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Humbo Woreda Envi Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies & Management 10(3): 415 – 426, 2017. ISSN:1998-0507 doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejesm.v10i3.11 Submitted: January 23, 2017 Accepted: May 11, 2017 GENERATION RATE AND PHYSICAL COMPOSITION OF SOLID WASTE IN WOLAITA SODO TOWN, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA ENDRIAS GOA 1 AND SOLOMON SORSA SOTA 2 1 Humbo Woreda Environmental Protection and Forestry Office, Humbo, SNNPR, Ethiopia 2 Hawassa University, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Department of Biology Abstract The ever increasing amount of solid waste generated which is exacerbated by lack of proper waste management system is of growing environmental and public health concern worldwide and in major towns and cities of Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to assess the current solid waste generation rate and compositions in Wolaita Sodo town, Southern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional survey and quantitative methods was used, and a multi-stage sampling method was employed including stratified random sampling, systematic random sampling, and purposive sampling. For house hold survey, sample size was determined using a population proportion formula. Structured and semi-structured questionnaire were used for interview, and direct waste analysis at source was used for waste characterization. A total of 378 household heads and 30 key informants were interviewed . The study showed that solid waste generation rate of Sodo town is 0.47 Kg/cap/day and this is greater than most major towns of Ethiopia. The major sources of municipal solid waste were residential, commercial and institutional sectors. The composition by weight of the households were food (59.5%); ash and dust (25.08%); yard waste (11.6% ); plastics and rubber (2.04%); paper and cardboard (1.12%); and textile, wood, glass and metals accounted only 0.1%, 0.16%, 0.2% and 0.2% wastes, respectively. More than 97.6% of solid wastes generated from households and 93.7% of municipal solid waste were biodegradable wastes. The study revealed that the town generates about 18,858,464 Kg of solid waste by wet weight per year. The town municipality must develop an appropriate solid waste management plan and implement to properly manage this huge amount of solid waste. Key Words: Wolaita Sodo, Solid waste, generation, composition *Corresponding Author: Solomon Sorsa Email: [email protected] 415 Generation Rate and Physical Composition of Solid Waste ................ ENDRIAS & SOLOMON Introduction Hawassa, respectively. The town is Collecting and managing solid waste located 6 049” N latitude and 37 045’’ E is an important challenge for countries longitude. Currently, the total area of the across the world (Zerbock, 2003). Ogawa town is about 3,200 hectares and is (2000) indicated that many cities and divided in to three sub town (“Kifle- towns in developing countries are not ketema”), eleven “kebeles” able to manage solid wastes due to (administrative units) and ninety nine institutional, regulatory, financial, villages (“mender”). Based on the 2010 technical and public participation Census, the town has a total population of shortcomings. 110,660 (male 58,407 and female 52,252) Municipal solid waste management with the projected annual growth rate of (MSWM) is one of the basic services that the 4.8 % (CSA, 2014). are currently receiving wide attention in Study Design, Sampling Procedure and many towns of Ethiopia. This is mainly Data Collection Tools because SWs that are generated in most Cross-sectional survey design and towns of Ethiopia are not appropriately quantitative methods was used in the handled and managed (Dereje, 2001; study. The quantitative study method was Solomon, 2011; Endalu and Habtom, used to collect data on demographic 2014; Afework, 2015 Mengie et al., characteristic of the study participants; 2015; Mohammed, 2015). However, it is quantity and composition of SW possible to minimize and solve these generated, and factors contributing to problems through strictly planning and increase in waste generation. implementing different MSWM The study employed a multistage components and options. sampling method including stratified The first and the most prerequisite random sampling, systematic random step for provision of efficient MSWM is sampling, and purposive sampling to identification of major sources, and identify or select the study sites and determination of generation rate and participants (households, Key Informants composition of MSW. This is because (KIs), SW sampling institutions and these elements are considered as a commercial establishments). From the baseline for the rest of MSWM three sub towns (“Merkato”, “Mehal components. Thus, reliable and accurate ketema” and “Arada“), a total of five data about these elements is very kebeles were randomly selected i.e. two decisive . Therefore, the major objective from Merkato (namely, “Merkato of this study was to assess the household Gebeya” and “Fana”); two from Mehal and MSW generation rate and physical ketema (i.e.”Damota” and “Wadu”) and composition in Sodo town. one from Arada (i.e. Kidane mihret) that represent each cluster. The study Materials and Methods participants HHs were randomly picked Study Area and Population from sampling frame using systematic Wolaita Soddo town, the random sampling method. In this study administrative capital of the Wolaita HHs who lived in the town for one year zone, is located 390 Km South and 167 or longer were considered. Km of South West of Addis Ababa and 416 Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management Vol. 10 no.3 2017 For the survey, sample sizes of HHs municipal waste samples were collected who participate in the study were from the town waste dump site. determined using the single population Quality Assurance proportion formula developed by All the original questionnaires were Cochran (Cochran, 1977) with the prepared in English language and were desired degree of precision for general translated into Amharic. To check the population. Therefore, sample size accuracy of the translation, a back calculation gave a total of 378 HH translation was made. Pre-test of respondents. questionnaires was conducted to allow A total of 30 KIs were purposely the researcher rehearse before the main selected to participate in the study based study in order to check the clarity of the on their wide exposure to SWM issues, questions, to eliminate difficulties, and the position they held in the community, to estimate the length of time a their proximity to appreciate the respondent take to complete . problems of SWM. These included four Therefore, any problems in the content of road SW sweepers; three waste the questionnaires were resolved during management experts from the town the pre-test. municipality; four private waste collector Data Analysis association members; five Kebele Statistical analysis of data was carried administrators; two town administration out using SPSS version 20.0 statistical officers; three Wolaita University package program. Data were recorded, teachers; two Technical and Vocational organized and summarized in simple Education Training (TVET) college descriptive statistics methods and mean, teachers; three public health officers and percentage, frequencies and range were four health extension workers. used to describe the findings. To collect data from HHs, a semi- Ethical Considerations structured questionnaire with closed and For the survey, ethical clearance was open - ended interview questions were obtained from the Ethical clearance used and the interview was carried out by committee of Hawassa University. researchers in the house of the HHs. To Before entering the study area, local collect data from KIs, a structured authorities and community leaders were individual questionnaire was used, self- briefed about the objective of the study. administered to the 30 KIs and collected Respondents participated in the study back by the researcher. was voluntary and each respondent was Solid Waste Samples Collection asked to give verbal consent to For SW sample collection, the same participate and each HH was assured that five kebeles and house of HHs selected the information provided will be kept for the survey were also used. Waste confidential. sample collection was focused on three types of SWs generated in the town, i.e., Results and Discussion HH, institutional, and commercial. A Socio-Demographic Characteristics of total of seven institutions and twenty Study Participants commercial establishments were A total of 378 HHs were participated randomly selected. Furthermore, in the study and among them 211(55.8%) 417 Generation Rate and Physical Composition of Solid Waste ................ ENDRIAS & SOLOMON were males and 167(44.2%) were divorced and widowed, respectively females. Majority of the respondents (Table 1). (78.0%) were 15-64 years old and 22.0% Considerable proportion (31.5%) of of them were above age 65 years. Almost HHs reported being merchants and the half (51.3%) of HH completed secondary other occupations include private school, 32.0% completed primary school employee (24.6%), daily laborers and only 8.2% and 6.9% were (14.6%), civil servants (11.9%) and college/diploma and first degree and others (5.2%). However, about 12.0% of above holders, respectively. Majorities the respondents were unemployed at the (93.4%) of respondents were married and time of the survey (Table 1). the remaining 3.4% and 3.2% were Table 1: The Socio-demographic characteristics of household and Key Informants participated in the study Socio-demographic characteristics
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