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General Agricultire Journal of Mountain Agriculture on the Balkans, 2020, 23 (6), 255-265 ISSN 1311-0489 (Print) Research Institute of Mountain Stockbreeding and Agriculture, Troyan ISSN 2367-8364 (Online) Наноразмерен селен като метод за борба срещу Мeloidogyne (Goeldi, 1887) Хари Самалиев1*, Жанна Удалова2, Любов Пелгунова2, Олга Байчева1, Фуад Хасанов2, Евгени Крисанов2, Костадин Траянов1, Светлана Зиновиева2 1Аграрен Университет, 4000 Пловдив, България. 2Институт по Екология и Еволюция, Руска Академия на науките, Ленинский Проспект 33, 119071 Москва, Русия Selenium – Nanoparticles as a Possible Method for Control to Meloidogyne (Goeldi, 1887) Harry Samaliev1*, Zhanna Udalova2, Lyubov Pelgunova2, Olga Baycheva1, Fuat Khasanov2, Evgenii Krisanov2, Kostadin Trayanov1, Svetlana Zinovieva2 1Agricultural University, 12 Mendeleev Str., Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria 2Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninskil Boulevard, Moscow 119071, Russia. *E-mail: [email protected] Original scientific paper РЕЗЮМЕ SUMMARY Проведени са изследвания за Influence of selenium nanoparticles влиянието на наноразмерен селен при on the systems: tomatoes (cv. Gamayun) системите: домати (cv. Gamayun) – – M. incognita and tomatoes (cv. Red Meloidogyne incognita и домати (cv. Red Cherry) – M. arenaria was investigated. Cherry) – Meloidogyne arenaria. Бяха The changes of morphological and проследени промените на морфологич- physiological characteristics and content ните и физиологични характеристики, and changes in the quantity of some както и промените в количеството и elements which are of special importance съдържанието при някои елементи (Mg, for the normal development of the plants P, S, K, Ca, Zn, Fe), които са от особено (Mg, P, S, K, Ca, Zn, Fe, and Se) were значение за нормалното развитие на investigated. The stimulation effect of Se- растенията. Беше доказан стимулира- nanoparticles on the growth and щия ефект на наноразмерния селен development of infected with root-knot върху растежа и развитието на расте- nematodes was proved. Treatment of нията. Третирането на заразени с гало- infected plants with Se-nanoparticles ви нематоди растения с наноразмерен increases the activity of proteinase селен повишава активността на про- inhibition and in this way improves the теиназата и по този начин влия поло- innate plant immunity. жително върху вродения имунитет на 255 растението. Третирането на заразени- The treatment of seeds and leaves of the те с галови нематоди растения (семена experimental plants with Se-nanoparticles и листа) с наноразмерен селен под- reduces the normal development of the тиска и нормалното развитие на нема- nematodes. тодите. Kлючови думи: Наноразмерен Key words: Se-nanoparticles, селен, Meloidogyne, растение- Meloidogyne, plant, inducer, plant гостоприемник, стимулатор, растителен immunity имунитет УВОД INTRODUCTION Селенът е микроелемент, който е Selenium is a microelement which необходим за нормалното развитие на is necessary for the normal development растенията. Този елемент участва в of the plants. Selenium takes part in the процесите, свързани с фотосинтезата processes of photosynthesis (Hassanuzzaman et al., 2010). Протек- (Hassanuzzaman et al., 2010) The тивната роля на селена е доказана, positive role of Se has been proved when когато растенията са под влияние на the plants are under abiogenic and абиогенни и биогенни стрес фактори. biogenic stress conditions. The root-knot Галовите нематоди от род Meloidogyne nematodes belonging to Meloidogyne are принаалежат към най-патогенните и among the most dangerous parasites of вредоносни растителни хелминти пара- the root system. For the time being зитиращи в кореноватаи система. До effective methods for control to сега не са намерени достатъчно ефи- Meloidogyne has not been found. касни методи за борба с тези паразити. Разработват се нови методи за борба, Lately new methods based on induction of които се основават върху индуциране- the plant resistance (IR) were developed. то на устойчивост на растенията. Ин- Induction of the innate plant stability is дуцирането на вродената устойчивост one of the contemporary and perspective е един от съвременните и перспектив- methods for protection of the plants to ни методи за защита на растенията от root-knot nematodes. They include the галови нематоди. Те включват същите same mechanisms which are genetically механизми, които са генетично кодира- encoded into the plants. Induction of the ни в растението (Folmdnis, 2014). Рас- plant resistance can be activated by тителната устойчивост може да бъде biogenic and abiogenic factors (elisitors). активирана чрез биогенни и абиогенни фактори (елиситори). Те активират ме- They activate metabolic systems of the таболизма на растението и по този на- plants and in this way increase their чин увеличават неговия естествен потен- natural immune potential. Investigations of циал. Понастоящем във фокуса на съ- the opportunity to use nanoscale forms of временните изследвания е използване- essential trace elements are in the focus то на наноразмерни форми на микро- of the specialists (Chalenko et al., 2010). елементи (Chalenko et al., 2010). Ефек- This method includes the same тът на индукция на йоните на тежките mechanisms which are genetically елементи са експериментално доказа- expressed into the plant genome ни (Folmanis, 2014). Ниски концентра- Induction effect of heavy metal ions are ции от разтвор на наноразмерен селен experimentally proved (Folmanis, 2014). активират по различен начин естестве- Low concentration of Se-nanoparticle ния имунен потенциал на растенията в solutions activates in different way the сравнение с естествената структура на natural immune potential in comparison 256 субстанцията. Установено е, че селе- with the natural structure of the нът увеличава устойчивостта на рас- substance. Selenium also increases the тенията към патогенни микроорганизми plant resistance to pathogen micro- и насекомни вредители (Wu et al., organisms and insect pests (Wu et al., 2016). Сега в практиката на култиви- 2016). Now in the plant growing practice ране на растенията все повече се water nanoparticle solutions of trace използват наноразмери от микроеле- elements are more and more in search. менти. Селенът оказва положително Selenium positively influences the влияние на структурата на клетъчните structure of the cell membranes. мембрани. Той също увеличава актив- ността на супероксид дисмутазата (Xue It also activates superoxide dismutase et al., 2001). Третирането със селен activity (Xue et al., 2001). Addition of Se усилва антиоксидантния капацитет на strengths the antioxidant capacity in стареещи растения и активира растежа senescing plants and also activates the чрез увеличаване на натрупването на plant growth by increasing of starch скорбяла в хлоропластите. В резултат accumulation in chloroplasts. от проведените от нас експерименти и анализ на получените резултати, уста- After our experiments and analyses of the новихме стимулация в развитието на results obtained, we detected the растенията и отрицателно влияние stimulation effect on the plant development върху морфологията и физиологията and inhibition on the morphological and на нематодите. Положителният ефект physiological characteristics of the след третирането със селен беше до- nematodes and on the degree of infestation казан и чрез намаляване на пораже- of the roots (Udalova et al., 2018). нията на корените (Udalova, 2018). Добавянето на ниски концентрации от Application of Se in low concentrations селен увеличава и устойчивостта на increases the plant stability to high levels растенията към високи концентрации of salinity, droughty, heavy metal pollution, на соленост на почвата, засушаване, high temperature, senescent and UV замърсяване с тежки метали, висока radiation (Gupta and Gupta, 2017). температура стареене и UV радиация- та (Gupta and Gupta, 2017). Тези свой- These characteristics of selenium ства на селена определиха и нашите determined our investigations of Se изследвания на нанороазмерен селен nanoparticle solutions as an abiogenic като абиогенен фактор който увелича- factor which increases the plant stability to ва естествената устойчивост на расте- stress factors including to Meloidogyne нията към стрес фактори, включително invasion. и срещу инвазия с галови нематоди. Целта на нашите изследвания The aim of our investigations was беше да изследваме ефекта от третира- to study the effect of treatment with Se- не с наноразмерни разтвори на селен nanoparticle solutions on the factors върху факторите, които оказват влия- which influence the plant resistance of the ние на вродения имунитет на растения- host-parasite systems: (Meloidogyne та върху формирането на системата incognita-tomato cv. Gamayn and галова нематода – растение. Проведе- Meloidogyne arenaria-tomato cv. Red ни са експерименти в системите: гало- Cherry). ва нематода (Meloifogyne incognita) – домати (cv. Gamayn) и галова нематода (Meloidogyne arenaria) – домати (cv. Red Cherry). 257 МАТЕРИАЛ И МЕТОДИ MATERIAL AND METHODS Изследванията бяха проведени в Investigations have been carried системите: домати (cv. Gamayun) – out in the system tomatoes, cv. Gamayun Meloidogyne incognita и домати (cv. Red – Meloidogyne incognita and tomatoes cv. Cherry-Bulgaria) – Meloidogyne arenaria. Red Cherry-Bulgaria – Meloidogyne Воден колоиден разтвор на нанораз- arenaria. Water colloidal solution of Se - мерен селен беше използван в експе- nanoparticles has been used in the риментите (Niconov et al., 2009). Разме- experiments. The aqueous colloidal рът на наночастиците
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