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A Rearrangement of the Z Chromosome Topology Influences the Sex-Linked Gene Display in the European Corn Borer, Ostrinia Nubilalis Jeremy A

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A Rearrangement of the Z Chromosome Topology Influences the Sex-Linked Gene Display in the European Corn Borer, Ostrinia Nubilalis Jeremy A Entomology Publications Entomology 5-2011 A rearrangement of the Z chromosome topology influences the sex-linked gene display in the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Jeremy A. Kroemer United States Department of Agriculture Brad S. Coates United States Department of Agriculture, [email protected] Tyasning Nusawardani Iowa State University S. Dean Rider Jr. Wright State University - Main Campus Lisa M. Fraser University of California - Davis Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ent_pubs See next page for additional authors Part of the Entomology Commons, and the Plant Breeding and Genetics Commons The ompc lete bibliographic information for this item can be found at http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ ent_pubs/134. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Entomology at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Entomology Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A rearrangement of the Z chromosome topology influences the sex-linked gene display in the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Abstract Males are homogametic (ZZ) and females are heterogametic (WZ) with respect to the sex chromosomes in many species of butterflies and moths (insect order Lepidoptera). Genes on the Z chromosome influence traits involved in larval development, environmental adaptation, and reproductive isolation. To facilitate the investigation of these traits across Lepidoptera, we developed 43 degenerate primer pairs to PCR amplify orthologs of 43 Bombyx mori Z chromosome-linked genes. Of the 34 orthologs that amplified by PCR in Ostrinia nubilalis, 6 co-segregated with the Z chromosome anchor markers kettin (ket) and lactate dehydrogenase (ldh), and produced a consensus genetic linkage map of ~89 cM in combination with 5 AFLP markers. The .O nubilalis and B. mori Z chromosomes are comparatively co-linear, although potential gene inversions alter terminal gene orders and a translocation event disrupted synteny at one chromosome end. Compared to B. mori orthologs, O. nubilalis Z chromosome-linked genes showed conservation of tissue- specific nda growth-stage-specific expression, although some genes exhibited species-specific expression across developmental stages or tissues. The .O nubilalis Z chromosome linkage map provides new tools for isolating quantitative trait loci (QTL) involved in sex-linked traits that drive speciation and it exposes genome rearrangements as a possible mechanism for differential gene regulation in Lepidoptera. Keywords Z chromosome, Genetic map, Ostrinia nubilalis, Lepidoptera, Gene expression Disciplines Entomology | Plant Breeding and Genetics Comments This article is from Molecular Genetics and Genomics; 286 (2011); 37-56; doi: 10.1007/s00438-011-0624-1 Rights Works produced by employees of the U.S. Government as part of their official duties are not copyrighted within the U.S. The onc tent of this document is not copyrighted. Authors Jeremy A. Kroemer, Brad S. Coates, Tyasning Nusawardani, S. Dean Rider Jr., Lisa M. Fraser, and Richard L. Hellmich This article is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ent_pubs/134 Mol Genet Genomics (2011) 286:37–56 DOI 10.1007/s00438-011-0624-1 ORIGINAL PAPER A rearrangement of the Z chromosome topology influences the sex-linked gene display in the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Jeremy A. Kroemer • Brad S. Coates • Tyasning Nusawardani • S. Dean Rider Jr. • Lisa M. Fraser • Richard L. Hellmich Received: 25 August 2010 / Accepted: 16 April 2011 / Published online: 15 May 2011 Ó Springer-Verlag (outside the USA) 2011 Abstract Males are homogametic (ZZ) and females are growth-stage-specific expression, although some genes heterogametic (WZ) with respect to the sex chromosomes in exhibited species-specific expression across developmental many species of butterflies and moths (insect order Lepidop- stages or tissues. The O. nubilalis Z chromosome linkage tera). Genes on the Z chromosome influence traits involved in map provides new tools for isolating quantitative trait loci larval development, environmental adaptation, and repro- (QTL) involved in sex-linked traits that drive speciation and it ductive isolation. To facilitate the investigation of these traits exposes genome rearrangements as a possible mechanism across Lepidoptera, we developed 43 degenerate primer pairs for differential gene regulation in Lepidoptera. to PCR amplify orthologs of 43 Bombyx mori Zchromosome- linked genes. Of the 34 orthologs that amplified by PCR in Keywords Z chromosome Á Genetic map Á Ostrinia Ostrinia nubilalis, 6 co-segregated with the Z chromosome nubilalis Á Lepidoptera Á Gene expression anchor markers kettin (ket)andlactate dehydrogenase (ldh), and produced a consensus genetic linkage map of *89 cM in combination with 5 AFLP markers. The O. nubilalis and B. Introduction mori Z chromosomes are comparatively co-linear, although potential gene inversions alter terminal gene orders and a Females from the insect order Lepidoptera (butterflies and translocation event disrupted synteny at one chromosome end. moths) are heterogametic with WZ sex chromosomes, Compared to B. mori orthologs, O. nubilalis Zchromosome- whereas males of the same species have a ZZ pair of sex linked genes showed conservation of tissue-specific and chromosomes (Traut and Marec 1997). Phenotypic traits controlled by loci on the Z chromosome in the domesti- cated silkworm, Bombyx mori, include cuticle density (loci Communicated by S. Hohmann. os, sex-linked translucent, and od, distinct translucent), J. A. Kroemer (&) Á B. S. Coates Á R. L. Hellmich body shape (e, elongated), molting (nm-s, non-molting-s), USDA-ARS, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, larval maturity (lm, late maturity) and body color (sch, sex- Genetics Laboratory, Iowa State University, linked chocolate) (Fujii et al. 2008). Genetic linkage maps Ames, IA 50011, USA of the B. mori Z chromosome (Nagaraja et al. 2005) have e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] proven valuable in isolating the positions of sch (Miao et al. 2008) and shaker (shkr), which are linked to eco- T. Nusawardani nomically important male silking traits (Zhu et al. 2001), Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, and behavioral traits, respectively (Duan et al. 2010). Ames, IA 50011, USA Among other species of Lepidoptera, the Z chromosome S. D. Rider Jr. encodes the period (per) gene that governs clock and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, circadian periodicity in the silkmoth, Antheraea pernyi Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA (Gotter et al. 1999), hybrid sterility factors in the Postman L. M. Fraser butterfly, Heliconius melpomene (Jiggins et al. 2001a), and Department of Microbiology, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA ecological traits such as diapause duration and male 123 38 Mol Genet Genomics (2011) 286:37–56 pheromone response in the European corn borer, Ostrinia to the strain-specific pheromone isomers (Roelofs et al. nubilalis (Thomas et al. 2003; Dopman et al. 2005). 1987). While corresponding behavioral changes are a Diapause is a state of slowed development and physio- probable catalyst for mating disruption and speciation logical change (Palli et al. 1998) that is triggered by genetic (Sperling 1994), those responses are more difficult to factors in response to environmental cues including pho- characterize mechanistically (Ferveur et al. 1995). Although toperiod and temperature (Hairston and Kearns 1995). the genetic and molecular basis for Z chromosome-linked Obligatory diapause has become fixed in populations due behavioral differences and other phenomena that drive to selection within local environments, where for example, speciation have yet to be fully characterized in O. nubilalis, a univoltine ecotype of O. nubilalis predominates northern male-influenced speciation in Lepidoptera was demon- climates (Showers et al. 1975). In contrast, the majority of strated in Postman butterfly (H. melpomene) ecotypes by the insects display facultative diapause as an adaptive strategy presence of hybrid sterility factors that are carried on the Z that allows for an increased number of generations under chromosome (Jiggins et al. 2001a). Such comparisons can favorable conditions or the ability to enter a dormant state be used to shed light on economically important Lepidoptera in an unfavorable environment (Liu et al. 2010). An like O. nubilalis. increase in the number of generations per year can affect The genome sequence of B. mori displays substantial the ecology and evolution of a species (Hunter and McNeil synteny with other Lepidoptera (Yasukochi et al. 2006; 1997) such that genes influencing voltinism may be under Pringle et al. 2007) making it an important tool for com- selection during periods of climate change (Tobin et al. parative genomics. The assembled B. mori Z chromosome 2008; Altermatt 2010). Larval diapause traits are male sex- sequence encompasses 20.4 Mb from five assembled linked in O. nubilalis (Arbuthnot 1949; Showers et al. scaffolds and is predicted to encode at least 655 genes 1972; McLeod 1976). The univoltine trait is incompletely (Yamamoto et al. 2006; Fujii et al. 2008). A corresponding dominant and is linked to the triosephosphate isomerase genetic linkage map for the
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