Miami metropoli- to the city, and Miami prospered during the 1920s with tan region. The main portion of the city lies on the shores an increase in population and infrastructure. The col- of Biscayne Bay which contains several hundred natu- lapse of the Florida land boom of the 1920s, the 1926 ral and artificially created barrier islands, the largest of Miami Hurricane, and the in the 1930s which contains Miami Beach and . The Gulf slowed development. When World War II began, Miami, Stream, a warm ocean current, runs northward just 15 well-situated on the southern coast of Florida, became miles (24 km) off the coast, allowing the city's climate to a base for US defense against German submarines. The stay warm and mild all year. war brought an increase in Miami's population; by 1940, 172,172 people lived in the city. 2.1 Geology After rose to power in in 1959, many wealthy sought refuge in Miami, further increas- The surface bedrock under the Miami area is called Mi- ing the population. The city developed businesses and ami oolite or Miami limestone. This bedrock is cov- cultural amenities as part of the New South. In the 1980s ered by a thin layer of soil, and is no more than 50 feet and 1990s, weathered social problems re- (15 m) thick. Miami limestone formed as the result of lated to drug wars, immigration from Haiti and Latin the drastic changes in sea level associated with recent America, and the widespread destruction of Hurricane glaciations or ice ages. Beginning some 130,000 years Andrew. Racial and cultural tensions were sometimes ago the Sangamonian Stage raised sea levels to approx- sparked, but the city developed in the latter half of the imately 25 feet (7.6 m) above the current level. All of 20th century as a major international, financial, and cul- southern Florida was covered by a shallow sea. Several tural center. It is the second-largest U.S. city (after El parallel lines of reef formed along the edge of the sub- Paso, Texas) with a Spanish-speaking majority, and the merged Florida plateau, stretching from the present Mi- * largest city with a Cuban-American plurality. [17] ami area to what is now the Dry Tortugas. The area be- Miami and its metropolitan area grew from just over one hind this reef line was in effect a large lagoon, and the thousand residents to nearly five and a half million res- Miami limestone formed throughout the area from the idents in just 110 years (1896–2006). The city's nick- deposition of oolites and the shells of bryozoans. Start- name, The Magic City, comes from this rapid growth. ing about 100,000 years ago the Wisconsin glaciation be- Winter visitors remarked that the city grew so much from gan lowering sea levels, exposing the floor of the lagoon. one year to the next that it was like magic.*[29] By 15,000 years ago, the sea level had dropped to 300 to 350 feet (110 m) below the contemporary level. The sea level rose quickly after that, stabilizing at the current 2.2 Cityscape 3

2.2 Cityscape

See also: List of tallest buildings in Miami

View from one of the higher points in Miami, west of downtown. The highest natural point in the city of Miami is in , near the bay, along the Miami Rock Ridge at 24 feet (7.3 m) above sea level.*[32]

Downtown Miami Skyline as seen from the Rusty Pelican

level about 4000 years ago, leaving the mainland of South Florida just above sea level. Beneath the plain lies the Biscayne Aquifer,*[33] a natu- ral underground source of fresh water that extends from southern Palm Beach County to Florida Bay, with its highest point peaking around the cities of Miami Springs and Hialeah. Most of the Miami metropolitan area ob- tains its drinking water from this aquifer. As a result of the aquifer, it is not possible to dig more than 15 to 20 ft (4.6 to 6.1 m) beneath the city without hitting water, which impedes underground construction. For this rea- son, the mass transit systems in and around Miami are elevated or at-grade. Downtown Miami skyline as seen from South Beach. Most of the western fringes of the city extend into the Everglades, a subtropical marshland located in the south- ern portion of the U.S. state of Florida. Alligators have ventured into Miami communities and on major high- ways. In terms of land area, Miami is one of the smallest major cities in the United States. According to the US Census Bureau, the city encompasses a total area of 55.27 sq mi (143.1 km2). Of that area, 35.67 sq mi (92.4 km2) is land and 19.59 sq mi (50.7 km2) is water. That means Miami comprises over 400,000 people in 35 square miles (91 km2), making it one of the most densely populated Downtown Miami skyline as seen from the Port of cities in the United States, along with City, Miami. San Francisco, Boston, Chicago, and . 4 2 GEOGRAPHY

2.2.1 Neighborhoods Downtown is South Florida's central business district, and Florida's largest and most influential central business dis- trict. Downtown has the largest concentration of interna- tional banks in the U.S. along . Down- town is home to many major banks, courthouses, finan- cial headquarters, cultural and tourist attractions, schools, parks and a large residential population. East of Down- town, across Biscayne Bay is South Beach. Just north- west of Downtown, is the Civic Center, which is Miami's center for hospitals, research institutes and biotechnology with hospitals such as Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami VA Hospital, and the 's Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine. The southern side of Miami includes , and Coconut Grove. Coral Way is a historic res- idential neighborhood built in 1922 connecting Down- town with Coral Gables, and is home to many old homes Map of Miami neighborhoods. and tree-lined streets. Coconut Grove was established in 1825 and is the location of Miami's City Hall in Dinner Main article: Neighborhoods in Miami Key, the Coconut Grove Playhouse, CocoWalk, many Miami is partitioned into many different sections, nightclubs, bars, restaurants and bohemian shops, and as such, is very popular with local college students. It is a historic neighborhood with narrow, winding roads, and a heavy tree canopy. Coconut Grove has many parks and gardens such as Villa Vizcaya, , The Bar- nacle Historic State Park, and is the home of the Coconut Grove Convention Center and numerous historic homes and estates. The western side of Miami includes Little , , and , and is home to many of the city's traditionally immigrant neighborhoods. Although at one time a mostly Jewish neighborhood, today western Miami is home to immigrants from mostly Central America and Cuba, while the west central neighborhood of is a multicultural community of many ethnicities. The Downtown Miami Historic District is the city's largest historic The northern side of Miami includes Midtown, a district district, with buildings ranging from 1896 to 1939 in the heart of with a great mix of diversity with many West Indians, Downtown. Hispanics, European Americans, bohemians, and artists. , and , are neighborhoods of Mid- town and are made up mostly of high-rise residential tow- ers and are home to the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts. The wealthier residents usually live in the northeastern part, in Midtown, the Design District, and the Upper East Side, with many sought after 1920s homes and home of the MiMo Historic District, a style of architecture originated in Miami in the 1950s. The northern side of Miami also has notable African Ameri- can and immigrant communities such as , (home of the Lyric Theater), and . The Downtown area has the fastest-growing neighborhoods in the city. 2.3 Climate roughly into North, South, West and Downtown. The heart of the city is Downtown Miami and is techni- Main article: Climate of Miami cally on the eastern side of the city. This area includes Miami has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate Brickell, , , and PortMiami. classification Am)*[34] with hot and humid summers and 5

populous city in the United States. The Miami metropoli- tan area, which includes Miami-Dade, Broward and Palm Beach counties, had a combined population of more than 5.5 million people, ranked seventh largest in the United States,*[44] and is the largest metropolitan area in the Southeastern United States. As of 2008, the United Na- tions estimates that the Miami Urban Agglomeration is the 44th-largest in the world.*[45] The 2010 US Census file for Hispanic or Latino ori- gin reports*[46] that 34.4% of the population were of Cuban origin, 15.8% shared a Central American back- ground (7.2% Nicaraguan and 5.8% Honduran), 8.7% Typical summer afternoon thunderstorm rolling in from the were of South American descent (3.2% Colombian and Everglades. 1.7% Venezuelan), 4.0% had other Hispanic or Latino origins, 3.2% descended from Puerto Ricans, 2.4% were short, warm winters, with a marked drier season in the Dominican, and 1.5% had Mexican ancestry. In 2004, winter. Its sea-level elevation, coastal location, position the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) re- just above the Tropic of Cancer, and proximity to the ported that Miami had the highest proportion of foreign- Gulf Stream shapes its climate. With January averaging born residents of any major city worldwide (59%), fol- 67.2 °F (19.6 °C), winter features mild to warm temper- lowed by Toronto (50%). atures; cool air usually settles after the passage of a cold As of 2010, there were 183,994 households of which front, which produces much of the little amount of rain- 14.0% were vacant.*[47] As of 2000, 26.3% had children fall. Lows sometimes fall below 50 °F (10 °C), but very under the age of 18 living with them, 36.6% were mar- rarely below 35 °F (2 °C). Highs generally range between ried couples living together, 18.7% have a female head 70–77 °F (21–25 °C). of household with no husband present, and 37.9% were The wet season begins some time in May, ending in mid- non-families. 30.4% of all households were made up of October. During this period, temperatures are in the mid individuals and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 80s to low 90s (29–35 °C), accompanied by high hu- 65 years of age or older. The average household size was midity, though the heat is often relieved by afternoon 2.61 and the average family size was 3.25. The age dis- thunderstorms or a sea breeze that develops off the At- tribution was 21.7% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 lantic Ocean, which then allow lower temperatures, but to 24, 30.3% from 25 to 44, 22.1% from 45 to 64, and conditions still remain very muggy. Much of the year's 17.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median 55.9 inches (1,420 mm) of rainfall occurs during this pe- age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 98.9 riod. Dewpoints in the warm months range from 71.9 °F males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were (22.2 °C) in June to 73.7 °F (23.2 °C) in August.*[35] 97.3 males. Extremes range from 27 °F (−2.8 °C) on February 3, 1917 to 100 °F (38 °C) on July 21, 1940.*[36] Miami has never recorded any snowfall although there were dis- puted claims of snow flurries on January 19, 1977.*[37] Hurricane season officially runs from June 1 through November 30, although hurricanes can develop beyond those dates. The most likely time for Miami to be hit is during the peak of the Cape Verde season, which is mid-August through the end of September.*[38] Although tornadoes are uncommon in the Miami area, a tornado struck the city in 1925 and again in 1997.

Miami falls under the USDA 10b Plant Hardiness zone.*[39] Plymouth Congregational Church in Coconut Grove.

In 2009, the median income for a household in the city 3 Demographics was $29,812, and the median income for a family was $33,814. The per capita income for the city was $19,846. The city proper is home to less than one-thirteenth of the About 21.7% of families and 26.3% of the population population of South Florida. Miami is the 42nd most were below the poverty line. 6 4 ECONOMY

In 1960, non-Hispanic whites represented 80% of 4 Economy Miami-Dade county's population.*[48] In 1970, the Census Bureau reported Miami's population as 45.3% Hispanic, 32.9% non-Hispanic White, and 22.7% Black.*[49] Miami's explosive population growth has been driven by internal migration from other parts of the country, primarily up until the 1980s, as well as by immigration, primarily from the 1960s to the 1990s. Today, immigration to Miami has slowed significantly and Miami's growth today is attributed greatly to its fast urbanization and high-rise construction, which has in- creased its inner city neighborhood population densities, such as in Downtown, Brickell, and Edgewater, where one area in Downtown alone saw a 2,069% increase in popu- lation in the 2010 Census. Miami is regarded as more of a multicultural mosaic, than it is a melting pot, with resi- dents still maintaining much of, or some of their cultural traits. The overall culture of Miami is heavily influenced Downtown is South Florida's main hub for finance, commerce by its large population of Hispanics and blacks mainly and international business. Brickell Avenue has the largest con- from the Caribbean islands. centration of international banks in the U.S. There has been a Norwegian Seamen's church in Mi- ami since the early 1980s. In November 2011, Crown Princess Mette-Marit opened a new building for the church. The church was built as a center for the 10,000 Scandinavians that live in Florida. Around 4,000 of them are Norwegian. The church is also an important place for the 150 Norwegians that work at Disney World.*[50]

3.1 Languages

As of 2000, 66.75% of residents spoke Spanish at home, while those who only spoke English made up 25.45%. Speakers of Haitian (French) Creole were 5.20%, As seen in 2006, the high-rise construction in Miami has inspired and French speakers comprised 0.76% of the popula- popular opinion of "Miami " tion.*[53] Other languages that were spoken throughout the city include Portuguese at 0.41%, German at 0.18%, Italian at 0.16%, Arabic at 0.15%, Chinese at 0.11%, and Greek at 0.08% of the population. Among U.S. cities, Miami has one of the highest proportions of residents who speak languages other than English at home (74.55% in 2000).*[53]

Due to English-speakers moving away from the area, the PortMiami is the world's largest cruise ship port, and is the head- percentage of residents who speak only English is ex- quarters of many of the world's largest cruise companies pected to continue to decline.*[54] Miami is a major center of commerce, finance, and boasts a strong international business community. Ac- cording to the ranking of world cities undertaken by 3.2 Civic engagement the Globalization and World Cities Study Group & Net- work (GaWC) in 2010 and based on the level of pres- Organizations such as the Miami-Dade Salvation Army ence of global corporate service organizations, Miami “ * and its iconic Red Kettle Christmas Campaign, Hands On is considered a Alpha minus world city". [55] Miami Miami, City Year Miami, Human Services Coalition of has a Gross Metropolitan Product of $257 billion and is ranked 20th worldwide in GMP, and 11th in the United South Florida, and Citizens for a Better South Florida, * * among many other organizations have been working to States. [56] [57] engage Miamians in volunteerism. Several large companies are headquartered in or 7

around Miami, including but not limited to: Akerman closure rate and past decade of corruption among public Senterfitt, Alienware, Arquitectonica, Arrow Air, officials.*[65] In 2012, Forbes Magazine named Miami Bacardi, Benihana, Brightstar Corporation, Burger King, the most miserable city in the United States because of Celebrity Cruises, Carnival Corporation, Carnival Cruise a crippling housing crisis that has cost multitudes of res- Lines, CompUSA, Crispin Porter + Bogusky, Duany idents their homes and jobs. The metro area has one of Plater-Zyberk & Company, Espírito Santo Financial the highest violent crime rates in the country and workers Group, Fizber.com, Greenberg Traurig, Holland & face lengthy daily commutes.*[66] Knight, Inktel Direct, Interval International, Lennar, Miami International Airport and PortMiami are among Navarro Discount Pharmacies, Norwegian Cruise Lines, the nation's busiest ports of entry, especially for cargo Oceania Cruises, Perry Ellis International, RCTV from South America and the Caribbean. The Port of Mi- International, Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines, Ryder ami is the world's busiest cruise port, and MIA is the busi- Systems, Seabourn Cruise Line, Sedano's, Telefónica est airport in Florida, and the largest gateway between the USA, UniMÁS, Telemundo, Univision, U.S. Century United States and Latin America.*[67] Additionally, the Bank, Vector Group and World Fuel Services. Because city has the largest concentration of international banks in of its proximity to Latin America, Miami serves as the the country, primarily along Brickell Avenue in Brickell, headquarters of Latin American operations for more Miami's financial district. Due to its strength in inter- than 1400 multinational corporations, including AIG, national business, finance and trade, many international American Airlines, Cisco, Disney, Exxon, FedEx, Kraft banks have offices in Downtown such as Espírito Santo Foods, LEO Pharma Americas, Microsoft, Yahoo, Financial Group, which has its U.S. headquarters in Mi- Oracle, SBC Communications, Sony, Symantec, Visa * ami. Miami was also the host city of the 2003 Free Trade International, and Wal-Mart. [58] Area of the Americas negotiations, and is one of the lead- Miami is a major television production center, and the ing candidates to become the trading bloc's headquarters. most important city in the U.S. for As of 2011, PortMiami accounts for 176,000 jobs and media. Univisión, Telemundo and UniMÁS have their has an annual economic impact in Miami of $18 billion. headquarters in Miami, along with their production stu- It is the 11th-largest cargo container port in the United dios. The Telemundo Television Studios produces much States. In 2010, a record 4.33 million passengers traveled of the original programming for Telemundo, such as their through PortMiami. One in seven of all the worldʼs cruise telenovelas and talk shows. In 2011, 85% of Telemundo's passengers start from Miami. original programming was filmed in Miami.*[59] Miami is also a major music recording center, with the Sony Mu- sic Latin and Universal Music Latin Entertainment head- quarters in the city, along with many other smaller record labels. The city also attracts many artists for music video and film shootings. Since 2001, Miami has been undergoing a large building boom with more than 50 skyscrapers rising over 400 feet (122 m) built or currently under construction in the city. Miami's skyline is ranked third most impressive in the U.S., behind and Chicago, and 19th in the world according to the Almanac of Architecture and The Civic Center has the country's second-largest concentration Design.*[60] The city currently has the eight tallest (as of medical and research facilities. It is the center of Miami's well as thirteen of the fourteen tallest) skyscrapers in the growing biotechnology sectors.*[68] state of Florida, with the tallest being the 789-foot (240 * m) Four Seasons Hotel & Tower. [61] Tourism is also an important industry in Miami. Along During the mid-2000s, the city witnessed its largest real with finance and business, the beaches, conventions, festi- estate boom since the Florida land boom of the 1920s. vals and events draw over 38 million visitors annually into During this period, the city had well over a hundred ap- the city, from across the country and around the world, proved high-rise construction projects in which 50 were spending $17.1 billion.*[69]*[70] The District actually built.*[62] In 2007, however, the housing mar- in South Beach, is reputed as one of the most glamorous ket crashed causing lots of foreclosures on houses.*[63] in the world for its nightclubs, beaches, historical build- This rapid high-rise construction, has led to fast popula- ings, and shopping. Annual events such as the Sony Eric- tion growth in the city's inner neighborhoods, primarily in sson Open, Art Basel, Winter Music Conference, South Downtown, Brickell and Edgewater, with these neighbor- Beach Wine & Food Festival, and Mercedes-Benz Fash- hoods becoming the fastest-growing areas in the city. The ion Week Miami attract millions to the metropolis every Miami area ranks 8th in the nation in foreclosures.*[64] year. In 2011, Forbes Magazine named Miami the second most Miami is the home to the National Hurricane Center and miserable city in the United States due to its high fore- the headquarters of the United States Southern Com- 8 5 CULTURE

mand, responsible for military operations in Central and arts center. Other performing arts venues in Miami in- South America. In addition to these roles, Miami is also clude the Herbert and Nicole Wertheim Performing Arts an industrial center, especially for stone quarrying and Center, Gusman Center for the Performing Arts, Coconut warehousing. These industries are centered largely on the Grove Playhouse, Colony Theatre, Lincoln Theatre, New western fringes of the city near Doral and Hialeah. World Center, Actor's Playhouse at the Miracle Theatre, According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2004, Miami Jackie Gleason Theatre, Manuel Artime Theater, Ring had the third highest incidence of family incomes below Theatre, Playground Theatre, Wertheim Performing Arts the federal poverty line in the United States, making it Center, the Fair Expo Center and the Am- phitheater for outdoor music events. the third poorest city in the USA, behind only Detroit, Michigan (ranked #1) and El Paso, Texas (ranked #2). The city attracts a large number of musicians, singers, ac- Miami is also one of the very few cities where its lo- tors, dancers, and orchestral players. Miami has numer- cal government went bankrupt, in 2001.*[71] However, ous orchestras, symphonies and performing art conserva- since that time, Miami has experienced a revival: in 2008, tories. Some of these include the , Miami was ranked as “America's Cleanest City”ac- FIU School of Music, , Miami City cording to Forbes for its year-round good air quality, vast Ballet, , Miami Wind Symphony, green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets and city- New World School of the Arts, New World Symphony wide recycling programs.*[15] In a 2009 UBS study of 73 Orchestra, as well as the music, theater and art schools of world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the the city's many universities and schools. United States (of four U.S. cities included in the survey) Miami is also a major fashion center, home to models and the world's fifth-richest city, in terms of purchasing * and some of the top modeling agencies in the world. Mi- power. [16] ami is also host to many fashion shows and events, includ- ing the annual Miami Fashion Week and the Mercedes- Benz Fashion Week Miami held in the Wynwood Art Dis- 5 Culture trict.*[72]

5.1 Entertainment and performing arts 5.2 Museums and art

The city is home to numerous museums as well, many of which are in Downtown. These include the Frost Art Mu- seum, HistoryMiami, Miami Art Museum, Miami Chil- dren's Museum, Miami Science Museum, Vizcaya Mu- seum and Gardens, and the Miami-Dade Cultural Cen- ter, home of the Miami Main Library. Miami is also the home of the world's largest art exhibition, dubbed the “Olympics of Art”, Art Basel Miami. The event is held annually in December, and attracts thousands of visitors from around the world.

5.3 Music

Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts, the second-largest Miami music is varied. Cubans brought the conga and performing arts center in the United States. rumba, while Haitians and the rest of the French West In- In addition to such annual festivals like Calle Ocho Fes- dies have brought kompa and zouk to Miami from their tival and Carnaval Miami, Miami is home to many en- homelands instantly popularizing them in American cul- tertainment venues, theaters, museums, parks and per- ture. Dominicans brought bachata, and merengue, while forming arts centers. The newest addition to the Miami Colombians brought vallenato and cumbia, and Brazilians arts scene is the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Perform- brought samba. West Indians and Caribbean people have ing Arts, the second-largest performing arts center in the brought, reggae, soca, calypso, and steel pan to the area United States after the Lincoln Center in New York City, as well. and is the home of the Florida Grand Opera. Within it are In the early 1970s, the Miami disco sound came to life the Ziff Ballet Opera House, the center's largest venue, with TK Records, featuring the music of KC and the Sun- the Knight Concert Hall, the Carnival Studio Theater and shine Band, with such hits as “Get Down Tonight”, the Peacock Rehearsal Studio. The center attracts many "(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty”and“That's large-scale operas, ballets, concerts, and musicals from the Way (I Like It)"; and the Latin-American disco group, around the world and is Florida's grandest performing Foxy (band), with their hit singles“Get Off”and“Hot 5.4 Cuisine 9

and trance, in clubs like the infamous Warsaw Ballroom better known as Warsaw and The Mix where DJs like david padilla (who was the resident DJ for both) and radio. The new sound fed back into mainstream clubs across the country. The scene in SoBe, along with a bustling secondhand market for electronic instruments and turntables, had a strong democratizing effect, offer- ing amateur,“bedroom”DJs the opportunity to become proficient and popular as both music players and produc- ers, regardless of the whims of the professional music and club industries. Some of these notable DJs are John Bene- tiz (better known as JellyBean Benetiz), Danny Tenaglia, and David Padilla.*[74] Miami is also home to a vibrant techno and dance scene The city is a major music production city and attracts many an- and hosts the Winter Music Conference, the largest nual music festivals, such as Ultra Music Festival dance event in the world, Ultra Music Festival and many electronica music-themed celebrations and festi- vals. Along with neighboring Miami Beach, Miami is Number”. Miami-area natives George McCrae and Teri home to nightclubs such as Space, Mansion, Parkwest, DeSario were also popular music artists during the 1970s Ink, and Cameo. The city is known to be part of clubland, disco era. The Bee Gees moved to Miami in 1975 and along with places such as Mykonos, Ibiza and Ayia Napa. have lived here ever since then. Miami-influenced, Gloria There are also several rap and hip hop artists out of Mi- Estefan and the Miami Sound Machine, hit the popu- ami. They include Trick Daddy, Trina, Pitbull, Pretty lar music scene with their Cuban-oriented sound and had Ricky, DJ Khaled, Flo Rida, Jackie-O, Rick Ross, DJ huge hits in the 1980s with“Conga”and“Bad Boys”. Laz, and the Miami Bass group 2 Live Crew. Miami is also considered a “hot spot”for dance mu- sic, Freestyle, a style of dance music popular in the 80's and 90's heavily influenced by Electro, hip-hop, and 5.4 Cuisine disco. Many popular Freestyle acts such as Pretty Tony, Debbie Deb, Stevie B, and Exposé, originated in Miami. Indie/folk acts Cat Power and Iron & Wine are based in the city,*[73] while alternative hip hop artist Sage Fran- cis, electro artist Uffie, and the electroclash duo Avenue D were born in Miami, but musically based elsewhere. Also, ska punk band Against All Authority is from Mi- ami, and rock/metal bands Nonpoint and Marilyn Man- son each formed in neighboring Fort Lauderdale. Popular Cuban American female recording artist, Ana Cristina, was born in Miami in 1985, and became the first His- panic person in history to perform the “Star Spangled Banner”at a presidential inauguration. The 1980s and '90s also brought the genre of high energy Miami Bass to dance floors and car subwoofers through- Cortaditos are a popular espresso beverage found in cafeterias out the country. Miami Bass spawned artists like 2 Live around Miami. They are particularly popular for breakfast or in Crew (featuring Uncle Luke), 95 South, Tag Team, 69 the afternoon with a pastelito. Boyz, Quad City DJ's, and Freak Nasty. Examples of these songs are “Whoomp! (There It Is)" by Tag Team The cuisine of Miami is a reflection of its diverse popu- in 1993,“Tootsee Roll”by 69 Boyz in 1994, and“C'mon lation, with a heavy influence especially from Caribbean N' Ride It (The Train)" by the Quad City DJ's in 1996. cuisine and from Latin American cuisine. By combining These songs all reached the top 10 in the pop charts and the two with American cuisine, it has spawned a unique gave Miami Bass a new commercial success. South Florida style of cooking known as Floribbean cui- This was also a period of alternatives to alcohol-fueled, sine. Floribbean cuisine is widely available throughout “meat market”nightclubs, the warehouse party, acid Miami and South Florida, and can be found in restaurant house, rave and outdoor festival scenes of the late 1980s chains such as Pollo Tropical. and early 1990s were havens and proving grounds for the Cuban immigrants in the 1960s brought the Cuban sand- latest trends in electronic dance music, especially house wich, medianoche, Cuban espresso, and croquetas, all of and its ever-more hypnotic, synthetic offspring techno which have grown in popularity to all Miamians, and have 10 6 SPORTS

become symbols of the city's varied cuisine. Today, these 5.6.1 In film and television are part of the local culture, and can be found throughout the city in window cafés, particularly outside of super- See also: List of films and television shows set in Miami markets and restaurants.*[75]*[76] Restaurants such as Versailles restaurant in is a landmark eatery Miami is a center for television and film production. The of Miami. Located on the Atlantic Ocean, and with a long city has acted as the backdrop for many movies, and history as a seaport, Miami is also known for its seafood, many television shows, telenovelas, and awards shows with many seafood restaurants located along the Miami have been set or filmed in Miami. In the mid-2000s, River, and in and around Biscayne Bay.*[77] Miami is Miami started to become a popular backdrop for reality also the home of restaurant chains such as Burger King, television shows. Additionally, Miami is a major center, Tony Roma's and Benihana. worldwide, for Spanish-language television and film pro- duction. 5.5 Dialect 5.6.2 In music See also: North regional phonology and Southern American English § Atlantic See also: Miami (song)

The Miami area has a unique dialect, (commonly called Miami has inspired the names of musical groups as well as the“Miami dialect”) which is widely spoken. The dialect of numerous albums and song titles. For example, the late developed among second- or third-generation Hispanics, country singer Keith Whitley (1955–1989) sang a song including Cuban-Americans, whose first language was called“Miami, My Amy”, about a special woman from English (though some non-Hispanic white, black, and Miami; the song is one of his biggest hits to this day.*[84] other races who were born and raised the Miami area tend to adopt it as well.)*[78] It is based on a fairly standard American accent but with some changes very 5.6.3 In video games similar to dialects in the Mid-Atlantic (especially the New York area dialect, Northern English, The video games, Grand Theft Auto: Vice City (which be- and New York Latino English.) Unlike Virginia Pied- came one of the best selling video games in 2002)*[85] mont, Coastal Southern American, and Northeast Amer- and Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories, take place in ican dialects and Florida Cracker dialect (see section be- Vice City, a fictional city inspired by Miami, which in- low), “”is rhotic; it also incorporates a cludes some of the same architecture and geography. The rhythm and pronunciation heavily influenced by Span- game also includes characters who speak ish (wherein rhythm is syllable-timed).*[79] However, and Spanish, as do many people found in Miami. this is a native dialect of English, not learner English or The Video game Scarface: The World Is Yours takes ; it is possible to differentiate this variety place in Miami. The game is based on and is a quasi- from an interlanguage spoken by second-language speak- sequel to the 1983 motion picture Scarface starring Al ers in that“Miami accent”does not generally display the Pacino reprising his role as Tony Montana, with André following features: there is no addition of /ɛ/ before ini- Sogliuzzo providing Montana's voice. The game begins tial consonant clusters with /s/, speakers do not confuse of in the film's final scene, with Tony Montana's mansion /dʒ/ with /j/, (e.g., Yale with jail), and /r/ and /rr/ are pro- being raided by Alejandro Sosa's (Robert Davi) assas- nounced as alveolar approximant [ɹ] instead of alveolar sins.*[86] tap [ɾ] or alveolar trill [r] in Spanish.*[80]*[81]*[82]*[83]

5.6 In popular culture 6 Sports

See also: Sport in Miami Miami's main four sports teams are the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League, the Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association, the Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball, and the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League. As well as having all four ma- jor professional teams, Miami is also home to the Major View of the “Moon over Miami”, a famous phrase that has League Soccer expansion team led by David Beckham, inspired many pop culture items, including a movie, TV series, Sony Ericsson Open for professional tennis, numerous and song. greyhound racing tracks, marinas, jai alai venues, and golf courses. The city streets has hosted professional auto 11

whose football team plays at Sun Life Stadium, and Florida International University Golden Panthers whose football team plays at FIU Stadium. The following table shows the Miami area major profes- sional teams and Division I teams with an average atten- dance of more than 10,000:

7 Parks

American Airlines Arena, home of the Miami Heat

The Barnacle Historic State Park, built in 1891 in Miami's Coconut Grove neighborhood.

Miami Jai Alai fronton, known as “The Yankee Stadium of Jai Miami's tropical weather allows for year-round outdoors Alai” activities. The city has numerous marinas, rivers, bays, canals, and the Atlantic Ocean, which make boating, sail- ing, and fishing popular outdoors activities. Biscayne races, the Miami Indy Challenge and later the Grand Prix Bay has numerous coral reefs which make snorkeling and Americas. The Homestead-Miami Speedway oval hosts scuba diving popular. There are over 80 parks and gar- NASCAR national races. dens in the city.*[87] The largest and most popular parks The Miami Heat and the Miami Marlins play within Mi- are Bayfront Park and Bicentennial Park (located in the ami's city limits. The Heat play at the American Airlines heart of Downtown and the location of the American Air- Arena in Downtown Miami. The Miami Marlins home lines Arena and ), Fairchild Tropical ballpark is Marlins Park, located in Little Havana on the Botanic Garden, ( and Bill site of the old Orange Bowl stadium. Baggs Cape Florida State Park), , , Morningside Park, Virginia Key, and Watson Is- The Miami Dolphins play at Sun Life Stadium in subur- land. ban Miami Gardens. The Florida Panthers play in nearby Sunrise at the BB&T Center. The Fort Lauderdale Strik- Other popular cultural destinations in the area include ers, who play at Lockhart Stadium in nearby Fort Laud- , , , Coral erdale, in the North American Soccer League, the second Castle, St. Bernard de Clairvaux Church, and the Charles tier of the American soccer pyramid. Miami is also home Deering Estate. to Paso Fino horses, where competitions are held at Trop- ical Park Equestrian Center. The Orange Bowl, a member of the Bowl Championship 8 Government Series, hosts their college football championship games at Sun Life Stadium. The stadium has also hosted the Main article: Government of the City of Miami Super Bowl; the Miami metro area has hosted the game a total of ten times (five Super Bowls at the now Sun Life The government of the City of Miami (proper) uses the Stadium, including Super Bowl XLI and five at the Miami mayor-commissioner type of system. The city commis- Orange Bowl), tying New Orleans for the most games. sion consists of five commissioners which are elected Miami is also the home of many college sports teams. from single member districts. The city commission con- The two largest are the University of , stitutes the governing body with powers to pass ordi- 12 9 EDUCATION

8.1 City Commission

See also: List of mayors of Miami

• Tomás Regalado – Mayor of the City of Miami

• Wifredo “Willy”Gort – Miami Commissioner, District 1 (Chairman)

Allapattah and

• Marc Sarnoff – Miami Commissioner, District 2

Miami City Hall at in Coconut Grove. The city's Brickell, Coconut Grove, primary administrative offices are held here. Coral Way, Downtown Mi- ami, Edgewater, , Omni, and the

• Frank Carollo – Miami Commissioner, District 3

Coral Way, Little Havana and The Roads

• Francis Suárez – Miami Commissioner, District 4

Coral Way, Flagami and West Fla- gler

• Keon Hardemon – Miami Commissioner, Dis- trict 5 (Vice-Chairman)

Buena Vista, Design District, Liberty City, Little Haiti, Little River, Lummus Park, Overtown, Spring Garden and Wynwood

• Daniel J. Alfonso – City Manager • Victoria Méndez – City Attorney Miami-Dade County Courthouse • Todd B. Hannon- City Clerk

9 Education nances, adopt regulations, and exercise all powers con- ferred upon the city in the city charter. The mayor is 9.1 Public schools elected at large and appoints a city manager. The City of Miami is governed by Mayor Tomás Regalado and 5 Main article: Miami-Dade County Public Schools City commissioners which oversee the five districts in the Public schools in Miami are governed by Miami-Dade City. The commission's regular meetings are held at Mi- County Public Schools, which is the largest school district ami City Hall, which is located at 3500 Pan American in Florida and the fourth-largest in the United States. As Drive on Dinner Key in the neighborhood of Coconut of September 2008 it has a student enrollment of 385,655 Grove . and over 392 schools and centers. The district is also 9.3 Colleges and universities 13

Pace High School, Archbishop Curley-Notre Dame High School, St. Brendan High School, amongst numerous other Catholic elementary and high schools. All-boys Catholic college preparatory schools are Christopher Columbus High School and Belen Jesuit Preparatory School. All-girls Catholic preparatory schools are Carrollton School of the Sacred Heart and Our Lady of Lourdes Academy. Non-denominational private schools in Miami are Ransom Everglades, Gulliver Preparatory School, and Miami Country Day School. Other schools in the area include Samuel Scheck Hillel Community Day School, Dade Christian School, Palmer Trinity School, and , Miami's oldest continuously used high Westminster Christian School. school structure 9.3 Colleges and universities

Florida International University has the largest enrollment of any university in South Florida, and is one of the state's primary re- search universities. Founded in 1925, the University of Miami is the oldest college in Florida south of Winter Park. the largest minority public school system in the coun- try, with 60% of its students being of Hispanic origin, Miami has over 200,000 students enrolled in local col- 28% Black or West Indian American, 10% White (non- leges and universities, placing it seventh in the nation in Hispanic) and 2% non-white of other minorities.*[88] per capita university enrollment. In 2010, the city's four largest colleges and universities (MDC, FIU, UM, and Miami is home to some of the nation's best high schools, * such as Design and Architecture High School, ranked the Barry) graduated 28,000 students. [90] nation's best magnet school, MAST Academy, Coral Reef Colleges and universities in and around Miami: High School, ranked 20th-best public high school in the U.S., Miami Palmetto High School, and the New World • (private) School of the Arts.*[89] M-DCPS is also one of a few public school districts in the United States to offer op- • Carlos (private) tional bilingual education in Spanish, French, German, • Florida International University (FIU) (public) Haitian Creole, and Mandarin Chinese. • Florida Memorial University (private) • 9.2 Private schools Johnson and Wales University (private) • Keiser University (private) Miami is home to several well-known Roman Catholic, Jewish and non-denominational private schools. The • Manchester Business School (satellite location, UK Archdiocese of Miami operates the city's Catholic pri- public) vate schools, which include: St. Hugh Catholic School, • Miami Culinary Institute (public) St. Agatha Catholic School, St. Theresa School, Immaculata-Lasalle High School, Monsignor Edward • (public) 14 11 TRANSPORTATION

• Miami International University of Art & Design in 2013. The newspapers are now headquartered at the (private) former home of U.S. Southern Command in Doral.*[97]

• Nova Southeastern University (private) Other major newspapers include Miami Today, head- quartered in Brickell, Miami New Times, headquartered • St. Thomas University (private) in Midtown, Miami Sun Post, South Florida Business Jour- nal, Miami Times, and Biscayne Boulevard Times. An ad- • Talmudic University (private) ditional Spanish-language newspapers, Diario Las Amer- icas also serve Miami. The is Miami's pri- • University of Miami (private) mary newspaper with over a million readers and is head- quartered in Downtown in Herald Plaza. Several other Overall, amongst Miamians 25 years and older, 67% had student newspapers from the local universities, such as a high school diploma, and 22% had a bachelor's degree the oldest, the University of Miami's The Miami Hur- or higher.*[91] ricane, Florida International University's The Beacon, In 2011, Miami was ranked as the sixth most-read city in Miami-Dade College's The Metropolis, Barry University's the U.S. with high book sales.*[92] The Buccaneer, amongst others. Many neighborhoods and neighboring areas also have their own local newspa- pers such as the Aventura News, Coral Gables Tribune, 9.4 Professional training programs Biscayne Bay Tribune, and the Palmetto Bay News. A number of magazines circulate throughout the Miami is also home to both for-profit and nonprofit or- greater Miami area, including Miami Monthly, Southeast ganizations that offer a range of professional training Florida's only city/regional; Ocean Drive, a hot-spot so- and other, related educational programs. Per Scholas, cial scene glossy, and South Florida Business Leader. for example is a nonprofit organization that offers free Miami is also the headquarters and main production city professional certification training directed towards suc- of many of the world's largest television networks, record cessfully passing CompTIA A+ and Network+ certifica- label companies, broadcasting companies and production tion exams as a route to securing jobs and building ca- facilities, such as Telemundo, TeleFutura, Galavisión, reers.*[93]*[94] *[95] Mega TV, Univisión, Univision Communications, Inc., Universal Music Latin Entertainment, RCTV Interna- tional and Sunbeam Television. In 2009, Univisión an- 10 Media nounced plans to build a new production studio in Mi- ami, dubbed 'Univisión Studios'. Univisión Studios is See also: List of radio stations in Florida currently headquartered in Miami, and will produce pro- Miami has one of the largest television markets in the gramming for all of Univisión Communications' televi- sion networks.*[98] Miami is the twelfth largest radio market*[99] and the seventeenth largest television market*[100] in the United States. Television stations serving the Miami area in- clude: WAMI (Telefutura), WBFS (My Network TV), WSFL (The CW), WFOR (CBS), WHFT (TBN), WLTV (Univision), WPLG (ABC), WPXM (ION), WSCV (Telemundo), WSVN (Fox), WTVJ (NBC), WPBT (PBS), and WLRN (also PBS).

11 Transportation

Main article: Transportation in Miami Former headquarters of The Miami Herald

nation and the second largest in the state of Florida.*[96] Miami has several major newspapers, the main and 11.1 Airports largest newspaper being The Miami Herald. El Nuevo Herald is the major and largest Spanish-language newspa- Miami International Airport serves as the primary inter- per. The Miami Herald and El Nuevo Herald are Miami's national airport of the Greater Miami Area. One of the and South Florida's main, major and largest newspapers. busiest international airports in the world, Miami Interna- The papers left their longtime home in downtown Miami tional Airport caters to over 35 million passengers a year. 11.3 Public transportation 15

The airport is a major hub and the single largest inter- 11.3 Public transportation national gateway for American Airlines. Miami Interna- tional is the busiest airport in Florida, and is the United States' second-largest international port of entry for for- eign air passengers behind New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport, and is the seventh-largest such gate- way in the world. The airport's extensive international route network includes non-stop flights to over seventy international cities in North and South America, Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. Alternatively, nearby Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood Inter- national Airport also serves commercial traffic in the Miami area.*[101] Opa-locka Airport in Opa-locka and Kendall-Tamiami Airport in an unincorporated area serve general aviation traffic in the Miami area.

11.2 PortMiami The Miami Metrorail is the city's rapid transit system and con- nects the city's central core with its outlying suburbs

The Royal Caribbean International headquarters at the Port of Miami. Tri-Rail is Miami's commuter rail that runs north-south from Mi- ami's suburbs in West Palm Beach to Miami International Air- Further information: PortMiami port. Main article: Miami-Dade Transit Miami is home to one of the largest ports in the United States, the PortMiami. It is the largest cruise ship port in the world. The port is often called the “Cruise Capital Public transportation in Miami is operated by Miami- of the World”and the “Cargo Gateway of the Ameri- Dade Transit and SFRTA, and includes commuter cas”.*[102] It has retained its status as the number one rail (Tri-Rail), heavy-rail rapid transit (Metrorail), cruise/passenger port in the world for well over a decade an elevated people mover (), and buses accommodating the largest cruise ships and the major (Metrobus). Miami has Florida's highest transit rider- ship as about 17% of Miamians use transit on a daily ba- cruise lines. In 2007, the port served 3,787,410 passen- * gers.*[103] Additionally, the port is one of the nation's sis. [105] busiest cargo ports, importing 7.8 million tons of cargo in Miami's heavy-rail rapid transit system, Metrorail, is an 2007.*[103] Among North American ports, it ranks sec- elevated system comprising two lines and 23 stations on ond only to the Port of South Louisiana in New Orleans a 24.4-mile (39.3 km)-long line. Metrorail connects the in terms of cargo tonnage imported/exported from Latin urban western suburbs of Hialeah, Medley, and inner- America. The port is on 518 acres (2 km2) and has 7 pas- city Miami with suburban The Roads, Coconut Grove, senger terminals. China is the port's number one import Coral Gables, South Miami and urban Kendall via the country, and Honduras is the number one export coun- central business districts of Miami International Airport, try. Miami has the world's largest amount of cruise line the Civic Center, and Downtown. A free, elevated people headquarters, home to: Carnival Cruise Lines, Celebrity mover, Metromover, operates 21 stations on three dif- Cruises, Norwegian Cruise Line, Oceania Cruises, and ferent lines in , with a station Royal Caribbean International. In 2014, the Port of Mi- at roughly every two blocks of Downtown and Brickell. ami Tunnel was completed and will serve the PortMi- Several expansion projects are being funded by a transit ami.*[104] development sales tax surcharge throughout Miami-Dade 16 11 TRANSPORTATION

County. Tri-Rail, a commuter rail system operated by the South Florida Regional Transportation Authority (SFRTA), runs from Miami International Airport northward to West Palm Beach, making eighteen stops throughout Miami- Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach counties. The (left) and MacArthur Causeway (right) Construction is currently underway on the Miami In- connect Downtown and South Beach, Miami Beach. termodal Center and Miami Central Station, a massive transportation hub servicing Metrorail, Amtrak, Tri-Rail, Metrobus, Greyhound Lines, taxis, rental cars, MIA Mover, private automobiles, bicycles and pedestrians ad- jacent to Miami International Airport. Completion of the is expected to be completed by winter 2011, and will serve over 150,000 commuters and travelers in the Miami area. Phase I of Miami Cen- tral Station is scheduled to begin service in the spring of 2012, and Phase II in 2013. Two new light rail systems, Baylink and the Miami Street- car, have been proposed and are currently in the planning stage. BayLink would connect Downtown with South Beach, and the Miami Streetcar would connect Down- State Road 886 (Port Boulevard) connects downtown and town with Midtown. PortMiami by bridge over Biscayne Bay.

11.4 Rail west baseline and forms the north-south meridian. The corner of and Miami Av- Miami is the southern terminus of Amtrak's Atlantic enue is in the middle of Downtown in front of the Down- Coast services, running two lines, the Silver Meteor and town Macy's (formerly the Burdine's headquarters). The the Silver Star, both terminating in New York City. The Miami grid is primarily numerical so that, for example, Miami Amtrak Station is located in the suburb of Hialeah all street addresses north of Flagler Street and west of near the Tri-Rail/Metrorail Station on NW 79 St and Miami Avenue have “NW”in their address. Because NW 38 Ave. Current construction of the Miami Cen- its point of origin is in Downtown, which is close to the tral Station will move all Amtrak operations from its cur- coast, therefore, the“NW”and“SW”quadrants are much rent out-of-the-way location to a centralized location with larger than the“SE”and“NE”quadrants. Many roads, Metrorail, MIA Mover, Tri-Rail, Miami International especially major ones, are also named (e.g., Tamiami Airport, and the Miami Intermodal Center all within the Trail/SW 8th St), although, with exceptions, the number same station closer to Downtown. The station was ex- is in more common usage among locals. pected to be completed by 2012,*[106] but experienced All streets and avenues in Miami-Dade County follow the several delays and was later expected to be completed in Miami Grid, with a few exceptions, most notably Coral late 2014,*[107] again pushed back to early 2015.*[108] Gables, Hialeah, Coconut Grove and Miami Beach. One Florida High Speed Rail was a proposed government neighborhood, The Roads, is thusly named because its backed high-speed rail system that would have connected streets run off the Miami Grid in a 45-degree angle, and Miami, Orlando, and Tampa. The first phase was planned therefore are all named roads. to connect Orlando and Tampa and was offered federal Miami-Dade County is served by four Interstate High- funding, but it was turned down by Governor Rick Scott ways (I-75, I-95, I-195, I-395) and several U.S. High- in 2011. The second phase of the line was envisioned to ways including U.S. Route 1, U.S. Route 27, U.S. Route connect Miami. By 2014, a private project known as All 41, and U.S. Route 441. Aboard Florida by a company of the historic Florida East Some of the major Florida State Roads (and their com- Coast Railway began construction of a higher-speed rail mon names) serving Miami are: line in South Florida that is planned to eventually termi- nate at Orlando International Airport.*[109] • SR 112 (Airport Expressway): Interstate 95 to MIA • Homestead Extension of Florida's Turnpike (SR 11.5 Road 821): Florida's Turnpike mainline (SR 91)/Miami Gardens to U.S. Route 1/Florida City Miami's road system is based along the numerical “Miami Grid”where Flagler Street forms the east- • SR 826 (Palmetto Expressway): Golden Glades In- 17

terchange to U.S. Route 1/Pinecrest States,*[114] but a 2013 survey by Travel + Leisure ranked Miami 34th for“public transportation and pedes- • SR 836 (Dolphin Expressway): Downtown to SW trian friendliness.”*[115] 137th Ave via MIA • SR 874 (Don Shula Expressway): 826/ to Homestead Extension of Florida's Turnpike/Kendall 12 Notable people • SR 878 (Snapper Creek Expressway): SR 874/Kendall to U.S. Route 1/Pinecrest & South Main article: List of people from Miami Miami • SR 924 (Gratigny Parkway) Miami Lakes to Opa- locka 13 Sister cities Miami has six major causeways that span over Biscayne Bay connecting the western mainland, with the east- See also: List of sister cities in Florida ern barrier islands along the Atlantic Ocean. The is the southernmost causeway and connects Brickell to Virginia Key and Key Biscayne. The Venetian Causeway and MacArthur Causeway con- 14 See also nect Downtown with South Beach. The Julia Tuttle Causeway connects Midtown and Miami Beach. The • List of cities impacted by current sea level rise 79th Street Causeway connects the Upper East Side with North Beach. The northernmost causeway, the Broad • Miami Fire Department Causeway, is the smallest of Miami's six causeways, and connects North Miami with Bal Harbour. • In 2007, Miami was identified as having the rudest drivers • Miami port tunnel in the United States, the second year in a row to have been cited, in a poll commissioned by automobile club • National Register of Historic Places listings in Mi- AutoVantage.*[110] Miami is also consistently ranked as ami, Florida one of the most dangerous cities in the United States for pedestrians.*[111] 15 Notes 11.6 Bicycling [1] Official records for Miami were kept at the Lemon City from September 1895 to November 1900, the Miami In recent years the city government, under Mayor Manny COOP from December 1900 to May 1911, the Weather Diaz, has taken an ambitious stance in support of Bureau Office from June 1911 to February 1937, at var- bicycling in Miami for both recreation and commuting. ious locations in and around the city from March 1937 Every month, the city hosts “Bike Miami”, where ma- to July 1942, and at Miami Int'l since August 1942. For jor streets in Downtown and Brickell are closed to auto- more information, see ThreadEx. mobiles, but left open for pedestrians and bicyclists. The event began in November 2008, and has doubled in pop- ularity from 1,500 participants to about 3,000 in the Oc- 16 References tober 2009 Bike Miami. This is the longest running such event in the US. In October 2009, the city also approved [1]“Miami: the Capital of Latin America”. Time. December an extensive 20-year plan for bike routes and paths around 2, 1993. the city. The city has begun construction of bike routes as of late 2009, and ordinances requiring bike parking in [2] “American Factfinder, Profile of General Population and all future construction in the city became mandatory as Housing Characteristics: 2010”. US Census Bureau. Re- of October 2009.*[112] trieved October 21, 2011. In 2010, Miami was ranked as the 44th most bike-friendly [3] American Community Survey Miami Urbanized Area city in the US according to Bicycling Magazine.*[113] (2008 estimate)

[4] Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and 11.7 Walkability Micropolitan Statistical Areas [5]“2009 City Estimates”, US Census Bureau. (CSV format) A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Miami the eighth most walkable of the fifty largest cities in the United [6] “Miami”. Retrieved March 12, 2014. 18 16 REFERENCES

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17 External links

• City of Miami – Official Site

• City of Miami Government • Greater Miami Convention and Visitors Bureau

• U.S. Census Bureau – Census 2000 Demographic Profile Highlights for City of Miami • Miami-Dade Municipalitie

Coordinates: 25°47′16″N 80°13′27″W / 25.787676°N 80.224145°W 22 18 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

18 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

18.1 Text

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Anderson, HansAA, Thereveda, Bleaney, Seb az86556, Bentley4, Monkeynoze, Travis128, Heat fan1, Katimawan2005, WhoItBe2, Ras- trojo, Uannis, Miami92, GiZiBoNG, Yk Yk Yk, Synthebot, @pple, Trojan51, Theandrew215, The Devil's Advocate, AndresTM, Skarz, Gintar77, Monty845, AlleborgoBot, Logan, Afrimax, PGWG, Jehorn, Sfmammamia, NHRHS2010, EmxBot, HumanThing, Peterlaflur, 18.2 Images 23

Thicks001, Hypertall, SieBot, B170AD43, Whiskey in the Jar, Callelinea, Bhk1234, Dough4872, WereSpielChequers, BotMultichill, Winchelsea, Gerakibot, Jsc83, Mungo Kitsch, Caltas, Strike balance, Triwbe, Lucasbfrbot, Pants1234, Nummer29, Yoco, Fredler Brave, Happysailor, Elcobbola, Sohelpme, Fiftwekid, Jccort, Monegasque, Pituco, ArkyBot, Yerpo, JSpung, Comayagua99, Ripkenfan86, Oxy- moron83, AngelOfSadness, Lightmouse, Poindexter Propellerhead, Tampasteve, Nancy, Kumioko (renamed), Mrtoes, Anicic, Dravecky, Presidentman, LonelyMarble, Giancarlo1992, JohnnyMrNinja, Gaiuscaesar, Fontana69, Today's 24 hours, Legionarius, Realm of Shad- ows, Paulinho28, TaerkastUA, Dabomb87, Greggymiami305, MIA777, Jtextor, Jesus Cardona, Jons63, Raulandclaudia, Amazonien, ImageRemovalBot, Miamiomar, WikipedianMarlith, Statz000, Sfan00 IMG, Captain-Scooby-Doo, De728631, ClueBot, Phoenix-wiki, Lsb07, Rahfa1, Justin W Smith, Kennvido, Miamiboyzinhere, Bizplanet, Haute Fuzze, Plastikspork, Pgecaj, Rahiim03, Holywars88, Dr- mies, FCivish, Michael Adrian, Cageman42, Zefmh, CounterVandalismBot, Nutz305, DaronDierkes, Skeeball93, Niceguyedc, Thum Fel, Parkwells, Joeymas, Secret (renamed), ElSaxo, Auntof6, Juelz9, DragonBot, Frank mad, Detroiterbot, CapitalBot, Kanguole, EeepEeep, Boss Big, MattiasNJ, Porknbeans305, Jdmchico, Poopypy, Rhatsa26X, Lartoven, BLass-cz, JeffBillman, Antodav2007, JamieS93, Do- minique845, MIAMI-INFO, Kirkham69, Ullelyng, Prokopenya Viktor, Mlaffs, Balintawak, Pookman7497, Phenom V1.0, Aitias, Ziolko, Footballfan190, DerBorg, Moran Wright, Chuchis101, Kevchris, DumZiBoT, Local hero, LarsaBalthei, Rko202, Thorongil CVI, Feinoha, Chronochronica, WikHead, Irbster, Rigby27, Southfloridian, Mm40, Matthieu fr, Dwilso, Puerca, Bridgetfox, Ferpow, Thekrow01, Mi- amiN Muzik, Kbdankbot, Kodster, Jhendin, Addbot, Finefox771, MeRo987, Huhwaitwhoareyou, Some jerk on the Internet, Guoguo12, Kerrrybeee, Lathens, Jeronevw, Supplet, SI31, Startstop123, Reckless182, Kman543210, CanadianLinuxUser, Rosiebabi123, Normal View, PermanentSausage, Ashanda, NjardarBot, Richmond96, JulianM09, Este83, Jaydec, Dpark609, Tassedethe, Swifferman330am, ErnestOner, Bfigura's puppy, Lightbot, Romanskolduns, Gail, Zorrobot, Xenobot, Rga, Vb6wiz, Dublin Jones, Traumaryder, Legobot, Di- vinechocchip, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Johnson2444, Ahmadandyoung, Ptbotgourou, Legobot II, G. Capo, Jojo124, OhrsOmins, Worm That Turned, XCTTxphantom489, Paraplegicemu, Fajubi, SunshineofYourLove, Obase, South Bay, W950712, Digirami, Miami dade county 22, Americansteamers, Bbb23, Sbrown1202a, AnomieBOT, John hiller, Rubinbot, Thinkcover, Mattias 91, Dwayne, JackieBot, Llywe- lynII, NJNYCC1, B137, Mahmudmasri, Nemesis63, Dalv89, Bilodeauzx, Twiceuponatime, Basilisk4u, Frukko, Xqbot, GraderCel, Bob Waller, Ymousa, Mawrigh3, Addihockey10, Edobrichoo, Sbrown146, DSisyphBot, Brout8, GrouchoBot, Ute in DC, ProtectionTagging- Bot, Greg Tyler, Wikieditor1988, Cuak's, Inter-man, Y2Kfreak, Ddogas, In fact, Erik9, Us441, DasallmächtigeJ, Mattiss44, FrescoBot, Tobby72, Endofskull, M2545, JoseGonzalez66, Wireless Keyboard, AndrewAvitus, WQUlrich, Pinethicket, Sedna10387, Elockid, Image- TagBot, MJ94, Codwiki, Hoo man, RedBot, Fixer88, KRajaratnam1, Atlilmgaaustell, Banej, YAYAYYAYYA, Horst-schlaemma, Keri, Hentzer, FoxBot, Jedi94, TobeBot, Tibetan Prayer, Xanderliptak, WPPilot, LewLabs, John12787, Thermanson, Snoozlepet, Tanweer drmc, Glenrqz, Linguisticgeek, JV Smithy, PleaseStand, Nascar1996, Tbhotch, Friedrichshainer, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Onel5969, Vi- ennaiswaiting, RjwilmsiBot, Bento00, Alph Bot, FireRed23, Darth Stabro, Acbistro, SoCal L.A., Septimus07, Amonte64, The Universe Is Cool, S.S. Miami, EmausBot, Eekerz, Franjklogos, Bilbrauer, Artystyk386, GoingBatty, Tvskyfreak, VanillaBear23, Wikipelli, Noth- ing149, ZéroBot, John Cline, GoldRenet, Subtropical-man, AvicAWB, Ramas7, H3llBot, UrbanNerd, SporkBot, Monterey Bay, Zap Rows- dower, Jrfreeman w salem, RaptureBot, Dyno Fiasco, PGForan, L Kensington, Acorrales13, Xiaoyu of Yuxi, Howl56, Hazard-Bot, Quincy Calunga, Syddeus, Sven Manguard, Guillec96, CharlieEchoTango, Hangao123, Mmann1988, E. Fokker, ClueBot NG, Borden31, Xluke- imberyx, AZ5461, Braynt, Dr. Persi, SBRMusiek, Willminator, Cuneytewrares, BondmanJames, Baseball Watcher, Pursuitofinformation, MusicGeek101, Muslim lo Juheu, Rosa.giuliana, 08OceanBeach SD, Henryinnis, Rezabot, Joseph.smithy, Atirado0617, Wcswarrior, Help- ful Pixie Bot, Lovetelaviv, Kaptain Cirk, HMSSolent, Wbm1058, Sktchmeistr, Lowercase sigmabot, Hihihihihihohohohho, Success123$, ComputerJA, MusikAnimal, AvocatoBot, TomBrodshaw, Dkdantastic, AwamerT, Mark Arsten, Midnight Green, Andrewhoya, Benzband, Wikih101, Vonhempton, Lieutenant of Melkor, Enciclopediaenlinea, Samwalton9, Barryjjoyce, Buzzards-Watch Me Work, Ctg4Rahat, Cyberbot II, ChrisGualtieri, Nills steaua, Brian W. Schaller, 22dragon22burn, Aymantarek24, Khazar2, EuroCarGT, JefferyTheGambler, Dobie80, Corr2003, Dexbot, Ericcp3, Br'er Rabbit, SeldaK, Webclient101, Mogism, Lola1127, Shsi1123, Nelsonz4, UsefulWikipedia, Ponies89, Delinbaqoqwiki, Overbanked, PinkAmpersand, Altered Walter, Mootaz92, ThomasMikael, Surfer43, The Anonybot, Every- morning, Jakec, Redplain, ElHef, 1234usa, WorldTraveller101, Robert4565, Wingdo, TTG1996, Ginsuloft, Tpogrady, American Money, Fahri Ahmad, Meganesia, 4headliner, Littledmanic, G S Palmer, Superkid761, Lander Eizagirre, Stormmeteo, Salvi1323, Msloewengart, Savvyjack23, Monkbot, ShawntheGod, Newyorkmiami123, Monopoly31121993, Dobrate0831, Vaselineeeeeeee, Drchrycy, Futurewiki and Anonymous: 1277

18.2 Images

• File:A306,_Skyline_at_twilight,_Miami,_Florida,_USA,_2010.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/ A306%2C_Skyline_at_twilight%2C_Miami%2C_Florida%2C_USA%2C_2010.JPG License: FAL Contributors: Own work Original artist: Brian W. Schaller • File:American_Airlines_Arena,_Miami,_FL,_jjron_29.03.2012.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/ American_Airlines_Arena%2C_Miami%2C_FL%2C_jjron_29.03.2012.jpg License: GFDL 1.2 Contributors: Own work Original artist: jjron • File:Biscayne_Boulevard_night_20101202.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Biscayne_Boulevard_ night_20101202.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Marc Averette • File:Brickell1.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Brickell1.JPG License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Comayagua99 at English Wikipedia • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Coral_Gables_FL_Miami_Senior_High04.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Coral_Gables_ FL_Miami_Senior_High04.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ebyabe • File:Cortado_(6170237822).jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Cortado_%286170237822%29.jpg Li- cense: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Cortado Original artist: cyclonebill from Copenhagen, Denmark • File:Dadecountycourthouse.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Dadecountycourthouse.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Averette • File:DowntownMiamiPanorama.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/DowntownMiamiPanorama.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: UpstateNYer 24 18 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:Downtown_Miami_Panorama_from_the_Rusty_Pelican_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/ wikipedia/commons/9/95/Downtown_Miami_Panorama_from_the_Rusty_Pelican_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: WPPilot • File:FIU_OE.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/FIU_OE.JPG License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: Comayagua99 at English Wikipedia • File:Flag_of_Argentina.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: Based on: http://www.manuelbelgrano.gov.ar/bandera_colores.htm Original artist: (Vector graphics by Dbenbenn) • File:Flag_of_Bolivia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:SKopp • File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The flag of Bulgaria. The colors are specified at http://www.government.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&p=0034&n= 000005&g= as: Original artist: SKopp • File:Flag_of_Chile.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg License: Public domain Con- tributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp • File:Flag_of_Colombia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: SKopp • File:Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ningyou. • File:Flag_of_Florida.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg License: Public domain Contributors: SVG based in this image Original artist: Unknown • File:Flag_of_France.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Haiti.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Coat of arms from: Coat of arms of Haiti.svg by Lokal_Profil and Myriam Thyes Original artist: (colours and size changes of the now deletied versions) Madden, Vzb83, Denelson83, Chanheigeorge, Zscout370 and Nightstallion

• File:Flag_of_Italy.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Japan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Jordan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg License: Public domain Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape Original artist: Alex Covarrubias, 9 April 2006

• File:Flag_of_Miami,_Florida.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Flag_of_Miami%2C_Florida.svg Li- cense: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg Li- cense: Public domain Contributors: Own work based on: Law About Characteristics And Use Of Patriotic Symbols of Nicaragua Original artist: C records (talk · contribs) • File:Flag_of_Peru.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg License: Public domain Contrib- utors: Original artist: David Benbennick • File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://jorgesampaio.arquivo.presidencia.pt/pt/republica/simbolos/bandeiras/index.html#imgs Original artist: Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro (1910; generic design); Vítor Luís Rodrigues; António Martins-Tuválkin (2004; this specific vector set: see sources) • File:Flag_of_Spain.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Tunisia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.w3.org/ Original artist: entraîneur: BEN KHALIFA WISSAM • File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Turkish Flag Law (Türk Bayrağı Kanunu), Law nr. 2893 of 22 September 1983. Text (in Turkish) at the website of the Turkish Historical Society (Türk Tarih Kurumu) Original artist: David Benbennick (original author) • File:Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_ Republic.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Nightstallion • File:Flag_of_the_People'{}s_Republic_of_China.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_the_ People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/eng/n_flag/ design.html Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370 • File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? 18.2 Images 25

• File:Knightconcerthall.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Knightconcerthall.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Self-photographed (Marc Averette) Original artist: Averette at English Wikipedia • File:Map_of_Florida_highlighting_Miami-Dade_County.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Map_ of_Florida_highlighting_Miami-Dade_County.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The maps use data from nationalatlas.gov, specif- ically countyp020.tar.gz on the Raw Data Download page. The maps also use state outline data from statesp020.tar.gz. The Florida maps use hydrogm020.tar.gz to display Lake Okeechobee. Original artist: David Benbennick • File:Metrorail-Tri-Rail.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Metrorail-Tri-Rail.png License: Public do- main Contributors: Own work Original artist: ? • File:Miami-Dade_County_Florida_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Miami_Highlighted.svg Source: http: //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Miami-Dade_County_Florida_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Miami_ Highlighted.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: My own work, based on public domain information. Based on similar map concepts by Ixnayonthetimmay Original artist: Arkyan • File:Miami-florida-royal-caribbean-building.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/ Miami-florida-royal-caribbean-building.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:MiamiAvenue1896.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/MiamiAvenue1896.jpg License: Public do- main Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Miami_229.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Miami_229.jpg License: Public domain Contribu- tors: Transferred from en.wikipedia Original artist: HalWhitewyrm at en.wikipedia • File:Miami_Civic_Center_20100619.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Miami_Civic_Center_ 20100619.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Marc Averette • File:Miami_FL_Pan_Am_Bldg_city_hall02.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Miami_FL_Pan_Am_ Bldg_city_hall02.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ebyabe • File:Miami_Freedom_Tower_by_Tom_Schaefer_3.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Miami_ Freedom_Tower_by_Tom_Schaefer_3.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Tom Schaefer, aka Miamitom at en.wikipedia • File:Miami_Herald_building.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Miami_Herald_building.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Marc Averette • File:Miami_Jai_Alai_fronton.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Miami_Jai_Alai_fronton.jpg Li- cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Lander Eizagirre • File:Miami_collage_20110330.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Miami_collage_20110330.jpg Li- cense: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Averette • File:Miami_neighborhoodsmap.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Miami_neighborhoodsmap.png Li- cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: I created this work using various maps and images. Original artist: Comayagua99 (talk) • File:Miamihighpoint.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Miamihighpoint.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Miamimanhattanizationdowntown.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/ Miamimanhattanizationdowntown.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Marc Averette • File:Miamiskyline20080113.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Miamiskyline20080113.png License: CC BY-SA 1.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Miamisummershower.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Miamisummershower.png License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own photo by original uploader. Original artist: Marc Averette • File:Moon_over_Miami.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Moon_over_Miami.png License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Marc Averette • File:Mouth_of_Miami_River_20100211.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Mouth_of_Miami_River_ 20100211.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Marc Averette • File:North_America_368x348.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/North_America_368x348.png Li- cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Cropped version of Wikimedia Commons file Location North America.svg Original artist: Keepscases • File:Office-book.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Office-book.svg License: Public domain Contribu- tors: This and myself. Original artist: Chris Down/Tango project • File:OldU.S.PostOfficeandCourthouse.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/OldU.S. PostOfficeandCourthouse.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: SebasTorrente • File:Padlock-silver.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg License: CC0 Contributors: http://openclipart.org/people/Anonymous/padlock_aj_ashton_01.svg Original artist: This image file was created by AJ Ashton. Uploaded from English WP by User:Eleassar. Converted by User:AzaToth to a silver color. • File:Plymouth_Congregational_Church_in_Miami.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Plymouth_ Congregational_Church_in_Miami.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Marc Averette • File:Port_of_Miami_20071208.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Port_of_Miami_20071208.jpg Li- cense: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Marc Averette • File:Question_book-new.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0 Contributors: Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist: Tkgd2007 26 18 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:Red_pog.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0c/Red_pog.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Seal_of_Miami,_Florida.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Seal_of_Miami%2C_Florida.svg Li- cense: GFDL Contributors: File:Flag of Miami, Florida.svg Original artist: Rastrojo (D•ES) a partir del original de IMeowbot • File:Terrestrial_globe.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6b/Terrestrial_globe.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Con- tributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Tri-Rail_at_Delray_Beach_Station.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Tri-Rail_at_Delray_ Beach_Station.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Cary Bass • File:Ultra_Music_Fest_2010.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Ultra_Music_Fest_2010.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Digital photo taken by Marc Averette. Original artist: Averette at English Wikipedia • File:University_of_Miami_Otto_G._Richter_Library.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/University_ of_Miami_Otto_G._Richter_Library.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Uwe Dedering0 • File:Venetian_Causeway_South_Beach.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Venetian_Causeway_ South_Beach.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Marc Averette • File:Wikibooks-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Bastique, User:Ramac et al. • File:Wikinews-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: This is a cropped version of Image:Wikinews-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Simon 01:05, 2 August 2006 (UTC) Updated by Time3000 17 April 2007 to use official Wikinews colours and appear correctly on dark backgrounds. Originally uploaded by Simon. • File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Rei-artur Original artist: Nicholas Moreau • File:Wikiversity-logo-Snorky.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Snorky • File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg Li- cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: AleXXw • File:Wiktionary-logo-en.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: Vector version of Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Fvasconcellos (talk · contribs), based on original logo tossed together by Brion Vibber

18.3 Content license

• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0