Pos(GRB 2012)115

PoS(GRB 2012)115

. sa.it http://pos.sis

BATSE, BATSE, the Ge GRB star star GRB origins. Also - - of of GRBs, with other views ShareAlike Licence. ShareAlike - ray burst detections and the creation of - o the successful but no longer stereoscopic NonCommercial - reduced t

Dome” Dome” that inspired the CGRO -

Speaker

Ray Bursts 2012 Conference 2012 Bursts Ray Thomas.L.Cline@nasa.gov - olvements olvements and influences, including the first gamma 11, 2012 11, -

outlined outlined are our Shuttle “Gammaspectrometer, and the Solar Polar Mission outlined are confusion, superflare/GRB the of resolution the e.g., developments, Other Ulysses. The The early studies of astronomical gamma ray transients are inv reviewed, with emphasis on our the Interplanetary GRB Network. I interpreted the 1979 March 5 event as unique, whereas this initial IPN success ironically complicated and deepened the mystery that its location at N49 must be accidental, or that it suggested neutron 1 mail: mail: Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Commons of Creative terms the the under author(s) owned by the Copyright -

 Gamma Germany Munich, 7 May

Thomas L. Cline L. Thomas Emeritus Center, Flight Space Goddard NASA USA 20771 Maryland, Greenbelt, E The Initial Gamma Ray Transient Studies Transient GammaRay Initial The

PoS(GRB 2012)115

- 1 -

positron positron

. Thomas L. Cline L. Thomas

aliens aliens were conducting

ray transients Colgate had

- the lack of any clear pattern.

second, made a determination of - at the times of solar flares solar of times the at 6 electron detector to have a 0.1 flare flare gamma rays with my - -

Fig. 2. The OSO/IMPFig. 2. The May 14, 1972 GRB.

borne borne instrument to investigate this possibility.

- firmation. But, no luck, since all their detectors were

ns ns of the early history of cosmic gamma ray bursts, and

ccuracy enough to exhibit enoughto ccuracy

diameter diameter balloon -

1960s, 1960s, inspiring me to revise my IMP - meter - rays to be emitted at the onset of a supernova. Funding was obtained in 1971 to - ma ic timing (Fig. 1.), we can infer that a bomb test of the sort guarded against would have rate increases of all sorts. I would not publish the detection of these bursts, that could be -

The Vela discovery of gamma ray bursts (2) was published in April 1973. R. Klebesadel's 1973. in April R. Klebesadel's of was (2) gamma published The ray bursts Vela discovery The The irony was that I was then preparing to look for the gamma I shall review here my recollectio Fig. 1. The August GRB. 22, 1970 Fig. 1. The ismissed by skeptics as detector malfunction, without some confirmation. crude source locations possible, with a with possible, locations source crude geometr an instant onset followed by a smooth decay, easily distinguished from the chaotic profile of a that GRB. claimed one made press: tabloid the popular discovery (This wars in outer space, but it and quotes Klebesadel me as with that disagreeing idea.) The timing of the events across the Vela orbits, separated by up to 1 light on NASA missions for their possible con highly directional and were in orbits underneath the Earth's trapped radiation, thus subject to count d list of over a dozen events found since 1967 included all of our IMP events. From the detector detector in the mid MeV photon capability. That mission was launched in 1971, and over the next two years registered several intense increases it ofphoton counts, but not suggested, and found these events instead. Rather than rushing into print, I asked experimenters how this puzzle took nearly 30 years to unravel. gamma ray transients first interested me with Colgate’s prediction (1) in the late 1960s The of high possibility of detecting astrophysical energy gam begin on a one Independently, there was the incidental detection of solar The Initial Gamma Ray Transient Studies Transient GammaRay Initial The PoS(GRB 2012)115

2 as - Soviet Soviet -

vantage vantage of 7 events. I fruitless.

- Thomas L. Cline L. Thomas 3 and Helios - astronomy searches -

3 were launched. In - 6 and IMP back back GRB detector for and - -

rayburst study. 1 2 in solar orbit, 2 forming a in orbit, solar - - - keV signature that separated - line GRB spectral features. - pattern that might be expected. be might that pattern kg piggy - 6 spectrum fit onto that of the OSO the of that onto fit spectrum 6 I interpreted this event as a 'unique' -

cooled spectrometer for flight on the - back back opportunity to B. Teegarden, who -

B instrumentation from the Franco 3 ray history (6): B. Teegarden in South Dakota

- too interesting a coincidence to ignore! In 1974, acecraft. acecraft. It was successfully launched in January

– 3 piggy - las near the Earth, and Helios repeated with dozens more IMP

authors) authors) was based on the anomaly of the onset (Fig 5.) of resolution Germanium spectrometer, using the ad - - 2, 2, a German sp tensity rise in under 2 milliseconds, the pulsation (Fig. 6) noted plished the first confirmation of their discovery, with a at talk the discovery, of their confirmation the first plished - ray conference (3) and a joint publication (4). Mel Ulmer then - back’ back’ detectors, and later awarded Los Alamos the opportunity on ray transient behavior. The IMP 3 and the Ve - - energy - - ray search was balloon borne, and in May, 1975, we conducted perhaps - plane plane spin to provide passive, radiative cooling to cryogenic temperatures. - s to obtain scheduling, but always came up with empty source fields (e.g., Fig. gamma - va

3 ecliptic - 1973 Denver cosmic - Wind spacecraft, but that also yielded no spectroscopic breakthrough. spectroscopic no yielded also that but spacecraft, Wind What What changed everything was the detection by about a dozen missions of an extremely At At that time, I had given our ISEE A full IPN was completed two years later when PVO and ISEE Soon Soon after the GRB discovery, I asked NASA Headquarters to permit and support the The The IMP results provided the first GRB spectral data: a 200 With With their publication, I suddenly became “the man who did not discover gamma ray - nd confirmation of the GRB discovery. The significance of this was that the event direction direction event the wasthat this of Thesignificance GRB the discovery. of confirmation nd by the Leningrad group (9), and this source fit to a known object, N49. All the data were unusual unusual transient on March 5, 1979. In our first paper (7), transient, with an IPN source fit (Fig 4.) onto the supernova remnant N49 in the LMC (8). My view (not endorsed by all the co several orders of magnitude in brilliantly brilliantly devised a high the ISEE This device operated satisfactorily, a but devised radiatively later improved similar Teegarden but provided no narrow GGS triangle of interplanetary baselines, accomplished a number of GRB source locations with arc minute accuracy from 1978 through the early 1980s. Optical and took many month radio first. at 3), addition, addition, Veneras 11 collaboration and formed by 12 G. Vedrenne of also Toulouse, Denver to who create for instruments group Estulin's in Moscow. had This IPN, had with PVO and the two been prompted GR by our talk ISEE Venus, near Veneras at possible possible accurate timing over great distances. HQ designated ISEE possibilities for our ‘piggy Pioneer Venus Orbiter. We were able to design and build a 1 in delivery 1975 for the Helios gamma for purposefully flown ever first the instrument, our with 1976 distance, distance, roughly equals one solar rest mass our superno the first simultaneous balloon flights in cosmic GRBwasalso for events search this overlap, of hours 20With Texas. in myselfand that missions would make on under interplanetary construction of instrumentation modification at high galactic latitude, confirming the lack of any galactic disk disk galactic any of lack the confirming latitude, galactic high at these events from known x event (fig. 2), and event similarity was pointed out in those early days that a typical GRB energy, if extrapolated to a cosmological bursts” but the one bursts” who accom summer found one of our IMP events buried in the OSO data, which UCSD jointly published (5) as the seco determined with a collimator agreed with that from the Vela timing technique. This source was The Initial Gamma Ray Transient Studies Transient GammaRay Initial The PoS(GRB 2012)115

Thomas L. Cline L. Thomas 5 event (11). This

ray astronomy (Fig. 7), - t, an SGR in real time (17). and confused the GRB mystery, blished my interpretation (12). interpretation my blished 3, 3, found a third soft repeater (14) in - Fig. 4. One source fit: N49 in the LMC. N49 the fit: in Fig. 4. One source

Bs are from neutron stars. Every possible point of of point possible Every stars. neutron from are Bs

ray detector on ISEE - and, Fig. 6., the pulsing decay of the Mar. 5, 1979 event. of Mar. 5, 1979 event. the decay pulsing Fig. 6., the and, ray spectrum fitting the transit through the dense galactic plane, SGR source map (15) as evidence for a galactic plane / LM - -

star star origin and none were shared by any other gamma ray event. The - energy x - ms risetime - he 2 he seconds from the center of N49. The Leningrad group on the Veneras had found two - John Laros, using a solar x It It is ironic that this one IPN success actually deepened alysis alysis of the source position (10) was the most precise in gamma Fig. 5. T Fig. 3. A typical IPN empty source box. source IPN empty Fig. 3. A typical 1985. 1985. I then published the 3 pattern (Fig. 8). Later repeaters were also found to lie along the galactic disk, interpretation. enhancing this S. Kulkarni (16) found an prompting optically T. Murakami to point invisiblethe ASCA spacecraft at, and radiodetec snr for one SGR This source, event had a low confirming the distant galactic pattern and basically resolving this issue. No superflare event

Complicating things further was early evidence for a bimodal GRB duration distribution (13). distribution duration GRB bimodal a for evidence early was further things Complicating given given the previous claim of many astronomers that GRBs could not come from sources farther away than a few kpc, assuming that this event is a GRB. GR that andevidence extremeGRB variation, Yet many interpreted it as just an view was researched, as that should be, but the picture was plagued by contradictory premises.

rean ~30 arc soft repeaters, one with a source direction compatible with that of the March repu later I GRB. any by shared not property another was The Initial Gamma Ray Transient Studies Transient GammaRay Initial The consistent with a neutron PoS(GRB 2012)115

2 (21). (21). 2 - precision precision - any people

Dome” Dome” GRB - Thomas L. Cline L. Thomas for an asteroid d, d, but all science confused the GRB

- AU, AU, IPN vertex. From the - iving MIT the opportunity to ice instrument for GRO. As you all know,

Fig. 8. The first 3 soft repeater sources. first 3 softFig. 8. The repeater 5

ane. ane. My proposal for twin GRB (and solar flare)

area, area, hemispherically sensitive “Gamma -

raydetector and enjoy an equatorial orbit for HETE - years years after the 1979 March 5 event (18), a bit anticlimactic, level optical array, the ETC. This failed to detect GRB optical - project project to California. After our instrument was built, the NASA reinterpreted as a photographic plate defect (20)

later

- Ray Ray Observatory, we at Goddard were fully booked, so I suggested to Jerry Fishman - n 1987, I gave an unpublished talk at a meeting dedicated to SN87A, pointing out that Another Another opportunity for GRB study was the Solar Polar mission, a pair of spacecraft to B. Schaefer’s controversial claim of an archived 1928 optical event in a precise 1978 GRB 1978 a precise in event optical 1928 archived an of claim controversial Schaefer’s B. I had previously proposed a large I

80s 80s to early 90s, IPNs had been relatively unsuccessful, with the failure of several Soviet -

Fig. 7. The reanalyzed N49 fit. source reanalyzed Fig. 7. The ut ut G. Ricker of MIT built a sea nd NASA Mars missions. Also, the initial Ulysses trajectory was in the same direction as spacecraft was canceled, leaving the renamed Ulysses as a single, 5 mid a Venus, that collapsing triangle just prior to PVO stopping operation, Thus, few high GRB sources were possible until NEAR was finally put into solar orbit replacethe optical system with an x orbit the Sun well out of the detectors, ecliptic with Kevin pl Hurley of Toulouse and Michael Sommer of MPE Garching as Principal my Investigators co on the companion ESA spacecraft, was accepted. Michael eventually retired, and Kevin brought his mystery, mystery, implying that GRBs repeat, and might be detected easily by unsuccessfully optical tried to get means. the Fly's Eye array of Cerenkov sensors I modified to look had for GRBs, b transients; nevertheless it prompted MIT's High Energy g failed, launch HETE Transient first The GRBs. to entirely Explorerdevoted mission as the first space Gamma that he propose something along these lines as a serv the BATSE succeeded beyond all expectations, and Jerry always graciously credited my ideas. source location (19) but but no GRB was found. This LMC, the anyway. as source distant a fromsuch beGRBs not assumedcould that was no surprise, of course, since at that time m detector for the NASAfirst Shuttle. It was accepted, I competitively understan was later canceled for that mission. When an came opportunity along, later, to propose for the instruments on Solar Max did have the LMC in view at the time of the onset of that supernova, since BeppoSAXsince previouslycosmologicalvanusheredhad theParadijs just andin J. GRB era. The Initial Gamma Ray Transient Studies Transient GammaRay Initial The was found until August, 1998, 19 PoS(GRB 2012)115

aczinski aczinski of of GRBs.

Thomas L. Cline L. Thomas sources realprivilege (Fig 10).

rayprofile (24) in1991. - Polar not been eliminated. eliminated. been not Polar - BATSE BATSE data directly, and his GCN - GRB gamma GRB

s hadSolars rapid afterglow studies and inspiring the

level telescopes. The first of these, at Livermore - : the Konus GRB detector. Launched on the GGS

response GRB afterglow telescope, contributed by the SDI. by the contributed response GRB telescope, afterglow - t the Earth for tracking incoming enemy missiles (Fig. 9). Teller, in fact, generation generation rapid response telescopes were soon developed, and C. Akerlof at Michigan - In retrospect, since NASA was formed to compete with the Soviets, it is a curious but Scott Scott Barthelmy's BACODINE system, using GRO

Fig. 9. The first rapid Fig. 9. The is still working perfectly. My involvement with Konus|/Wind has been a foundopticalafterglow thefirst coincident timein with a fortunate irony that the first Soviet scientific experiment on a NASA weapons spacecraft monitoring contrasts history and the the SDI (25), R.Aptekar by here reviewed Konus, instrumentation, interface Goddard with 1994 in Wind device device built to orbi had given a GRB conference talk years earlier, arguing for the cosmological this Unfortunately, was never published. Soon after GRO was launched in 1991, B. P championed the cosmological model, years before the discovery of its validity with BeppoSax. Second system, revolutionized GRB research by enabling development of a number of reorienting sea (23), was donated from E. Teller's Strategic Defense Initiative. It was originally a 'Star Wars' including the most distant source found until that time, at z = 4.5 (22). One might imagine the IPNthegeneratingsuccess ofafterglowin opportunitie The Initial Gamma Ray Transient Studies Transient GammaRay Initial The rendezvous. This IPN, even without BeppoSax involvement, enabled many afterglow prompts, PoS(GRB 2012)115

, 2, 2, -

. ,

(1977)

(1973).

237

. 266 80 , (1968)476 , Thomas L. Cline L. Thomas ApJL, ApJL,

46 , (1973)L1

, Nature, sts 185 r y and generous support. generous and y Proc. 13th ICRC 13th Proc. 7 instruments, the Helios , ApJL, - in Can. J. Physics, Physics, J. Can. , , 6 and - rayBursts -

Observations of Gamma Ray Bursts of Cosmic Origin Cosmic of Bursts Ray Gamma of Observations

raysfrom supernovae -

3 and Solar Polar GRB detectors, and the Konus/Wind interface Search for Brief Celestial X Celestial Brief for Search - The Direction and Spectral Variability of a Cosmic Gamma Ray Burst Gamma Ray Cosmic a of Variability Spectral and Direction The

. . Energy Spectra of Cosmic Gamma Ray Bursts Ray Gamma Cosmic of Spectra Energy bu ray gamma of distribution size the on limit new No transient ray gamma unusual and intense fast, a of Detection 1 and . Desai,

- Prompt gamma rays and X and rays gamma Prompt ting the successful Soviet/American Konus/Wind project. Konus/Wind successful Soviet/American the ting (1973)L57 (1973)L85

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. borne, borne, ISEE T. L. Cline et al., al., et Cline L. T. al., et Cline L. T. T. Cline and U and Cline T. al., et Cline L. T. al., et Wheaton A. W. S. Colgate, Colgate, S. R. - pJL, pJL,

U. Desai and G. Pizzichini were significant colleagues in the early gamma ray burst era. G. G. era. burst ray gamma early the in colleagues significant were Pizzichini G. and Desai U. 749 (1980)L1 A ApJL, ApJL, 10. Celebra

[6] [7] [3] [4] [5] [1] [2] oon . References Porreca's Porreca's craftsmanship made possible the OGO, ball IMP subsystem.alsowish I thankto TylerP. software for assistance on many occasions, and thankto the Conference organizers and especially J. Greiner for all the hospitalit Fig Acknowledgments The Initial Gamma Ray Transient Studies Transient GammaRay Initial The PoS(GRB 2012)115

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