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National Acid Sulfate Soils Guidance Guidance for the Dewatering of Acid Sulfate Soils in Shallow Groundwater Environments

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National Acid Sulfate Soils Guidance Guidance for the Dewatering of Acid Sulfate Soils in Shallow Groundwater Environments National Acid Sulfate Soils Guidance Guidance for the dewatering of acid sulfate soils in shallow groundwater environments June 2018 National Acid Sulfate Soils Guidance: Guidance for the dewatering of acid sulfate soils in shallow groundwater environments © Commonwe alth of Australia 2018 Ownership of intellectual property rights Unless otherwise noted, copyright (and any other intellectual property rights, if any) in this publication is owned by the Commonwealth of Australia (referred to as the Commonwealth). Creative Commons licence All material in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence except content supplied by third parties, logos and the Commonwealth Coat of Arms. Inquiries about the licence and any use of this document should be emailed to [email protected]. Cataloguing data This publication (and any material sourced from it) should be attributed as: Shand, P, Appleyard, S, Simpson, SL, Degens, B 2018, National Acid Sulfate Soils Guidance: Guidance for the dewartering of acid sulfate soils in shallow groundwater environments, Department of Agriculture and Water Resources, Canberra, ACT. CC BY 4.0. This publication is available at waterquality.gov.au. Australian Government Department of Agriculture and Water Resources GPO Box 858 Canberra ACT 2601 Switchboard +61 2 6272 3933 or 1800 900 090 Email [email protected] Liability The Australian Government acting through the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources has exercised due care and skill in preparing and compiling the information in this publication. Notwithstanding, the Australian Government Department of Agriculture and Water Resources, its employees and advisers disclaim all liability, including liability for negligence and for any loss, damage, injury, expense or cost incurred by any person as a result of accessing, using or relying on any of the information or data in this publication to the maximum extent permitted by law. Acknowledgements The authors are grateful for the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources for overseeing the management of the acid sulfate soils national guidances project, and for providing support throughout. Luke Mosley, Amandine Schneider and David Sim are kindly thanked for providing excellent case studies and for sharing experience and knowledge of acid sulfate soils and groundwater. The Acid Sulfate Soils Technical Working Group and the National Committee for Acid Sulfate Soils provided continuous support and guidance since the projects inception. In particular, Liz Barnett, Lawrence Fox and Mitch Tulau are thanked for contributing reviews. Funding for this guidance was provided by the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources with in-kind support from the CSIRO (EP174687). Water Quality Australia ii National Acid Sulfate Soils Guidance: Guidance for the dewatering of acid sulfate soils in shallow groundwater environments Contents 1 The purpose of this guidance ................................................................................................. 1 2 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Acid Sulfate Soils.................................................................................................................. 2 2.2 Groundwater and ASS ......................................................................................................... 3 3 The extent of and risk associated with groundwater dewatering ............................................ 6 3.1 Type and extent of groundwater dewatering in areas of acid sulfate soils ........................ 9 3.2 Hazards and risks of groundwater dewatering in areas of acid sulfate soils .................... 10 3.3 Policy and regulatory environment ................................................................................... 21 3.4 Current management practices ......................................................................................... 21 4 Management strategies ........................................................................................................24 4.1 Step 1 Project description ................................................................................................. 27 4.2 Step 2 Desktop assessment ............................................................................................... 28 4.3 Step 3 Evaluating alternatives to dewatering or minimise impacted area ....................... 30 4.4 Step 4 Characterising soils and groundwater .................................................................... 31 4.5 Step 5 Groundwater investigations – hydrogeology ......................................................... 38 4.6 Step 6 Mitigation and control measures ........................................................................... 43 4.7 Step 7 Monitoring strategy................................................................................................ 57 4.8 Step 8 Closure reports ....................................................................................................... 62 5 ASS Groundwater management levels and planning .............................................................. 64 5.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 64 5.2 Management levels ........................................................................................................... 65 5.3 Management planning ...................................................................................................... 66 5.4 Management of ASS in complex terrains: a case study .................................................... 72 6 Future work and data gaps ...................................................................................................76 Appendix A: Texture based action criteria for acid sulfate soils ..................................................... 77 Appendix B: Calculating the extent and duration of a cone of depression ..................................... 79 Appendix C: Dewatering effluent monitoring matrix .................................................................... 82 Appendix D: A one-dimensional analytical solution for the transport of contaminants in groundwater ...............................................................................................................................84 Appendix E: Checklist for reporting for initial closure report as required by Department of Water and Environment Regulation (DWER) ...........................................................................................86 Appendix F: Checklist for reporting for post-monitoring closure report as required by Department of Water and Environment Regulation (DWER) ............................................................................ 90 Appendix G: Management Levels for dewatering scale of acid sulfate soils ................................... 93 Water Quality Australia iii National Acid Sulfate Soils Guidance: Guidance for the dewatering of acid sulfate soils in shallow groundwater environments Glossary ......................................................................................................................................96 References ................................................................................................................................ 102 Figures Figure 2.1 Water movement and potential pathways for better management responses at a range of scales. ...................................................................................................................................................... 4 Figure 3.1 Urban and rural development activities................................................................................. 8 Figure 3.2 Processes of soil acidification and contaminant discharge in urban drains under varying rainfall-runoff periods. .......................................................................................................................... 13 Figure 3.3 High ASS risk areas on Gnangara Mound Western Australia. .............................................. 14 Figure 3.4 Clogging of pumps (left) and well screens (right) by amorphous Al hydroxide. .................. 18 Figure 3.5 Changes in groundwater level, soil pH and groundwater pH before, during and after the Millennium Drought. ............................................................................................................................. 19 Figure 4.1 Typical framework used as an assessment framework. ....................................................... 25 Figure 4.2 The formation of a cone of depression during pumping from a bore. ................................ 39 Figure 4.3 The principle of superposition.............................................................................................. 40 Figure 4.4 A well point dewatering system for a shallow excavation. .................................................. 45 Figure 4.5 Stage 5 development area prior to construction. ................................................................ 46 Figure 4.6 ASSDMP concept diagram of dewatering infrastructure. .................................................... 47 Figure 4.7 Open excavation of canal infrastructure with dewatering sump pump in foreground and recharge trench with settling basin. .....................................................................................................
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