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What Freediving Does to the Body – BBC News 8/28/2015 What freediving does to the body ­ BBC News News Sport Weather Shop Earth Travel More ADVERTISEMENT Breaking Hundreds feared dead after two boats carrying up to 500 migrants capsize off Libyan coastal city of Zuwara Science & Environment What freediving does to the body By Megan Lane BBC News 12 January 2011 Science & Environment With sea levels rising, can humans adapt to a more watery world? The Bajau people of South­East Asia live in stilt houses and fish underwater for up to five minutes on one breath. What does this do to the body? Take a deep breath in ­ how long until the urge to gasp for air becomes too much? Perhaps it comes after 30 or 40 seconds. But the bodies of habitual freedivers, who hold their breath for minutes at a time, can change to be better adapted to the water. The Bajau people, sometimes known as the sea gypsies of Malaysia and Indonesia, are renowned natural freedivers. Traditionally, they are born, live and die at sea, and fish by diving 20m (more than 65ft) underwater for minutes at a time on one breath. At this depth, water pressure is almost three times what it is on the surface, squeezing lungs already deprived of oxygen. Filmed underwater in real time for the BBC's Human Planet, Bajau fisherman Sulbin demonstrates his techniques off the east coast of Sabah, Borneo. Wearing hand­made wooden goggles and armed with a spear, he first prepares himself mentally. "I focus my mind on breathing. I only dive once I'm totally relaxed," says Sulbin, who goes into a trance­like state before entering the water. This degree of mind control is crucial, says freediving instructor Emma Farrell, the author of One Breath, A Reflection on Freediving. "You have to be warm and relaxed ­ you don't want to http://www.bbc.com/news/science­environment­12151830 1/14 8/28/2015 What freediving does to the body ­ BBC News hyperventilate before taking your last breath." The mammalian dive reflex ­ seen in aquatic animals such as dolphins and otters, and in humans to a lesser extent ­ helps, says Farrell. "It's a series of automatic adjustments we make when submerged in cold water. It reduces the heart rate and metabolism to slow the rate you use oxygen." During breath­holding, oxygen stores reduce and the body starts diverting blood from hands and feet to the vital organs. Our bodies have a way to compensate. Underwater pressure constricts the spleen, squeezing out extra haemoglobin, the protein in red corpuscles that carry oxygen around the body. "Not enough research has been done to know if it wears off when you're not diving," says Farrell. "But I know people who do a lot of deep training ­ as Sulbin does ­ whose blood is like that of people living at high altitude." In high altitudes, there is less oxygen and so the amount of haemoglobin in blood increases. Seeing underwater For most of their history, the Bajau have lived on houseboats, or in stilt houses built on coral reefs ­ some far from shore. Many report feeling "landsick" on the rare occasions they spend time on dry land. http://www.bbc.com/news/science­environment­12151830 2/14 8/28/2015 What freediving does to the body ­ BBC News Thanks to time spent in the water as children when the eyes are developing, the Bajau, in common with other coastal dwelling people, have unusually strong underwater vision. Their eye muscles have adapted to constrict the pupils more, and to change the lens shape to increase light refraction. This makes their underwater eyesight twice as strong, according to Anna Gislen, of Sweden's http://www.bbc.com/news/science­environment­12151830 3/14 8/28/2015 What freediving does to the body ­ BBC News Lund University, who from 2003 has compared the water vision of sea gypsy children of Thailand and Burma with that of European children. A gap that can narrow with training. One part of the Bajau body that hasn't fared well is the eardrum, which ruptures at a young age, says Human Planet director Tom Hugh­Jones. "Sulbin's hearing is shot because he doesn't equalise the pressure in his ears as he dives. He's never had formal dive training. He was taught by his father to hold his breath." There are evolutionary theories ­ not widely accepted, he adds ­ that an early ancestor of modern humans had to adapt to a partially aquatic environment. The aquatic ape theory suggests this is why humans are largely hairless and have a subcutaneous layer of fat for underwater insulation, and so are better adapted to swimming than near relations such as the great ape. But Sulbin and other Bajau divers have little body fat. The wiry frame of these subsistence fishermen may actually help. A lean physique is more efficient at using oxygen. And having little body fat makes Sulbin less buoyant, able to walk across the reef bed with ease. "This type of freediving ­ repeatedly diving to depths of 10 to 20m ­ carries the greatest risk of decompression sickness," says Farrell. "But you are less likely to get the bends if you are lean, or very well hydrated." Some Bajau die of the bends from diving ­ also a risk for compression divers in the Philippines encountered by the Human Planet team. "Anyone who thinks this is an example of what a non­smoker's lungs can do will be disappointed," says Hugh­Jones. "Sulbin smokes like a chimney. He says it relaxes his chest." Human Planet will be broadcast on Thursday 13 January at 2000 GMT on BBC One, and will also be available on the BBC iPlayer. http://www.bbc.com/news/science­environment­12151830 4/14 8/28/2015 What freediving does to the body ­ BBC News Share this story About sharing Around the BBC Human Planet Explorer Wildlife of the reef Related Internet links Emma Farrell ­ Freediver Timothy Allen's Human Planet photography blog The BBC is not responsible for the content of external Internet sites Science & Environment Knut polar bear death riddle solved 27 August 2015 Science & Environment http://www.bbc.com/news/science­environment­12151830 5/14 8/28/2015 What freediving does to the body ­ BBC News Inmarsat set for key rocket launch 2 hours ago Science & Environment Government plans steep cuts in solar 27 August 2015 Science & Environment More Videos from the BBC http://www.bbc.com/news/science­environment­12151830 6/14 8/28/2015 What freediving does to the body ­ BBC News Palace warning over Prince The Syrian refugee who says: Boy trips and damages £1m George photos 'Don't come to Sweden... or at artwork least think carefully about it' 'Prince William adamant over Could a new sound format Russians return to ex­Soviet George privacy' change music production? Crimea camp Recommended by Outbrain Elsewhere on BBC Knut polar bear death riddle solved Life lessons from villains, crooks and BBC News gangsters BBC Capital Hardik Patel: Face of Gujarat caste protests Driven: Aston Martin DB9 GT BBC News BBC Autos John McGinn jailed for raping girl he At Pebble Beach, BMW unveils the 3.0 rescued from blaze CSL Hommage R BBC News BBC Autos Recommended by Outbrain Top Stories Many feared dead in Libya sinkings Hundreds of people are feared dead after two boats carrying up to 500 migrants capsize off the Libyan city of Zuwara. 35 minutes ago Victim's father urges US gun reform 2 hours ago Facebook hits billion users in a day 1 hour ago Features & Analysis http://www.bbc.com/news/science­environment­12151830 7/14 8/28/2015 What freediving does to the body ­ BBC News Doctors or wives? Why a 'quota' for female medical students is causing controversy Word struggle The battle over the terms used to describe migrants http://www.bbc.com/news/science­environment­12151830 8/14 8/28/2015 What freediving does to the body ­ BBC News 7 days quiz What was One Direction's biggest hit? Changed lives What two women learnt through the Ashley Madison hack http://www.bbc.com/news/science­environment­12151830 9/14 8/28/2015 What freediving does to the body ­ BBC News Healthy ego Why do some people refer to themselves in the third person? Bye bye bayou Why Cajun culture is being washed away http://www.bbc.com/news/science­environment­12151830 10/14 8/28/2015 What freediving does to the body ­ BBC News Shutdown Why has India blocked millions from using WhatsApp? Cheap oil How China's slowdown has pushed the oil price lower http://www.bbc.com/news/science­environment­12151830 11/14 8/28/2015 What freediving does to the body ­ BBC News Uptight Australia The myth of relaxing in the sun and taking life easy Most Popular Read Watched 1 Many feared dead in Libya sinkings 2 Botswana prisons lose HIV drugs case 3 'Manspreading' added to dictionary 4 Facebook hits billion users in a day 1 People and animals escape Australia floods From Around the Web 20 Famous UFO Sightings (neekly) 15 Strange and Odd Things About Outer Space (neekly) 10 Robots That Are Learning Scary New Skills (Viral Craze) Take a look at how Virgin Australia uses leadership and inventive thinking to bring innovation to its airline. 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