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Soil Salinity and Acidity: Spatial Variabily And SOIL SALINITY AND ACIDITY: SPATIAL VARIABILY AND EFFECTS ON RICE PRODUCTION IN WEST AFRICA'S MANGROVE ZONE Promotoren: Dr. ir. N. van Breemen, hoogleraar in de Bodemvorming en Ecopedologie. : Dr. ir. L.O. Fresco, hoogleraar in de Tropische Plantenteelt, met bijzondere aandacht voor de plantaardige produktiesystemen. VUoZZo » }S l> Mabeye Sylla SOIL SALINITY AND ACIDITY: SPATIAL VARIABILY AND EFFECTS ON RICE PRODUCTION IN WEST AFRICA'S MANGROVE ZONE Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor in de landbouw- en milieuwetenschappen op gezag van de rector magnificus, Dr C.M. Karssen, in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 7 september 1994 des namiddags te vier uur in de Aula van de Landbouwuniversiteit te Wageningen. ~n jOsböig A mes parents A Rougui et Mamy CIP-DATA KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG Sylla, Mabeye Soil salinity and acidity : spatial variability and effects on rice production in West Africa's mangrove zone / Mabeye Sylla. - [S.l. : s.n.] Thesis Wageningen. - With ref. - With summary in Dutch. ISBN 90-5485-286-0 Subject headings: rice production ;Wes t Africa / soil ; West Africa. Printed in the Netherlands by Grafisch Service Centrum Wageningen iilbl.lOT!iM-iv UVSDBOUWIJNIVERSEK U* K&££NiN££H vm^o!,\ê'S PROPOSITIONS 1. In contrast with Vieillefon's views on climate zonality in mangrove soils (1977), spatial variability of soil acidity in coastal lowlands results from a complex interaction of climate, coastal morphology, river hydrology, vegetation, landform and tidal flooding. Thisthesis. Vieillefon, J. 1977.Les sols des mangroveset des tannes de Basse Casamance (Sénégal). ORSTOM Paris. 2. Marius (1984) incorrectly claims that what distinguishes mangrove soils of Sénégal from othermangrov e soilsworldwid ei stha tth eforme r allcontai n anappreciabl e amounto fpyrite , while elsewhere potential acid sulfate soils coexist with non-acid soils.I n fact, potential acid sulfate soils and non-acid soils coexist also in the mangrove ecosystem of Senegal. Marius, C. 1984. Contribution à l'étude des mangroves du Sénégal et de La Gambie: écologie, pédologie,géochimie. Mise en valeuret aménagement. ORSTOM, Paris. 3. The high spatial variability of soil properties in acid sulfate soils requires a combination of free surveys and probability sampling to characterize soils for agricultural purposes. Andriesse,W. 1993 andBregt et al. 1993. In: Dent andMensvoort (ed):Selected Papers of the Ho Chi Minh City Symposium on Acid Sulphate Soils. ILRI. Publ. No. 53, ILR1, Wageningen. 4. Current agronomic research for limited resource farmers all too often comes face to face with microvariability of soils that is not reflected by the usual methods of analysis. R.W. Arnold and L.P. Wilding, 1991. The need to quantify spatial variability.In: MJ. Mausbach and LP. Wilding.SSSA Pub. 28. 5. Most of the development attempts in mangrove swamps of West Africa have been disastrous, because of lack of clear notion of their fragile nature. ThisThesis. 6. Projects aimed to small farmers lead to the risk that insufficiently tested packages will be recommended and imposed in highly variable soil conditions. This enhances the farmer's vulnerability, unless a new approach of 'site specific management' is developed. Aart vanLaar. The World Bank and thepoor. 7. Liming acid sulfate soils is only effective in rice when the molar ratio of Fe2+ to Ca2+ + Mg2*i n the soil solution is high. ThisThesis. 8. Visual diagnosis of bronzing (iron toxicity in rice) is better related to the molar ratio of Fe2+ to Ca2+ + Mg2+ in the rice flag leaves at panicle initiation than the absolute amount of Fe in the leaf. ThisThesis. Ltocj Ft 9.Th e number of panicles per square meter is not an adequate parameter for the selection of rice varieties in acid sulfate soil conditions. ThisThesis. 10. West African farmers are especially good i) at solving ecological problems of the kind that arise when human and 'wilderness' ecosystems intersect, and ii) at exploiting the risk- spreading possibilities of ecological boundries and landscape sequences e.g. the possibilities of integrating land use up and down soil catenas. Lack of attention to these points continues to bedevil agricultural planning today. PaulRichards (1985).Indigenous AgriculturalRevolution. Ecology andfood productionin WestAfrica. WestviewPress, Boulder, Colorado. 11. As indigenous knowledge is 'the single largest knowledge resource not yet mobilized in theagricultura l developmententerprise' ,w emus tbuil ta partnershi p between 'formal' science and 'community ecological knowledge'. Chambers, R. (1983).Rural development: putting the lastfirst, Harlow: Longman. 12. Land use planning as a process requires special attention to involve the users for whom land is aprimar y source of livelihood. True interaction with the users throughout the process of land use planning is still to come. FrescoJ-,.0. Planning for thepeople andland of thefuture. In: Fresco et al.(eds) (1994). The Futureof theLand (in press). 13. Science undermines its own foundations if scientists fail to concern themselves with the wider debates concerning human welfare. Maxwell}!. (1984).From knowledge to wisdom.Oxford: Blackwell. 14.I n aBalines e legend, the lord Vishnu, god of fertility and water, came to earth toprovid e better food for the people who had only sugarcanejuic e as food. Vishnumak e Mother Earth give birth to rice and then fought Indra, lord of the heavens, to force him to teach men to grow rice. Thus rice, as a source of life and wealth and as a gift from gods, was born from the union of the divine creative forces represented in earth and water. Datta,SJC. 1981.Principles and Practices of Rice Production. John Wiley & Sons.New York. 15. "The traveller may tell all he has seen on hisjourney , but he cannot explain all." Ashanti saying. MabeyeSylla 7 September 1994 SOILSALINIT YAN D ACIDITY: SPATIALVARIABILIT Y AND EFFECTSO N RICEPRODUCTIO NI N WEST AFRICA' MANGROVE ZONE PhD Thesis, Wageningen PREFACE Many people andResearc h Institutes have contributed toth eresearc h that isdescribe d inthi s thesis. The work reported here was conducted with the collaboration of the National Agricultural Research Institutes ofGambia , Senegal, Guinea Bissau andSierr a Leone andpartl y financed by the West African Rice Development Association (WARDA) at Bouké, Côte d'Ivoire. Without their help this work will never becompleted . I take this opportunity to expressm y thanks toal lo fthem . Mythank s got oth e Wageningen Agricultural University for allowing me a sandwich scholarship andmos t for the invaluable education that I received during this thesis work. I ammuc h indebted tom ypromotor s Prof. Dr.ir. vanBreeme n andProf . Dr.ir . Fresco for their daily invaluable guidance, assistance, enthusiastic support during this thesis and most forthei r unfailing kindness andth einexplicabl e attachment built ina s oshor t time that certainly helped me forget the long distance from home. I extend thanks and gratitude beyond measure to my host family particularly to Riekje, Barbara, Sanneke, Onno and Marjolein for their kindness andmora l support. Mythank s aredu et oDr .Matlon , Scientific Director of WARDA, for his help andencouragement s during all this thesis. ToDr . Habib Ly, Directeur General de l'ISRA, je lui transmetmes plus vives remerciements. I take this opportunity tothan k allth e staff ofth eSoi l Science andGeolog y and Agronomy Departments for their daily assistance. Mythank s got oDr . Stein, Tiny vanMensvoort , Nico de Ridder, Bart de Steenhuijsen Piters, Dr. Jongmans, Dr.Harry Booltink and all my colleagues. I am much indebted tom yfrien d WimAndriess e and hisfamily , tohi mI wil l saymille fois merci pour tout. I extend my thanks to Dr. Eric Smalling for his friendship and kindness. I am thankful for Dr. Jean Pierre Ndiaye of ISRA St. Louis, Ablaye Drame, Couloubaly, Sagna, Samba Sail, Souleymane Diallo,Salio u Djiba, Lamine Sonko,Khalifa , Laye Gueye,Dr .Sail , Abibou Niang,Touti ,Mamado u Lo,Barry ,Mankeur , Astou,Md .Sail , AliouneFall ,Badiane , Thomas,J.P .Coly ,Mamado uDiop ,Bolle ,Takie u andContey ,Dixon ,Dr .Sampon g andGuei , Dr. Monde, Diaga Dieng, Justin and Pape Ablaye Seek, Dr. Mbaye Doye and Dr. Moctar Touré, to Dr. Mbodj, Thiendou Niang (CTA) and his family, Mustafa Ceesay and Djiba, Thierno Mballo and Lamine. My thanks and gratitude go to the former "trainees" Pascal, Heleen, Linda andbeyon d measuret om y 'littlesister ' Simone.M ythank sar edu et oJacinth a and Potin for their friendship. I amals o indebted to myfriend s andbrother s Magatte, Aziz, Penda,Elhadj i Samba,Moussa ,Elhadj i MoustaphaDiou f (UNICEF),Zal ,Matar ,Cheik hSow , Yaya, Abi,Bonze , Abou Tall, Claude Diop, Marie Andre. Mythank s go in full measure to the farmers of Gambia, Senegal, Guinea Bissau andSierr a Leone towho m I express my full respects for the hard work in the muddy mangrove swamps. I am indebted tom yfathe r inlov eElhad j BirahimB aan d hisfamily , toPro f MoustaphaSo w and family andt oTonto n Dr.Mad y Sylla andTat a Niebe. I express here allm ythank san d gratitude to my parents for their efforts to give me the opportunity to pursue a good education. And finally to Rougui and Mamy, love and appreciation beyond words. CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 General introduction and background CHAPTER 2 An agro-ecological characterization of mangrove ecosystems in West Africa, with special emphasis on rice cultivation 17 CHAPTER 3 Spatial variability of soil salinity at different scales in the mangrove agro-ecosystem in West Africa 51 CHAPTER
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