DOCSLIB.ORG

Petrography, Geochemistry and Provenance of Saudi Arabian Palaeozoic Sandstones

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Petrography, Geochemistry and Provenance of Saudi Arabian Palaeozoic Sandstones Petrography, geochemistry and provenance of Saudi Arabian Palaeozoic sandstones vom Fachbereich Material- und Geowissenschaften der Technische Universität Darmstadt zur Erlangung des Grades Doktor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) genehmigte Dissertation von Diplom-Geologe Alexander Bassis aus Malsch Referenten: Prof. Dr. Matthias Hinderer Prof. Dr. Christoph Schüth Tag der Einreichung: 05.12.2016 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 18.04.2017 Darmstadt 2017 D17 Declaration of Authorship I hereby certify that the complete work to this PhD thesis 'Petrography, geochemistry and provenance of Saudi Arabian Palaeozoic sandstones.' was done by me and only with the use of the referenced literature and the described methods. …………………………….. ……………………………… Place, date Signature 'There is no real ending. It’s just the place where you stop the story.' Frank Herbert Index Abstract Zusammenfassung 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Aims ............................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2. Concept....................................................................................................................................... 2 1.3. Study areas ................................................................................................................................. 3 2. Geological background ..................................................................................................................... 5 2.1. Arabian Plate evolution ............................................................................................................... 5 2.2. Stratigraphic framework of northern and central Saudi Arabia................................................... 7 2.2.1. Saq Formation ....................................................................................................................... 7 2.2.2. Qasim Formation ................................................................................................................... 7 2.2.3. Sarah and Zarqa formations .................................................................................................. 8 2.2.4. Qalibah Formation: Qusaiba Member ................................................................................... 9 2.2.5. Qalibah Formation: Sharawra Member ............................................................................... 10 2.2.6. Tawil Formation ................................................................................................................... 12 2.2.7. Jauf Formation ..................................................................................................................... 12 2.2.8. Jubah Formation .................................................................................................................. 13 2.2.9. Unayzah Formation ............................................................................................................. 13 2.3. Stratigraphic framework of southern Saudi Arabia ................................................................... 15 2.3.1. Dibsiyah Formation .............................................................................................................. 15 2.3.2. Sanamah Formation ............................................................................................................ 15 2.3.3. Qalibah Formation: Qusaiba Member ................................................................................. 16 2.3.4. Khusayyayn Formation ........................................................................................................ 16 2.3.5. Juwayl Formation ................................................................................................................ 16 2.4. Provenance, chemostratigraphy and heavy mineral studies .................................................... 18 3. Provenance analysis ....................................................................................................................... 21 3.1. A short history of provenance analysis ..................................................................................... 21 3.2. Heavy minerals ......................................................................................................................... 23 3.2.1. Heavy mineral indices ......................................................................................................... 24 3.2.2. Rutile .................................................................................................................................... 25 3.2.3. Garnet .................................................................................................................................. 26 3.2.4. Zircon ................................................................................................................................... 26 4. Methods and material ..................................................................................................................... 28 4.1. Sampling ................................................................................................................................... 28 4.2. Sample preparation .................................................................................................................. 29 4.3. Petrography and standard heavy mineral analysis .................................................................. 30 4.4. Geochemical analysis ............................................................................................................... 32 4.5. Single-grain analysis ................................................................................................................. 32 5. Results ............................................................................................................................................ 33 5.1. Petrography .............................................................................................................................. 33 5.2. Geochemistry ............................................................................................................................ 36 5.3. Major elements ......................................................................................................................... 37 5.4. Trace elements ......................................................................................................................... 39 5.4.1. Large-ion lithophile elements (LILE): Rb, Ba, Sr, Cs .......................................................... 39 5.4.2. High field strength elements (HFSE): Th, U, Y, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta ............................................ 39 5.4.3. Transition trace elements (TTE): Sc, Cu, Ni ........................................................................ 42 5.4.4. Rare earth elements (REE): La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Yb .................... 42 5.5. Standard heavy mineral analysis .............................................................................................. 47 5.5.1. Zircon-tourmaline-rutile index (ZTR) ................................................................................... 49 5.5.2. Rutile:zircon index (RZi) ...................................................................................................... 50 5.5.3. Garnet:zircon index (GZi) .................................................................................................... 50 5.5.4. Apatite:tourmaline index (ATi) ............................................................................................. 50 5.5.5. Staurolite:tourmaline index (STi) ......................................................................................... 50 5.5.6. Opaque phases ................................................................................................................... 50 5.5.7. Cross-plots ........................................................................................................................... 51 5.6. Single-grain analysis ................................................................................................................. 53 5.6.1. Rutile chemistry ................................................................................................................... 53 5.6.2. Garnet chemistry ................................................................................................................. 53 5.6.3. Zircon morphotypology ........................................................................................................ 54 [I] 6. Discussion....................................................................................................................................... 58 6.1. Source area weathering............................................................................................................ 58 6.2. Sedimentary recycling .............................................................................................................. 63 6.3. Tectonic setting ......................................................................................................................... 66 6.4. Provenance ............................................................................................................................... 72 6.5. Chemostratigraphy ..................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hydrogeologic Framework of Mississippian Rocks in the Central Lower Peninsula of Michigan
    Hydrogeologic Framework of Mississippian Rocks in the Central Lower Peninsula of Michigan By D.B. WESTJOHN and T.L. WEAVER U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4246 Lansing, Michigan 1996 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Gordon P. Eaton, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm name in this report is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. For additional information Copies of this report may be write to: purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey, WRD Earth Science Information Center 6520 Mercantile Way, Suite 5 Open-File Reports Section Lansing, Ml 48911 Box 25286, MS 517 Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 CONTENTS Abstract .......................................................... 1 Introduction ....................................................... 1 Geology .......................................................... 3 Coldwater Shale ................................................ 3 Marshall Sandstone .............................................. 6 Michigan Formation .............................................. 7 Hydrogeologic framework of Mississippian rocks ................................ 8 Relations of stratigraphic units to aquifer and confining units .................... 8 Delineation of aquifer- and confining-unit boundaries ......................... 9 Description of confining units and the Marshall aquifer ........................ 9 Michigan confining
    [Show full text]
  • PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1418 USGS Cience for a Changing World AVAILABILITY of BOOKS and MAPS of the U.S
    PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1418 USGS cience for a changing world AVAILABILITY OF BOOKS AND MAPS OF THE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Instructions on ordering publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, along with prices of the last offerings, are given in the current- year issues of the monthly catalog "New Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey." Prices of available U.S. Geological Survey publica­ tions released prior to the current year are listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List." Publications that may be listed in various U.S. Geological Survey catalogs (see back inside cover) but not listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List" may be no longer available. Order U.S. Geological Survey publications by mail or over the counter from the offices given below. BY MAIL OVER THE COUNTER Books Books and Maps Professional Papers, Bulletins, Water-Supply Papers, Tech­ Books and maps of the U.S. Geological Survey are available niques of Water-Resources Investigations, Circulars, publications over the counter at the following U.S. Geological Survey Earth of general interest (such as leaflets, pamphlets, booklets), single Science Information Centers (ESIC's), all of which are authorized copies of Preliminary Determination of Epicenters, and some mis­ agents of the Superintendent of Documents: cellaneous reports, including some of the foregoing series that have gone out of print at the Superintendent of Documents, are ANCHORAGE, Alaska Rm. 101,4230 University Dr. obtainable by mail from LAKEWOOD, Colorado Federal Center, Bldg. 810 U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services MENLO PARK, California Bldg. 3, Rm.
    [Show full text]
  • Cambrian Ordovician
    Open File Report LXXVI the shale is also variously colored. Glauconite is generally abundant in the formation. The Eau Claire A Summary of the Stratigraphy of the increases in thickness southward in the Southern Peninsula of Michigan where it becomes much more Southern Peninsula of Michigan * dolomitic. by: The Dresbach sandstone is a fine to medium grained E. J. Baltrusaites, C. K. Clark, G. V. Cohee, R. P. Grant sandstone with well rounded and angular quartz grains. W. A. Kelly, K. K. Landes, G. D. Lindberg and R. B. Thin beds of argillaceous dolomite may occur locally in Newcombe of the Michigan Geological Society * the sandstone. It is about 100 feet thick in the Southern Peninsula of Michigan but is absent in Northern Indiana. The Franconia sandstone is a fine to medium grained Cambrian glauconitic and dolomitic sandstone. It is from 10 to 20 Cambrian rocks in the Southern Peninsula of Michigan feet thick where present in the Southern Peninsula. consist of sandstone, dolomite, and some shale. These * See last page rocks, Lake Superior sandstone, which are of Upper Cambrian age overlie pre-Cambrian rocks and are The Trempealeau is predominantly a buff to light brown divided into the Jacobsville sandstone overlain by the dolomite with a minor amount of sandy, glauconitic Munising. The Munising sandstone at the north is dolomite and dolomitic shale in the basal part. Zones of divided southward into the following formations in sandy dolomite are in the Trempealeau in addition to the ascending order: Mount Simon, Eau Claire, Dresbach basal part. A small amount of chert may be found in and Franconia sandstones overlain by the Trampealeau various places in the formation.
    [Show full text]
  • DNA Barcoding of the Fire Ant Genus Solenopsis Westwood
    Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 27 (2020) 184–188 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences journal homepage: www.sciencedirect.com Original article DNA barcoding of the fire ant genus Solenopsis Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the Riyadh region, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ⇑ Khawaja Ghulam Rasool a, , Mureed Husain a, Shehzad Salman a, Muhammad Tufail a,b, Sukirno Sukirno c, Abdulrahman S. Aldawood a a Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia b Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan c Entomology Laboratory, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia article info abstract Article history: The ant genus Solenopsis Westwood, 1840 is the largest in Myrmicinae subfamily having almost 200 Received 29 April 2019 described species worldwide. They are commonly distributed in the tropics and temperate areas of the Revised 18 June 2019 world. Some invasive Solenopsis species are very dreadful. We have already reported a fire ant species, Accepted 30 June 2019 Solenopsis saudiensis Sharaf & Aldawood, 2011, identified using traditional morphometric approaches of Available online 2 July 2019 species identification. Present study was carried out to develop DNA Barcoding to identify Solenopsis sau- diensis and to elucidate genetic structure of the various S. saudiensis populations across their distribution Keywords: range in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The comparison of DNA barcodes showed no genetic diversity among six Fire ant populations and a queen from S. saudiensis analyzed from the Riyadh region. This genetic resemblance DNA barcoding Cytochrome C oxidase I probably reflects their adaptation toward a specific habitat, thus constituting a single and strong gene Biodiversity pool.
    [Show full text]
  • New Constraints on the Age, Geochemistry
    New constraints on the age, geochemistry, and environmental impact of High Arctic Large Igneous Province magmatism: Tracing the extension of the Alpha Ridge onto Ellesmere Island, Canada T.V. Naber1,2, S.E. Grasby1,2, J.P. Cuthbertson2, N. Rayner3, and C. Tegner4,† 1 Geological Survey of Canada–Calgary, Natural Resources Canada, Calgary, Canada 2 Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada 3 Geological Survey of Canada–Northern, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Canada 4 Centre of Earth System Petrology, Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark ABSTRACT Island, Nunavut, Canada. In contrast, a new Province (HALIP), is one of the least studied U-Pb age for an alkaline syenite at Audhild of all LIPs due to its remote geographic lo- The High Arctic Large Igneous Province Bay is significantly younger at 79.5 ± 0.5 Ma, cation, and with many exposures underlying (HALIP) represents extensive Cretaceous and correlative to alkaline basalts and rhyo- perennial arctic sea ice. Nevertheless, HALIP magmatism throughout the circum-Arctic lites from other locations of northern Elles- eruptions have been commonly invoked as a borderlands and within the Arctic Ocean mere Island (Audhild Bay, Philips Inlet, and potential driver of major Cretaceous Ocean (e.g., the Alpha-Mendeleev Ridge). Recent Yelverton Bay West; 83–73 Ma). We propose anoxic events (OAEs). Refining the age, geo- aeromagnetic data shows anomalies that ex- these volcanic occurrences be referred to col- chemistry, and nature of these volcanic rocks tend from the Alpha Ridge onto the northern lectively as the Audhild Bay alkaline suite becomes critical then to elucidate how they coast of Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • Stratigraphic Succession in Lower Peninsula of Michigan
    STRATIGRAPHIC DOMINANT LITHOLOGY ERA PERIOD EPOCHNORTHSTAGES AMERICANBasin Margin Basin Center MEMBER FORMATIONGROUP SUCCESSION IN LOWER Quaternary Pleistocene Glacial Drift PENINSULA Cenozoic Pleistocene OF MICHIGAN Mesozoic Jurassic ?Kimmeridgian? Ionia Sandstone Late Michigan Dept. of Environmental Quality Conemaugh Grand River Formation Geological Survey Division Late Harold Fitch, State Geologist Pennsylvanian and Saginaw Formation ?Pottsville? Michigan Basin Geological Society Early GEOL IN OG S IC A A B L N Parma Sandstone S A O G C I I H E C T I Y Bayport Limestone M Meramecian Grand Rapids Group 1936 Late Michigan Formation Stratigraphic Nomenclature Project Committee: Mississippian Dr. Paul A. Catacosinos, Co-chairman Mark S. Wollensak, Co-chairman Osagian Marshall Sandstone Principal Authors: Dr. Paul A. Catacosinos Early Kinderhookian Coldwater Shale Dr. William Harrison III Robert Reynolds Sunbury Shale Dr. Dave B.Westjohn Mark S. Wollensak Berea Sandstone Chautauquan Bedford Shale 2000 Late Antrim Shale Senecan Traverse Formation Traverse Limestone Traverse Group Erian Devonian Bell Shale Dundee Limestone Middle Lucas Formation Detroit River Group Amherstburg Form. Ulsterian Sylvania Sandstone Bois Blanc Formation Garden Island Formation Early Bass Islands Dolomite Sand Salina G Unit Paleozoic Glacial Clay or Silt Late Cayugan Salina F Unit Till/Gravel Salina E Unit Salina D Unit Limestone Salina C Shale Salina Group Salina B Unit Sandy Limestone Salina A-2 Carbonate Silurian Salina A-2 Evaporite Shaley Limestone Ruff Formation
    [Show full text]
  • Tawuniya Provider Listing 2016
    Tawuniya Provider Listing (Updated 2016) City AFIF class VVIP Tel إسم مقدم الخدمة Provider Name Y 17221161 مستوصف الساهر - عفيف Al Saher Medical Center Polyclinic - Afif Y 17222488 مستوصف البرجس اﻷهلي - عفيف Al Bargas El Ahly Clinic - Afif Y 17221555 مجمع الشفاء الطبي - عفيف Al Shefa Medical Center - Afif City AFLAJ class VVIP Tel إسم مقدم الخدمة Provider Name Y 16821111 مجمع عيادات الكمال الطبي Al Kamal Medical Clinic - Al Aflaj Y 16822842 مستوصف فرحان محمد آل نادر - اﻻفﻻج (Farhan Al Nadir Clinic (Al Aflag Y 16821507 مستوصف ليلى - اﻻفﻻج Laila Medical Clinic - Al Aflaj City AHAD RUFAIDAH class VVIP Tel إسم مقدم الخدمة Provider Name Al Emeis Medical Complex (Ahad Y 2506633 ( أحد رفيدة)مجمع العميس (Rufaidah City AL BAHA class VVIP Tel إسم مقدم الخدمة Provider Name Y 77271126 مستوصف د. غسان نجيب فرعون - الباحة Gnp Polyclinic - Al Baha Y 77255052 مستوصف السﻻمة - الباحة Al Salamah Polyclinic - Al Baha Y 77280544 مستوصف المخواة - المخواة Al Makhwah N. Clinic - Al Makhwah Y 77257000 مستوصف المعجب Al Mogeb Clinic Y 77513525 مركز اشفى الطبي - الباحة Ashfa Medical Center - Al Baha - مجموعة مراكز نيس الطبية لطب اﻷسنان والجلدية Nees Group Of Medical Centers, Dental Y 77242333 الباحة And Derma - Al Baha Y 77253540 مستشفى الملك فهد-الباحه King Fahad Hospital - Baha Y 7515222 مستوصف سما النوذجي الطبي Sama Adial Clinic شركة تميم بن علي سعيد الغامدي )مجمع بن دماس Y 7248111 (الطبي Bin Dammas Medical Center Y 77270801 مستوصف شامخ - الباحة Shamikh Clinic - Al Baha City AL DWADMI class VVIP Tel إسم مقدم الخدمة Provider Name Y 16423798 مستوصف الحسيني - الدوادمي Al Husainy Hospital - Al Dwadmi Y 16423338 مستوصف أبو زيد الطبي Abu - Zeed Md.
    [Show full text]
  • Changing Sea-Level Along the North Coast of Kuwait Bay
    Durham E-Theses Changing sea-level along the north coast of Kuwait bay Al-Asfour, Taiba Abdulmuhsen How to cite: Al-Asfour, Taiba Abdulmuhsen (1975) Changing sea-level along the north coast of Kuwait bay, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/8119/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk CHANGING SEA-LEVEL ALONG THE NORTH COAST OF KUWAIT BAY by Taiba Abdulmuhsen Al-Asfour B.A. (Cairo) A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Geography; at the University of Durham 1975 I I TO MY PARENTS i ABSTRACT Field investigations have been carried out to study the changes of sea level-along the north coast of Kuwait Bay. Four zones have been studied in detail viz: Kathma, Ghidhai, Mudairah and Al-Bahra.
    [Show full text]
  • Publication.Pdf
    In The Name Of Allah, The Most Merciful, The Most Compassionate Arriyadh holds a strategic and pivotal role as the capital of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia which is the birthplace of the Message of Prophet Mohammed (Peace be upon Him) and the location of the Two Holy Mosques. The dynamic capital hosts diplomatic, Islamic, political, economic, financial, trade, scientific, technological and educational institutions and is a fast developing national, regional and international center. Arriyadh is also a hub of administration with national cultural and heritage bodies and activities. the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Salman Bin Abdulaziz (may God bless him) has over many decades actively supported Arriyadh and its remarkable development. Today, with his Crown Prince, Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Interior; and the Deputy Crown Prince and Defence Minister; King Salman is ably guiding the development of the Kingdom, its capital and provinces and ensuring the welfare, security and prosperity of the nation’s population. Evidence of this is seen in the range of visionary development and infrastructure projects, which are helping to transform the Kingdom and the wider region. The development process in Arriyadh does not focus on specific areas or sectors. Rather it embraces a wide and comprehensive range of projects and needs. These include ambitious programs in transportation. The King Abdulaziz Public Transport Project in Arriyadh City is the largest of its kind and will provide a network of metro and bus services in the capital. The King Khaled International Airport Development Project will considerably expand passenger and airfreight capacity; and national and regional projects to develop railroad and road networks will soon offer remarkable improvements in transportation within the Kingdom and GCC.
    [Show full text]
  • Site Inspection Report Oriole Mine Colville National Forest
    Site Inspection Report Oriole Mine Colville National Forest March 2005 Cascade Earth Sciences 12720 East Nora Avenue, Suite A Spokane, Washington 99216 (509) 921-0290 www.cascade-earth.com SITE INSPECTION REPORT Oriole Mine Colville National Forest Principal Authors and Investigators: Dustin G. Wasley, PE, Managing Engineer II Robert H. Lambeth, PE, PG, Senior Engineer Ryan Tobias, Staff Wildlife Biologist Reviewed By: John D. Martin, RG, Principal Geologist Prepared for: USDA Forest Service Colville National Forest Site Location: Oriole Mine Colville National Forest Pend Oreille County, Washington Prepared by: Cascade Earth Sciences P.O. Box 14725 Spokane, Washington 99214 (509) 921-0290 PN: 2323024/March 2005 Cover Photo: Collapsed Ore Bin (upper left) and Upper Adit (lower right) TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................... iii SITE INSPECTION DATA SUMMARY SHEET ................................................................................. iv 1.0 INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................1 2.0 SITE DESCRIPTION AND OPERATIONAL HISTORY.........................................................1 2.1 Description and Location ................................................................................................... 1 2.1.1 Operational History and Waste Characteristics..................................................... 2 2.1.2 Previous Investigations.........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Detrital Zircon Provenance of North Gondwana Palaeozoic Sandstones from Saudi Arabia
    Geological Magazine Detrital zircon provenance of north Gondwana www.cambridge.org/geo Palaeozoic sandstones from Saudi Arabia Guido Meinhold1,2 , Alexander Bassis3,4, Matthias Hinderer3, Anna Lewin3 and Jasper Berndt5 Original Article 1School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK; Cite this article: Meinhold G, Bassis A, 2Abteilung Sedimentologie/Umweltgeologie, Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum Göttingen, Universität Göttingen, Hinderer M, Lewin A, and Berndt J (2021) Goldschmidtstraße 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; 3Institut für Angewandte Geowissenschaften, Technische Detrital zircon provenance of north Gondwana 4 Palaeozoic sandstones from Saudi Arabia. Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 9, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; Eurofins water&waste GmbH, 5 Geological Magazine 158:442–458. https:// Eumigweg 7, 2351 Wiener Neudorf, Austria and Institut für Mineralogie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität doi.org/10.1017/S0016756820000576 Münster, Corrensstraße 24, 48149 Münster, Germany Received: 12 February 2020 Abstract Revised: 18 May 2020 Accepted: 18 May 2020 We present the first comprehensive detrital zircon U–Pb age dataset from Palaeozoic sand- First published online: 24 June 2020 stones of Saudi Arabia, which provides new insights into the erosion history of the East African Orogen and sediment recycling in northern Gondwana. Five main age populations Keywords: U–Pb geochronology; sediment provenance; are present in varying amounts in the zircon age spectra, with age peaks at ~625 Ma, detrital zircon; Palaeozoic; north Gondwana; ~775 Ma, ~980 Ma, ~1840 Ma and ~2480 Ma. Mainly igneous rocks of the Arabian– Saudi Arabia Nubian Shield are suggested to be the most prominent sources for the Ediacaran to middle Tonian zircon grains. Palaeoproterozoic and Archaean grains may be xenocrystic zircons or Author for correspondence: Guido Meinhold, Email: [email protected] they have been recycled from older terrigenous sediment.
    [Show full text]
  • A-Horizon, 447
    A A-Horizon, 447, 452 Aabwas, 522 AAS, 565 Aatis, 523 Abas, 522 Abdomen, 532-533, 540 ABE, 570 Abiotic, 140-141, 170, 172, 176, 187, 189, 193-194 Abiotic Factor, 176 Abnormal Tides, 268 Abrin, 315 Abrus precatorius, 315 Absence of Disease, 575 Abyssal Plain, 49 Abyssal Zone, 204-205 Abyssopelagic, 204 Acacia auriculiformis, 383 Acacia formosa, 384 Acanthaster planci, 252, 261-262 Acanthurus lineatus, 247, 256 Access Routes, 614 Access to US Markets, 553 Accidental Spills, 576 Accumulation of Salts, 457 Accumulation Rate of Soil, 441 Acetone, 578 Acetylene, 663 Achiak, 334 Acid, 73, 78, 87, 164-165, 188-189, 383, 427, 440, 445, 498, 521, 525, 649, 675, 679 ACOE, 5 Acrocephalus luscinia, 374 Acropora, 223, 252 Acrostichum aureum, 363 Actitis, 304 Active Listening, 2 Acute Care, 571 ADA, 563, 565 Adaptation, 160, 180, 182, 184, 223, 250, 310 Addictive Nature, 530 Adding Value to a Product, 545 Administrative Procedure, 623 Adobe-Brick, 705 Adult Basic Education, 570 Adult Supervision, 725 Advanced Life Saving Skills, 567 Adverse Impacts, 598, 654-655 Advocacy, 1 Aerial Bombing, 35 Aerially-sprayed Herbicides, 586 Aerobic Bacteria, 453 Aerodramus vanikorensis, 385 Aerosol Propellants, 650 Aesthetic Design, 711 Africa, 63, 102, 166, 318, 330, 364, 490, 587 Aga, 338, 500 Agatelang, 322 Age of Dinosaurs, 69 Agencies Tasked with Implementing Environmental Laws, 644 Agenda 21, 660 Agfayan Soils, 381 Aggregate Market, 422 Aggregate Supply, 422 Aggrieved Party, 622 Aghurub, Chief, 26 Agingan Point, 418 Agricultural Clearing, 326 Agricultural Crops,
    [Show full text]