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The High Energy Telescope on Solar Orbiter - Development and Validation of the Onboard Data Processing

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The High Energy Telescope on Solar Orbiter - Development and Validation of the Onboard Data Processing The High Energy Telescope on Solar Orbiter - Development and Validation of the Onboard Data Processing Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakult¨at der Christian-Albrechts-Universit¨atzu Kiel vorgelegt von Robert Elftmann Kiel, Mai 2020 Erster Gutachter: Prof. Dr. R.F. Wimmer-Schweingruber Zweiter Gutachter: Prof. Dr. H. Kersten Tag der m¨undlichen Pr¨ufung: 21.07.20 Zum Druck genehmigt: 21.07.20 II Zusammenfassung Die Raumsonde Solar Orbiter der Europ¨aischen Raumfahrtorganisation ESA wurde erfolgreich am 10.02.2020 von Cape Canaveral in den USA gestartet. Im Laufe der sieben j¨ahrigen nominellen Missionsphase wird sie sich bis auf eine Distanz von 0.27 astronomischen Einheiten an die Sonne ann¨ahernum diese zu studieren. Solar Orbiter wird dazu beitragen offene wissenschaftliche Fra- gen zu den Vorg¨angenauf und innerhalb der Sonne zu beantworten. Dazu ist die Raumsonde mit einer Anzahl an wissenschaftlichen Messinstrumenten ausge- stattet, die sich aus Fernerkundungs- sowie In-situ-Instrumenten zusammensetzt. Eines dieser Messinstrumente ist der Energetic-Particle-Detector (EPD), der aus vier separaten Teleskopen besteht: dem Suprathermal Electron and Proton - Teleskop (STEP), dem Electron and Proton Telescope (EPT), dem Suprather- mal Ion Spectrograph (SIS) und dem High Energy Telescope (HET). HET misst Elektronen mit Energien zwischen 0.45 bis 18 MeV, Protonen mit Energien zwi- schen 7 bis 105 MeV und Schwerionen im Energiebereich von 7 bis zu mehreren hundert MeV/nuc. Dabei k¨onnendie individuellen Teilchen- und Ionenspezies identifiziert werden und sogar eine Trennung der Heliumisotope 3He und 4He bis zu einem Verh¨altnis von 1% ist m¨oglich. Damit ist HET in der Lage die en- ergieabh¨angigeTeilchenkomposition von solaren energiereichen Teilchenereignis- sen in den angegebenen Energiebereichen zu messen und einen Einblick in deren Beschleunigungs- und Propagationsprozesse zu liefern. Diese Arbeit besch¨aftigtsich mit der Entwicklung der onboard Datenverarbeitung des HET, welche die wissenschaftlichen Daten definiert, die zur Charakterisierung der gemessenen Teilchenumgebung zur Verf¨ugungstehen. Als Teil der im Rahmen dieser Arbeit durchgef¨uhrtenVorstudien wird der Einfluss der Instrumententemperatur auf die Messung von Schwerionen in Bezug auf den von HET verwendeten Szintillationskristall untersucht. Dabei wird gezeigt, dass die Nichtlinearit¨atin der Lichtausbeute, genannt Ionisationsquenching, welche durch hohe Ionisationsdichten bei der Detektion von Schwerionen auftreten, im Falle des untersuchten Szintillationskristalls temperaturunabh¨angigist. Die Er- gebnisse dieser Studie wurden in der Zeitschrift \Nuclear Instruments and Meth- ods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms", Volume 451 (2019), ver¨offentlicht. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen k¨onnenf¨urdie Entwicklung der onboard Datenverarbeitung bestehende Modelle zur Vorhersage III des Ionisationsquenchings genutzt werden. Aufgrund der Telemetrielimitierung f¨urdie Instrumente auf Solar Orbiter ist es notwendig, dass gemessene Daten bereits vor der Ubermittlung¨ kategorisiert und ausgewertet werden. Die als Teil dieser Arbeit entwickelte onboard Datenverar- beitung wird nachvollziehbar und detailliert beschrieben. Die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit erstellten Simulationen, welche die Wechselwirkung von geladenen en- ergiereichen Teilchen mit HET beschreiben und f¨urdie Entwicklung der onboard Datenverarbeitung notwendig sind, werden ebenso pr¨asentiert und dokumentiert. Die damit entwickelte onboard Datenverarbeitung analysiert detektierte Teilchen und ordnet sie entsprechend ihrer Energie und Teilchenspezies in vordefinierte Histogramme ein. Basierend auf diesen Histogrammen werden Datenprodukte definiert, die Ausschnitte der Histogramme in vordefinierten Kadenzen zur Ver- f¨ugungstellen. Um aus diesen Ausschnitten R¨uckschl¨usseauf die Teilchenumge- bung zu ziehen, werden Umrechnungsfaktoren im Rahmen dieser Arbeit berech- net und zur Verf¨ugunggestellt. Mittels der entwickelten Datenprodukte und deren Umrechnungsfaktoren werden die M¨oglichkeiten des HET f¨urdie Messung von solaren energiereichen Teilchener- eignissen basierend auf Simulation mit zu erwartenden spektralen Eigenschaften und Kompositionen sowie Messungen von Instrumenten fr¨uhererMissionen auf- gezeigt. F¨ureine Validierung der onboard Datenverarbeitung sowie der definierten Daten- produkte werden Messungen an einem Schwerionenbeschleuniger sowie die er- sten Daten der Mission genutzt. Basierend auf den ersten Daten, gemessen in einer realen isotropen Teilchenumgebung, l¨asstsich feststellen, dass HET die er- warteten Daten liefert und in großen Teilen wie vorhergesehen funktioniert. Erste Optimierungen der HET Datenverarbeitung, um diese an die reale Teilchenumge- bung anzupassen, wurden ebenfalls im Rahmen dieser Arbeit entwickelt und be- reits auf dem Instrument installiert. Neben den prim¨arwissenschaftlichen Ergebnissen, wie z.B. der Temperaturun- abh¨angigkeit vom Ionisationsquenching, stellt diese Arbeit mit den pr¨asentierten Informationen eine vollst¨andige Dokumentation des HET dar, die es Wissen- schaftlern in Zukunft erm¨oglichen wird, die Messdaten des HET nachzuvollziehen, korrekt zu interpretieren und n¨otigenfallsAnpassungen an der onboard Daten- verarbeitung vorzunehmen. IV Abstract The Solar Orbiter spacecraft of the European Space Agency ESA was success- fully launched on the 10th of February 2020 from Cape Canaveral, USA. During the seven-year nominal mission phase, it will travel as close as 0.27 astronomical units to the Sun to study it from up-close. Solar Orbiter will help to address open scientific questions concerning the physical processes on the surface and within the Sun. For this purpose, the spacecraft is equipped with several scien- tific instruments, divided into remote sensing and in-situ instrumentation. One of these instruments is the Energetic-Particle-Detector (EPD), consisting of four individual telescopes: the Suprathermal Electron and Proton - telescope (STEP), the Electron and Proton Telescope (EPT), the Suprathermal Ion Spectrograph (SIS), and the High Energy Telescope (HET). HET measures electrons with en- ergies between 0.45 up to 18 MeV, protons with energies between 7 to 105 MeV and heavy ions in the range of 7 to several hundred MeV/nuc. It also identifies individual particle and ion species and achieves a separation for 3He and 4He isotopes of up to a 1% ratio. With that, HET measures the energy-dependent particle composition of solar energetic particle events in the given energy ranges and provides insight into their acceleration and propagation processes. In this work, the onboard data processing of HET is developed. It defines the available scientific data for the characterization of the measured particle environ- ment. As part of the pre-development studies, the influence of the instrument's tem- perature on the measurement of heavy ions with HET's scintillation crystal is investigated. The analysis has shown, that the non-linearity in light output, called ionization quenching, is independent of temperature in case of the scintil- lation material used in HET. Ionization quenching originates from high ionization densities in the scintillation material when detecting heavy ions. The results are published in form of a peer-reviewed paper in \Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms", Volume 451 (2019). Based on these results, existing ionization quenching predic- tion models can be used for the development of the onboard data processing. Due to the limited available telemetry bandwidth of Solar Orbiter, it is necessary to categorize and evaluate measured data prior to transmission to Earth. Since this is a sophisticated compression process, a detailed description of the onboard V data processing, developed in the scope of this thesis, is provided. The performed simulations, describing the interaction of energetic charged particles with HET, which are essential for the development of HET's onboard data processing are presented in detail. Based on the simulation data, the onboard data processing of HET is developed. The resulting procedures analyze measured particles and assign them to pre-defined histograms based on the particle's energy and species. Based on these histograms, data products are defined, which provide selected parts of these histograms in pre-defined cadences. The necessary conversion fac- tors for inferring the measured particle environment based on the defined data products are calculated and provided as part of this thesis. According to the developed data products and their calculated conversion fac- tors, the capabilities of HET for the detection of solar energetic particle events are investigated and presented using simulations of the expected spectral proper- ties and particle compositions, as well as using measurements of instruments of previous missions. The onboard data processing of HET and the defined data products are validated, based on experiments at a heavy ion acceleration facility and the first mission data. From the first data measured by HET during the mission in a real isotropic particle environment, it can be concluded, that HET delivers the expected data and performs as expected in most aspects. Based on this data, optimizations of the onboard data processing are developed in the scope of this thesis and are installed on the HET instrument. In addition to the primary scientific results,
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