Invertebrate Fauna of Korea

Volume 21, Number 42 Arthropoda: Arachnida: Aaraneae: Oecobiidae, Oxyopidae, Cybaeidae, Dictynidae, Sparassidae, Philodromidae Spiders II

2017

National Institute of Biological Resources Ministry of Environment, Korea

Invertebrate Fauna of Korea

Volume 21, Number 42 Arthropoda: Arachnida: Aaraneae: Oecobiidae, Oxyopidae, Cybaeidae, Dictynidae, Sparassidae, Philodromidae Spiders II

Seung-Tae Kim and Sue-Yeon Lee1 Konkuk University 1Seoul National University Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Volume 21, Number 42 Arthropoda: Arachnida: Aaraneae: Oecobiidae, Oxyopidae, Cybaeidae, Dictynidae, Sparassidae, Philodromidae Spiders II

Published by the National Institute of Biological Resources Environmental Research Complex, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea www.nibr.go.kr

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ISBN : 978-89-6811-260-7 (96470) ISBN : 978-89-94555-00-3 (세트) Government Publications Registration Number : 11-1480592-001220-01

Printed by Junghaengsa, Inc. in Korea on acid-free paper

Publisher : Woonsuk Baek Authors : Seung-Tae Kim and Sue-Yeon Lee Project Staff : Jin-Han Kim, Hyun Jong Kil, Eunjung Nam and Kwang-Soo Kim

Published on February 7, 2017

The Flora and Fauna of Korea logo was designed to represent six major target groups of the project including vertebrates, invertebrates, insects, algae, fungi, and bacteria. The book cover and the logo were designed by Jee-Yeon Koo. Chlorococcales: 1

Preface

The biological resources include all the composition of organisms and genetic resources which possess the practical and potential values essential to human live. Biological resources will be firmed competition of the nation because they will be used as fundamental sources to make highly valued products such as new lines or varieties of biological organisms, new material, and drugs. th As the Nagoya Protocol was adopted in 2010 and entered into force in the 12 Conference of Par- ties of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 2014, it is expected that the competition to get biological resources will be much intensive under the rapidly changed circumstance on the access and benefic sharing of the genetic resources (ABS). To cope with a new international para- digm on all kinds of issues related to biological resources, the Ministry of Environment of Korea enacted a new law called ‘An act on access and benefit sharing of genetic resources’ on January 17th, 2017. Each nation in the world is investigating and clearing information of native species within its ter- ritory in order to secure its sovereignty rights over biological resources. The National Institute of

Biological Resources (NIBR) of the Ministry of Environment has published the ‘Flora and Fauna of Korea’ since 2006 to manage biological resources in comprehensive ways and to enhance national competitiveness by building up the foundation for the sovereignty over biological resources. Pro- fessional research groups consisting of professors and related experts of taxonomy examined sys- tematically a total of 13,478 species for the past eight years to publish 163 volumes in both Korean and English versions, and two volumes of World Monograph covering 216 species of invertebrates. This year, 11 volumes of the Flora and Fauna of Korea in both Korean and English versions including 858 species of invertebrates, insects, vascular plants, algae and fungi are additionally published. Flora and Fauna of Korea are the first professional records to describe all the species of the nation in a comprehensive way, and they would contribute to level up the taxonomic capacity. The NIBR will continue to publish flora and fauna of Korea that will contribute conservation and application of biological resources for successful implementation of the ABS protocol. Finally, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to authors who spared no effort to publish the Flora and Fauna of Korea.

Woonsuk Baek President of National Institute of Biological Resources

Chlorococcales: 1

Contents

List of Taxa 3 Introduction 5 Materials and Methods 6 Taxonomic Notes 9

1. Oecobius navus Blackwall 11 2. Uroctea compactilis L. Koch 13 3. Uroctea lesserti Schenkel 14

4. Uroctea limbata (C.L. Koch) 16 5. Oxyopes koreanus Paik 18 6. Oxyopes licenti Schenkel 19 7. Oxyopes sertatus L. Koch 20

8. Argyroneta aquatica (Clerck) 23 9. Cybaeus aratrum Kim and Kim 26 10. Cybaeus longus Paik 26 11. Cybaeus mosanensis Paik and Namkung 27 12. Cybaeus triangulus Paik 29 13. Cybaeus whanseunensis Paik and Namkung 30 14. Blabomma uenoi Paik and Yaginuma 33

15. Brommella punctosparsa (Oi) 33

16. Cicurina japonica (Simon) 35 17. Cicurina kimyongkii Paik 37 18. Cicurina phaselus Paik 38

19. Dictyna arundinacea (Linnaeus) 39 20. Dictyna felis Bösenberg and Strand 41 21. Dictyna foliicola Bösenberg and Strand 42 22. Lathys dihamata Paik 44

23. Lathys maculosa (Karsch) 45 24. Lathys sexoculata Seo and Sohn 46

25. Lathys stigmatisata (Menge) 47

26. Sudesna hedini (Schenkel) 49

27. Heteropoda venatoria (Linnaeus) 52

28. Micrommata virescens (Clerck) 54

29. Sinopoda forcipata (Karsch) 56

30. Sinopoda koreana (Paik) 58 31. Sinopoda stellatops Jäger and Ono 59

32. Apollophanes macropalpus (Paik) 62

33. Philodromus aureolus (Clerck) 64 34. Philodromus auricomus L. Koch 65

35. Philodromus cespitum (Walckenaer) 67

36. Philodromus emarginatus (Schrank) 69 2 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

37. Philodromus lanchowensis Schenkel 70 38. Philodromus leucomarginatus Paik 72

39. Philodromus margaritatus (Clerck) 72

40. Philodromus poecilus (Thorell) 74 41. Philodromus pseudoexilis Paik 75 42. Philodromus rufus Walckenaer 76 43. Philodromus spinitarsis Simon 78 44. Philodromus subaureolus Bösenberg and Strand 79 45. Thanatus coreanus Paik 81 46. Thanatus miniaceus Simon 83 47. Thanatus nipponicus Yaginuma 84 48. Thanatus vulgaris Simon 86

49. Tibellus oblongus (Walckenaer) 88

50. Tibellus tenellus (L. Koch) 90 Literature Cited 92 Plates 113 Index to Korean Names 117 Index to Korean Names as Pronounced 119 Index to Scientific Names 121 Chlorococcales: 3

List of Taxa

Phylum Arthropoda von Siebold, 1848 Class Arachnida Cuvier, 1812 Order Araneae Clerck, 1757 Family Oecobiidae Blackwall, 1862 Genus Oecobius Lucas, 1846 Oecobius navus Blackwall, 1859 Genus Uroctea Dufour, 1820 Uroctea compactilis L. Koch, 1878 Uroctea lesserti Schenkel, 1936

Uroctea limbata (C.L. Koch, 1843) Family Oxyopidae Thorell, 1870 Genus Oxyopes Latreille, 1804 Oxyopes koreanus Paik, 1969 Oxyopes licenti Schenkel, 1953 Oxyopes sertatus L. Koch, 1878 Family Cybaeidae Banks, 1892 Genus Argyroneta Latreille, 1804

Argyroneta aquatica (Clerck, 1757) Genus Cybaeus L. Koch, 1868 Cybaeus aratrum Kim and Kim, 2008 Cybaeus longus Paik, 1966 Cybaeus mosanensis Paik and Namkung, 1967 Cybaeus triangulus Paik, 1966 Cybaeus whanseunensis Paik and Namkung, 1967 Family Dictynidae O.P.-Cambridge, 1871 Genus Blabomma Chamberlin and Ivie, 1937 Blabomma uenoi Paik and Yaginuma, 1969 Genus Brommella Tullgren, 1948

Brommella punctosparsa (Oi, 1957) Genus Cicurina Menge, 1871

Cicurina japonica (Simon, 1886) Cicurina kimyongkii Paik, 1970 Cicurina phaselus Paik, 1970 Genus Dictyna Sundevall, 1833

Dictyna arundinacea (Linnaeus, 1758) Dictyna felis Bösenberg and Strand, 1906 Dictyna foliicola Bösenberg and Strand, 1906 Genus Lathys Simon, 1884 Lathys dihamata Paik, 1979

Lathys maculosa (Karsch, 1879) Lathys sexoculata Seo and Sohn, 1984 4 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

Lathys stigmatisata (Menge, 1869) Genus Sudesna Lehtinen, 1967

Sudesna hedini (Schenkel, 1936) Family Sparassidae Bertkau, 1872 Genus Heteropoda Latreille, 1804

Heteropoda venatoria (Linnaeus, 1767) Genus Micrommata Latreille, 1804

Micrommata virescens (Clerck, 1757) Genus Sinopoda Jäger, 1999

Sinopoda forcipata (Karsch, 1881)

Sinopoda koreana (Paik, 1968) Sinopoda stellatops Jäger and Ono, 2002 Family Philodromidae Thorell, 1870 Genus Apollophanes O.P.-Cambridge, 1898

Apollophanes macropalpus (Paik, 1979) Genus Philodromus Walckenaer, 1826

Philodromus aureolus (Clerck, 1757) Philodromus auricomus L. Koch, 1878

Philodromus cespitum (Walckenaer, 1802)

Philodromus emarginatus (Schrank, 1803) Philodromus lanchowensis Schenkel, 1936 Philodromus leucomarginatus Paik, 1979

Philodromus margaritatus (Clerck, 1757)

Philodromus poecilus (Thorell, 1872) Philodromus pseudoexilis Paik, 1979 Philodromus rufus Walckenaer, 1826 Philodromus spinitarsis Simon, 1895 Philodromus subaureolus Bösenberg and Strand, 1906 Genus Thanatus C.L. Koch, 1837 Thanatus coreanus Paik, 1979 Thanatus miniaceus Simon, 1880 Thanatus nipponicus Yaginuma, 1969 Thanatus vulgaris Simon, 1870 Genus Tibellus Simon, 1875

Tibellus oblongus (Walckenaer, 1802)

Tibellus tenellus (L. Koch, 1876) Chlorococcales: 5

Introduction

Spiders (order Araneae) are a ubiquitous and important predator group with high species richness and abundance among invertebrates that occur in many natural ecosystems, as well as in agricultural ecosystems (Howell and Pienkowski, 1971; Nyffeler and Benz, 1987). Spiders are the largest order of arachnids and rank seventh in total species diversity among all other groups of organisms (Sebastin and Peter, 2009), with 44,906 recorded species of 3,935 genera belonging to 114 families as of 2014 (Platnick, 2014). Korean araneology was initiated by Embrik Strand (1876-1947), who was a German arachnologist. He described Gnaphosa koreae (current status=Gnaphosa sinensis Simon, 1880) in “Süd-und ostasiatisch Spinnen” as a new species based on the female specimen collected by Warburg, German minister from Korea in 1907. He described it’s collecting locality as only ‘von Korea’ without detail geographical information and type specimen is now deposited in the Zoo- logical Museum Hamburg (ZMH) (Paik, 1978), and about 719 species of 268 genera belonging to 45 families were recorded until now (Namkung et al., 2009; NIBR, 2013). Spiders differ from other arthropods in that the usual body segments are fused into two parts, the cephalothorax and abdomen, and joined by a small, cylindrical pedicel in anatomy. Spiders have eight legs and chelicerae with fangs that inject venom. Abdomen bear spinnerets that produce spider silk from up to six types of silk glands within their abdomen. Spiders can generally be identified by the life styles; hunting spiders with or without retreat and webbing spiders inhabiting in their own web. In webbing spiders, they construct webs with spider threads and these vary widely in size, shape and the amount of sticky thread used. Spiders, which have a distinct ecological niche, play several important roles in ecosystems. They are main members of biodiversity and contribute to material circulation and energy transfer through prey of higher trophic levels in the terrestrial food web system. Spiders use a wide range of strat- egies to capture prey, but mainly can be categorized as sit and wait foraging strategy of webbing spiders and pursue and kill foraging strategy of hunting spiders. Bagheera kiplingi belonging to Sal- ticidae, herbivorous species, was described by Meehan et al. (2009), but all other known species are predators, mostly preying on insects and on other spiders. Therefore, they are considered as important natural enemy group feed on many agricultural and forest insect pests. Recently, spiders have been also used as indicator species detecting environmental change, such as global warming and environmental pollution. Besides, physiologically active substances, such as poison and thread, spiders produced have been explored in many research fields such as medicine, military affairs, agriculture and practical use. The present study described taxonomy of 6 familes of spider from Korea including Oxyopidae, Sparassidae and Philodromidae as hunting spiders, and Oecobiidae, Cybaeidae and Dictinidae as webbing spiders. 6 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

Material and Methods

This work described 50 spiders species belonging to families Oecobiidae, Oxyopidae, Cybaeidae, Dictynidae, Sparassidae and Philodromidae from Korean mainland and islands from 1989 to 2012. Examined specimens were collected by the authors. Three Korean endemic species Cybaeus aratrum Kim and Kim, 2008 of Cybaeidae, Blabomma uenoi Paik and Yaginuma, 1969 of Dictynidae, Philodromus pseudoexilis Paik, 1979 of Philodromidae and Philodromus leucomarginatus Paik, 1979 of Philodromidae which were not collected by the authors or could not loaned from research institutions, descriptions and reillustrations are made according to original description into the format of this work for the completion. In the case of one of the both genders collected only, descriptions were limited to the collected gender. Uroctea limbata of Oecobiidae which domestic distribution is uncertain and

Heteropoda venatoria which is evaluated as regional extinction (RE) (NIBR, 2014) were only described their current status in Korean spider fauna. Spiders are collected by many of the same methods used for insects; hand picking, sweeping, beating, shifting and pitfall trapping. The spiders used in this work are preserved in 85% ethyl alcohol and most of the taxonomic and morphologic characters in the keys and descriptions were observed under stereoscopic dissecting microscope. Female and male body, female epigynum, and left palp of palp with some distinctive characters are described and illustrated. Main taxonomic

Leg I Anterior mddian eye C Leg II Tarsus Anterior lateral eye

Metatarsus Posterior lateral eye Posterior median eye Tibia Palp Chelicera Fang Patella Chelicera Endite Labium Eye Femur Sternum Cervical furrow Trochanter Carapace Fovea Radial furrow Coxa Epigastric plate Epigastric Epigynum Muscle furrow Abdomen impression Spinneret

Spinneret Leg III B A Leg IV

Fig. 1. External features of Cybaeid spiders. A. Body, dorsal view; B. Body, ventral view; C. Eye region, from above. Material and Methods 7 characters and terminology of them are shown in Fig. 1. Key of the genera and species was organized with easily observed taxonomic characters in which those of male and female were combined. Changes of the scientific names of each species and synonymies are listed. The present synonymies used a condensed format with reference to each paper given in the bibliography. The original name is given along with the author and initial page of taxonomic accounts. Repetition of authors is avoided and authors are chronologically arranged. In the synonymies, spiders from faunistic studies without reliable taxonomic information were excluded. The order of families, taxonomic names and Korean names mainly follow Platnick’s Catalog ver.

15.0 (2014), Bibliographic Check list of Korean Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) ver. 2010 (Namkung et al., 2009) and (NIBR, 2013).

Araneae: Oecobiidae: Oecobius 9

Taxonomic Notes

Phylum Arthropoda von Siebold, 1848

Jeol-ji-dong-mul-mun (절지동물문)

An arthropod is an invertebrate animal belonging to phylum Arthropoda having an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and jointed appendages. The arthropod body plan is a bilateral symmetry and consists of repeated segments, the segments usually grouped in two or three rather distinct regions, each with paired segmented appendages. A chitinous exoskeleton, which is periodically shed and renewed as the animal grows. Phylum Arthropoda include the insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and others. Members of the Arthropoda are the most species-rich members of all ecological guilds in most environments.

Class Arachnida Cuvier, 1812

Geo-mi-gang (거미강)

The arachnids that comprise the class Arachnida have bodies found on eighteen segments or somites, often protected by tergites above and sternites below, connected by softer pleural membrane.

Of these somites, six form the cephalothorax (=prosoma) and twelve the abdomen (=ophisthosoma). These two parts may be united across their whole breadth or may be jointed by a narrow waist or pedicel. The cephalothorax carries six parts of limbs or appendages. The chelicerae are the only ones in front of the mouth. They are followed by a pair of pedipalpi and four pairs of legs. Usu- ally there are no appendages on the abdomen, but spiders (Araneae) have abdominal spinnerets. Class Aachnida is classified as eleven major orders including scorpions, spiders, harvestmens and others. Most arachnids are predators but some mites are parasites or herbivores.

Order Araneae Clerck, 1757

Geo-mi-mok (거미목)

The spiders of the order Araneae have the cephalothorax and abdomen united by a narrow cylindrical pedicel with eight legs. The carapace is uniform and bears six or eight eyes. The abdomen carries a group of six or four spinnerets. The chelicerae are pointed and contain poison glands. The pedipalpi are leg-like and carry the copulatory organ in males. Respiration is by book lungs or tracheae or both. Spiders produce silk threads and spin distinct webs which vary widely in size, shape and the amount of sticky thread used in web builders. Though hunting spiders also produce silk threads, most of them do not spin webs like web builders. A herbivorous species was de- 10 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II scribed, but all other known species are predators, mostly preying on insects and on other spiders, although a few large species also take birds and lizards.

Family Oecobiidae Blackwall, 1862

Ti-kkeul-geo-mi-gwa (티끌거미과)

The spider family Ocobiidae is a family comprising 6 genera and 110 species occurring worldwide

(Platnick, 2014). Oecobiid spiders are small to medium-sized (3.0-15.0 mm) araneomorph spiders with three tarsal claws belonging to entelegyne with cribellate and ecribellate genera. Carapace subcircular; wider than long; cephalic snout distinct (Fig. 2A, B). Six to eight eyes in two rows in a compact group near carapace center; posterior median eyes variable in shape, circular or subcircular (Fig. 2B). Chelicerae short; condyle absent; fangs short; cheliceral teeth absent. Sternum heart- shaped; wider than long; apex pointed; males with spatulate setae on margin. Legs short with a few or no spines; subequal in length; arranged in a radiate fashion (Fig. 2A). Abdomen more or less flattened; oval to round; slightly overlapping posterior part of carapace; anal tubercle large with two segments, provided with long fringed setae (Fig. 2A, C). Anterior spinnerets short and domed, two segments with distal segment short; posterior spinnerets two-segmented with distal segment long and curved (Fig. 2C). Small species pale with dark white granules; large species blackish brown to black with pale and large spots on dorsum. Female epigynum with plate variable or fur-

A C

Fig. 2. Taxonomic characters of Oecobiidae. A. body; B. eye region; C. anal tubercle and spinnerets. Araneae: Oecobiidae: Oecobius 11 rowed. Male palpal tibia unmodified to globular without apophysis; embolus short, conductor variable. Most Oecobiid spiders construct star-like mesh-webs or disc-webs and commonly found between crevices on rocks, at the edges of furnitures and widow frames or on the walls. Type genus: Oecobius Lucas, 1846.

Key to the genera of family Oecobiidae

1. Cribellum and calamistrum present, construct star-like mesh webs ···································· Oecobius - ‌Cribellum and calamistrum absent, anal tubercle with spoon-shaped long hairs, construct disc webs ·················································································································································· Uroctea

Genus Oecobius Lucas, 1846

Ti-kkeul-geo-mi-sok (티끌거미속)

Carapace nearly heart-shaped; wider than long; slightly projected anteriorly; head region slightly higher than thoracic region. Median eyes of both eye rows dark. Abdomen broad oval. Legs light with annulations. Anal tubercle with fringed long curved setae. Cribellum divided into two parts partially. Female epigynum aimple and wrinkled at middle. Male palp with well developed tegular apophysis.

Type species: Oecobius cellariorum (Dugès, 1836).

1. Oecobius navus Blackwall, 1859 (Fig. 3, Pl. 1)

Ti-kkeul-geo-mi (티끌거미)

Oecobius navus Blackwall, 1859, p. 266; Simon, 1893, p. 435; Kulczyński, 1899, p. 333; Butler, 1929, p.

49; Mello-Leitão, 1943, p. 153; Wunderlich, 1987, p. 115 (previous references to this species as O. annulipes are considered by Wunderlich to be misidentifications); Wunderlich, 1992, p. 349; Rob- erts, 1995, p. 89; Wunderlich, 1995a, p. 595; Wunderlich, 1995b, p. 691; Song, Chen and Zhu, 1997, p. 1704; Roberts, 1998, p. 92; Song, Zhu and Chen, 1999, p. 77; Namkung, 2001, p. 64; Santos and Gonzaga, 2003, p. 240; Paquin and Dupérré, 2003, p. 176; Namkung, 2003, p. 66; Griswold et al., 2005, p. 33; Ono, 2009, p. 127; Paquin, Vink and Dupérré, 2010, p. 38; Le Peru, 2011, p. 325; Yin et al., 2012, p. 205. Thalamia parietalis Hentz, 1850, p. 35. Oecobius ionicus O.P.-Cambridge, 1873g, p. 531.

Oecobius annulipes Simon, 1875a, p. 9 (misidentified); Simon, 1892, p. 247 (misidentified); Hassan, 1953, p. 21; Denis, 1962, p. 104; Ledoux, 1963, p. 100; Kritscher, 1966, p. 285; Shear, 1970, p. 138; Baum, 1972, p. 117; Shear and Benoit, 1974, p. 710; Kullmann and Zimmermann, 1976b, p. 442; Ritchie, 1978, p. 210; Paik, 1978, p. 201; Yaginuma, 1986, p. 16; Song, 1987, p. 87; Kumada, 1988, p. 1; Chikuni, 1989, p. 24; Coddington, 1990, p. 10; Chen and Zhang, 1991, p. 38; Heimer and Nentwig, 1991, p. 54; Jocqué and Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2006, p. 188. Oecobius annulipes immaculatus Schmidt, 1956e, p. 140. 12 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

A C

Fig. 3. Oecobius navus. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp.

Omanus maculatus Keyserling, 1891, p. 160 (preoccupied by Simon, 1870, sub Oecobius). Oecobius parietalis Simon, 1892a, p. 247; Emerton, 1909, p. 212; Comstock, 1912, p. 288; Chamberlin and Ivie, 1935c, p. 267; Kaston, 1948, p. 499. Oecobius maculatus Petrunkevitch, 1911, p. 114. Oecobius hammondi Mello-Leitão, 1915a, p. 132. Oecobius variabilis Mello-Leitão, 1917a, p. 78; Mello-Leitão, 1917b, p. 10. Oecobius fluminensis Mello-Leitão, 1917b, pp. 9, 10.

Oecobius keyserlingi Roewer, 1951, p. 454 (replacement name for Omanus maculatus Keyserling, 1891). Oecobius hortensis Lawrence, 1952, p. 185.

Oecobius immaculatus Denis, 1963, p. 45 (female, elevated to species).

Thalamia annulipes Lehtinen, 1967, pp. 254, 269 (transferred from Oecobius). Oecobius trifidivulva Benoit, 1976, p. 669.

Female: Body length 2.5-3.0 mm. Carapace light brown, disc-shaped; longer than wide or subequal in length and width; anterior part slightly protruded; dusky stripe stretched from eye region to center of thoracic region; margin dusky; fovea reddish brown, spiniform (Fig. 3A). Eight eyes grouped; eye region black (Fig. 3A). Chelicerae yellowish brownand very weak; bossand marginal tooth absent. Sternum yellowish brown, triangle-shaped. Legs yellowish brown, robust with blackish gray annulations; trichobothria on metatarsi and tarsi; calamistrum present. Abdomen light gray, flat ovoid; longer than wide; white scale patterns and grayish brown bands scattered on dorsum (Fig. 3A); venter with divided cribellum. Posterior spinnerets long; 2-segmented anal tubercle encircled with fringe-shaped long hairs. Female epigynum sclerotized and concave, wrinkled at Araneae: Oecobiidae: Uroctea 13

middle; spermathecae visible from outside (Fig. 3B). Male: Body length 2.0-2.5 mm. Similar to female with smaller body and darker body coloration.

Male palp with well developed tegular apophysis (Fig. 3C).

Distribution: Korea, Japan, China, Europe (Cosmopolitan). Korea: JN, JJ.

Specimens examined: 1♀, 1♂(Gapado Isl., Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 31.viii.1993). Ecology: Mainly found on white and star-shaped flat web in 4-5 mm in diameter at the corner of window sills or furnitures in constructions.

Genus Uroctea Dufour, 1820

Nap-geo-mi-sok (납거미속)

Carapcace wider than long; projected anteriorly like snout. Eight eyes arranged in two rows. Chelicerae relatively weak; marginal teeth and boss absent. Abdomen flat. Legs without spines, trichobothria, calamistra. Anal tubercle very large with two segments; spoon-shaped long hairs present. Posterior spinnerets longer than anterior spinnerets; distal segments longer than basal segments. Female epigynum simple; broadly rounded; sclerotised. Male palp with robust tegular apophysis; embolus long and protruded.

Type species: Uroctea durandi (Latreille, 1809).

Key to the species of genus Uroctea

1. Carapace brown, abdominal dorsum with white marking connected in a ring ·········· U. compactilis - Carapace blackish brown, abdominal dorsum with 4 pairs of white spots ······················· U. limbata

2. Uroctea compactilis L. Koch, 1878 (Fig. 4, Pl. 2)

Nam-nyeok-nap-geo-mi (남녘납거미)

Uroctea compactilis L. Koch, 1878, p. 749; Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 126; Nakatsudi, 1942, p. 303; Saitō, 1959, p. 35; Yaginuma, 1960, p. 47; Yaginuma, 1971, p. 47; Baum, 1972, p. 110; Hikichi, 1977, p. 154; Paik, 1978, p. 297; Hu, 1984, p. 84; Zhu, 1984, p. 170; Yaginuma, 1986, p. 90; Chikuni, 1989, p. 96; Feng, 1990, p. 49; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 41; Chen and Zhang, 1991, p. 80; Kim and Lee, 1998, p. 53; Song, Zhu and Chen, 1999, p. 78; Namkung, 2001, p. 66; Kim and Cho, 2002, p. 62; Namkung, 2003, p. 68; Ono, 2009, p. 148; Yin et al., 2012, p. 206.

Female: Body length 8.0-10.0 mm. Carapace brown, flat and semicircle-shaped; wider than long; anterior part slightly protruded; radial furrow distinct, cervical furrow faint, fovea transverse (Fig.

4A). Eight eyes arranged in 2 rows, both eye rows retrocurved; eye region black (Fig. 4A). Cheli- cerae very weak; boss and mardinal tooth absent. Sternum yellowish brown, heart-shaped with blunt posterior part. Legs light brown, covered with black hairs; calamistrum absent. Abdomen 14 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

A C

Fig. 4. Uroctea compactilis. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp.

black, flat and elliptical with pointed posterior part; longer than wide; white marking connected in a ring on dorsum (Fig. 4A), but variable; venter without cribellum. Posterior spinnerets with longer distal segment than basal segment; 2-segmented anal tubercle large and encircled with spoon- shaped long hairs. Female epigynum sclerotized and concave, depression of posterior part narrow and deep; spermathecae and copulatory duct visible from outside like ‘M’ (Fig. 4B). Male: Body length 6.0-7.0 mm. Similar to female with smaller body and lighter body coloration. Male palp with thick and well developed tegular apophysis, and long and pointed subterminal apophysis (Fig. 4C).

3. Uroctea lesserti Schenkel, 1936 (Fig. 5, Pl. 3)

Dae-ryuk-nap-geo-mi (대륙납거미)

Uroctea lesserti Schenkel, 1936b, p. 266; Kraus and Baum, 1972, p. 167; Baum, 1972, p. 110; Baum, 1980, p. 354; Wen and Zhu, 1980, p. 40; Hu, 1984, p. 83; Zhu, 1984, p. 169; Zhu, 1985, p. 66; Zhang, 1987, p. 61; Feng, 1990, p. 50; Kim and Namkung, 1992, p. 102; Kim and Lee, 1998, p. 54; Song, Araneae: Oecobiidae: Uroctea 15

A C

Fig. 5. Uroctea lesserti. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp.

Zhu and Chen, 1999, p. 78; Song, Zhu and Chen, 2001, p. 83; Namkung, 2001, p. 65; Namkung, 2003, p. 67; Zhu and Zhang, 2011, p. 56. Uroctea 11-maculata Schenkel, 1953b, p. 15. Uroctea joannisi Schenkel, 1963, p. 99.

Uroctea limbata Namkung, 1964, p. 37 (misidentified); Paik, 1978e, p. 299 (misidentified). Uroctea undecimmaculata Brignoli, 1983c, p. 216.

Female: Body length 8.0-10.0 mm. Carapace blackish brown, flat and semicircle-shaped; wider than long; anterior part slightly protruded; radial furrowblack, fovea transverse (Fig. 5A). Eight eyes arranged in 2 rows, both eye rows procurved (Fig. 5A). Chelicerae very weak; boss and mardinal tooth absent. Sternum yellowish brown, heart-shaped. Legs brown with black hairs. Abdo men black, flat and elliptical with pointed posterior part; longer than wide; 3 pairs of muscle impressions and 3-4 pairs of white markings on dorsum (Fig. 5A), variable; venter without cribellum. Posterior spinnerets with longer distal segment than basal segment; 2-segmented anal tubercle large and encircled with spoon-shaped long hairs. Female epigynum sclerotized and concave, depression of posterior part broad and round; spermathecae and copulatory duct partially visible from outside like ‘M’ (Fig. 5B). 16 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

Male: Body length 5.0-6.0 mm. Similar to female with smaller body, carapace dark yellowish brown. Male palp with thick and well developed tegular apophysis, and thick and spoon-shaped subterminal apophysis (Fig. 5C).

Distribution: Korea, Japan, Russia. Korea: All provinces except Jeju-do.

Specimens examined: 1♂ (Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do: 31.vii.1998); 1♀(Goesan-gun, Chungcheong- buk-do: 14.x.2012); 1♀(Chungju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do: 30.v.1964); 1♂(Taean-gun, Chungcheong nam-do: 30.vii.2014); 1♀(Muju-gun, Jeollabuk-do: 25.vii.2012); 1♂ (Ganghwa-gun, Incheon-si: 15. vi.1994); 1♀(Mt. Daemosan, Gangnam-gu, Seoul: 5.x.1997). Ecology: Mainly found on white disc web on the wall of constructions and barn or in the crevices of pillars.

4. Uroctea limbata (C.L. Koch, 1843)

Nap-geo-mi (납거미)

Clotho limbata C.L. Koch, 1843, p. 89. Uroctea limbata Thorell, 1875, p. 71; Roewer, 1960b, p. 51; Benoit, 1966, p. 191; Kritscher, 1966c, p. 12; Baum, 1972, p. 112; Kim and Namkung, 1992, p. 103; Kunt et al., 2009, p. 98.

On domestic distribution of this species, Namkung et al. (2009) and NIBR (2013) listed this species as Korean indigenous spiders. Platnick (2014) describe that this species is distributed in Korea according to Kim and Namkung (1992: p. 103, f. 7-9). However Kim and Namkung (1992) described and illustrated this species with Russian specimen and cited genitalia of Baum (1972: p. 112, f. 9). Therefore, it is uncertain its domestic distribution in current status.

Family Oxyopidae Thorell, 1870

Seu-ra-so-ni-geo-mi-gwa (스라소니거미과)

The spider family Oxyopidae is a family comprising 5 genera and 450 species occurring worldwide (Platnick, 2014). Oxyopid spiders are small to medium-sized (5.0-23.0 mm) araneomorph spiders with three tarsal claws belonging to entelegyne without cribellum. Carapace high; longer than wide; convex anteriorly, sloping posteriorly; clypeus high and vertical; usually with stripe and spot patterns (Fig. 6A, C). Eight eyes arranged hexagonal shape; anterior median eyes smallest, anterior row strongly recurved, posterior row slightly procurved (Fig. 6B, C). Chelicerae long; fang short; lower furrow smooth or with one teeth; condyle present. Sternum shield-shaped. Ab- domen tapered posteriorly; usually with stripe and spot patterns on dorsum (Fig. 6A). Legs long with prominent spines (Fig. 6D); trochanters slightly notched; tarsal organ capsulate. Spinnerets unmodified; middle pair smallest; colulus present. Body color varies from light green to yellowish brown or dark brown. Female epigynum varies; highly sclerotised. Male palp variable; usually Araneae: Oxyopidae: Oxyopes 17

B C

A D

Fig. 6. Taxonomic characters of Oxyopidae. A. body; B. eye region, from above; C. eye region, from front; D. leg.

with tibial apophysis and paracymbium. Most Oxyopid spiders wanders around plant and some species spin small webs. Type genus: Oxyopes Latreille, 1804.

Genus Oxyopes Latreille, 1804

Seu-ra-so-ni-geo-mi-sok (스라소니거미속)

Carapace broad oval, longer than wide; clypeus very high. Eight eyes in four rows arranged as 2, 2, 2, 2; all eyes black; anterior median eyes smallest. Chelicerae narrow distally with small condyle and scopulae; both margins with one tooth; fang short. Sternum narrow. Abdomen longer than wide, broad anteriorly tapered and pointed posteriorly with normal and scale-like hairs. Legs long and well developed with conspicuous long black spines; shallow notch on trochanters ventrally; tarsi without scopulae; 2 rows of trichobothria on tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi dorsally. Tip of female palp with claw. Female epigynum with or without protruded median septum with broad base. Male palp with well developed retrolateral tibial apophysis.

Type species: Oxyopes heterophthalmus (Latreille, 1804).

Key to the species of genus Oxyopes

1. Carapace blackish brown, chelicerae with 1 tooth on each margin ······································· O. licenti - ‌Carapace yellowish white or yellowish brown, chelicerae with 2 promarginal teeth and 1 retro- 18 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

marginal tooth ············································································································································ 2 2. ‌Female epigynum with epigynal ledge, male palp with small and thumb-shaped retrolateral tibial apophysis ····························································································································· O. koreanus - ‌Female epigynum without epigynal ledge, male palp with large and hook-shaped retrolateral tibial apophysis ·························································································································· O. sertatus

5. Oxyopes koreanus Paik, 1969 (Fig. 7)

Bun-seu-ra-so-ni-geo-mi (분스라소니거미)

Oxyopes koreanus Paik, 1969b, p. 110; Paik, 1978, p. 382; Paik and Namkung, 1979, p. 58; Yoshikura, 1984, p. 7; Namkung, 2001, p. 354; Namkung, 2003, p. 356; Ono and Ban, 2009, p. 249.

Female: Body length 6.5-9.0 mm. Carapace yellowish white, convex; longer than wide; 4 black longitudinal stripes stretched; clypeus very high; fovea reddish brown and spininform (Fig. 7A). Both eye rows strongly retrocurved, posterior eye row strongly procurved, 8 eyes arranged like 4 rows (2, 2, 2, 2) (Fig. 7A). Chelicerae yellowish brown; basal segment very long; fang short; 2 promarginal teeth and 1 retromarginal tooth. Sternum yellowish brown, heart-shaped. Legs yellowish brown with long spines; black longitudinal stripe stretched on venter of femora, dorsum of patellae

D C A

Fig. 7. Oxyopes koreanus. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp; D. retrolateral tibial apophysis of male palp. Araneae: Oxyopidae: Oxyopes 19 and tibiae. Abdomen yellowish white; longer than wide; tapered posteriorly; yellowish brown cardiac pattern stretched on dorsum with dusky mottled patterns laterally (Fig. 7A); venter with black stripe stretched from epigastric furrow to spinnerets. Female epigynum sclerotized with round rectangular epigynal ledge; spermathecae partially visible from outside (Fig. 7B). Male: Body length 4.5-6.0 mm. Similar to female with smaller body, thin legs and dark body coloration. Male palp with small and thumb-shaped retrolateral tibial apophysis; embolus with pointed tip long, conductor with curved tip thick (Fig. 7C, D).

Distribution: Korea, Japan. Korea: All provinces except Jeju-do.

Specimens examined: 1♀(Yanggu-gun, Gangwon-do: 28.viii.2002); 1♀(Mt. Hwayasan, Gapyeong- gun, Gyeonggi-do: 26.viii.2002); 1♀(Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do: 8.vii.1992); 1♂(Chungju-si,

Chungcheongbuk-do: 18.vi.2014); 1♀, 1♂(Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do: 10.vi.2008); 1♀(Mt. Naejangsan,

Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do: 10.vi.2008); 2♂♂ (Dong-gu, Daejeon-si: 17.vi.12013). Ecology: Wander the low vegetation around the mountain or field or meadow.

6. Oxyopes licenti Schenkel, 1953 (Fig. 8, Pl. 4)

A-gi-seu-ra-so-ni-geo-mi (아기스라소니거미)

Oxyopes licenti Schenkel, 1953b, p. 81; Song, Zhu and Chen, 1999, p. 400; Marusik and Koponen, 2000, p. 64; Song, Zhu and Chen, 2001, p. 302; Namkung, 2001, p. 355; Kim and Cho, 2002, p. 223; Namkung, 2003, p. 357; Ono and Ban, 2009, p. 249; Zhu and Zhang, 2011, p. 335; Marusik and Kovblyuk, 2011, p. 205. Oxyopes badius Yaginuma, 1967a, p. 98; Yoshikura, 1984b, p. 9; Yaginuma, 1986, p. 157; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 117. Oxyopes parvus Paik, 1969b, p. 114; Paik, 1978e, p. 385; Paik and Namkung, 1979, p. 59; Hu, 1984, p. 269; Guo, 1985, p. 137; Zhu, 1985, p. 147; Song, 1987, p. 250; Zhang, 1987, p. 170; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 141; Zhao, 1993, p. 313; Marusik, Hippa and Koponen, 1996, p. 40; Hu, 2001, p. 223.

Oxyopes ramosus Hu, 1980, p. 69 (misidentified); Hu, 1984, p. 270 (misidentified); Guo, 1985, p. 139 (misidentified).

Female: Body length 6.5-9.5 mm. Carapace blackish brown, convex; longer than wide 4 black longitudinal stripes stretched; clypeus very high; cervical furrow and radial furrow indistinct, fovea reddish brown and spininform (Fig. 8A). Both eye rows strongly retrocurved, posterior eye row strongly procurved, 8 eyes arranged like 4 rows (2, 2, 2, 2) (Fig. 8A). Chelicerae brown; boss present; 1 tooth on each margin. Sternum dark brown with yellow stripe in the center. Legs brown with long spines, thinner towards the end. Abdomen yellowish brown, spindle-shaped; longer than wide; dark brown cardiac pattern stretched on dorsum with grayish white slash patterns laterally (Fig. 8A); venter with dark brown stripe stretched from epigastric furrow to spinnerets. Female epigynum sclerotized with triangular epigynal ledge (Fig. 8B). Male: Body length 5.0-7.0 mm. Similar to female with smaller body, thin legs and dark body coloration. Male palp with small retrolateral tibial apophysis; embolus with pointed tip long, conductor with curved tip thick (Fig. 8C, D). 20 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

D C A

Fig. 8. Oxyopes licenti. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp; D. retrolateral tibial apophysis of male palp.

Distribution: Korea, Japan, Russia. Korea: All provinces except Jeju-do.

Specimens examined: 1♂(Yeongweol-gun, Gangwon-do: 17.vi.2013); 1♀(Cheorwon-gun, Gang- won-do: 7.vii.1997); 1♀, 2♂♂ (Hwacheon-gun, Gangwon-do: 3.vi.1997); 1♀ (Mt. Daeseongsan,

Hwacheon-gun, Gangwon-do: 6.vii.1997); 2♂♂ (Mt. Mugapsan, Gwangju-si, Gyeonggi-do: 31.v.

1998); 1♂ (Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do: 17.vi.1997); 1♀, 2♂♂ (Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi-do: 20.v.1997);

3♀♀, 1♂ (Goesan-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do: 16.vi.1995); 1♀ (Jecheon-si, Chungcheongbuk-do: 5. vi.1997); 1♀(Geumsan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 15.vi.1995); 1♀(Uljin-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do:

25.vi.1997); 2♀♀ (Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do: 22.vii.2008); 1♀(Mt. Naejangsan, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk- do: 30.vii.2013); 1♀(Gangjin-gun, Jeollanam-do: 10.vi.1993); 1♂(Mt. Mudeungsan, Buk-gu, Gwang ju-si: 3.vi.2013). Ecology: Wander the low vegetation around the mountain, field or meadow.

7. Oxyopes sertatus L. Koch, 1878 (Fig. 9, Pl. 5)

Nat-pyo-seu-ra-so-ni-geo-mi (낯표스라소니거미)

Oxyopes sertatus L. Koch, 1878c, p. 779; Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 327; Saitō, 1933, p. 59; Sher- riffs, 1955, p. 303; Yaginuma, 1960, p. 90; Lee, 1966, p. 63; Paik, 1969, p. 107; Yaginuma, 1971, p. 90; Araneae: Oxyopidae: Oxyopes 21

D C A

Fig. 9. Oxyopes sertatus. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp; D. retrolateral tibial apophysis of male palp.

Paik, 1978, p. 387; Hu, 1980, p. 67; Song, 1980, p. 178; Wang, 1981, p. 126; Yoshikura, 1982, p. 43; Hu, 1984, p. 271; Yoshikura, 1984, p. 1; Yoshikura, 1984b, p. 6; Guo, 1985, p. 139; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 156; Song, 1987, p. 251; Yoshikura, 1987, p. 268; Zhang, 1987, p. 171; Song, 1988, p. 134; Chikuni, 1989, p. 117; Feng, 1990, p. 166; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 142; Chen and Zhang, 1991, p. 231; Zhao, 1993, p. 311; Barrion and Litsinger, 1994, p. 301; Xie and Kim, 1996, p. 36; Song, Chen and Zhu, 1997, p. 1725; Song, Zhu and Chen, 1999, p. 400; Namkung, 2001, p. 353; Namkung, 2003, p. 355; Ono and Ban, 2009, p. 249; Zhu and Zhang, 2011, p. 336; Yin et al., 2012, p. 917. Argiope aequior Chamberlin, 1924a, p. 16.

Female: Body length 9.0-11.0 mm. Carapace yellowish brown, convex; longer than wide; 4 black longitudinal stripes stretched; clypeus very high; fovea reddish brown and spininform (Fig. 9A). Both eye rows strongly retrocurved, posterior eye row strongly procurved, 8 eyes arranged like 4 rows (2, 2, 2, 2) (Fig. 9A). Chelicerae yellowish brown; boss present; 2 promarginal teeth and 1 retro marginal teeth. Sternum yellowish brown with 3 pairs of black markings laterally and 1 black marking at posterior end. Legs yellowish brown with long spines; black longitudinal stripe stretched on venter of femora, patellae and tibiae. Abdomen yellowish white, elliptical; longer than wide; yellowish brown cardiac pattern stretched on dorsum with black pattern laterally (Fig. 9A); venter with dark brown stripe stretched in the center. Female epigynum without epigynal ledge; spermathecae and copulatory duct partially visible from outside (Fig. 9B). 22 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

Male: Body length 7.0-9.0 mm. Similar to female with smaller body, thin legs and dark body coloration. Male palp with large and hook-shaped retrolateral tibial apophysis; embolus with pointed tip long, conductor with curved tip thick (Fig. 9C, D).

Distribution: Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan. Korea: All provinces.

Specimens examined: 1♀ (Mt. Sobaeksan, Yeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 18.vii.2007); 2♂♂

(Muju-gun, Jeollabuk-do: 20.vii.2014); 2♂♂ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do: 17.vi.2011);

2♂♂ (Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 12.vi.1992); 2♀♀ (Jeju-si, Jeju-do: 17.viii.1992). Ecology: Wander the low vegetation around the mountain or field or meadow.

Family Cybaeidae Banks, 1892

Gul-ttuk-geo-mi-gwa (굴뚝거미과)

The spider family Cybaeidae is a family comprising 10 genera and 178 species occurring worldwide (Platnick, 2014). Cybaeid spiders are small to medium (1.4-14.0 mm) araneomorph spiders with three tarsal claws belonging to entelegyne without cribellum. Carapace generally pyriform; longer than wide; hairless and shiny; fovea spiniform and longitudinal (Fig. 10A). Eight eyes in

C A

Fig. 10. Taxonomic characters of Cybaeidae. A. body; B. eye region; C. spinnerets. Araneae: Cybaeidae: Argyroneta 23

two rows; anterior median eyes reduced, other eyes subequal in size; eye area infuscate (Fig. 10B). Chelicerae slightly geniculate with boss and marginal marginal tooth. Sternum shield-shaped; truncate anteriorly, acuminate posteriorly. Abdomen ovoid; longer than wide; dorsal pattern distinct or absent (Fig. 10A). Legs robust and spiny; claw tuft absent; 2-8 trichobothria in a single row on dorsum. Spinnerets conical and short; posterior spinnerets with very short terminal segment (Fig. 10C); colulus vestigial. Body color varies from pale to dark gray. Female epigynum simple; atrium inconspicuous; slightly sclerotised. Male palp variable; tibial apophysis distinct; embolus simple and spiral. Most Cybaeid spiders except Argyroneta wander around plant and some species spin small funnel webs under leaf litters or rocks. Type genus: Cybaeus L. Koch, 1868.

Key to the genera of family Cybaeidae

1. ‌Carapace furrows indistinct, anterior and posterior spinnerets subequal in length, inhabit the water ··········································································································································· Argyroneta - ‌Carapace furrows distinct, anterior spinnerets shorter than posterior spinnerets, terrestrial ·········· ·························································································································································· Cybaeus

Genus Argyroneta Latreille, 1804

Mul-geo-mi-sok (물거미속)

Carapace ovoid; longer than wide; sloped laterally. Fovea indistinct, radial groove vague. Both eye rows procurved; anterior median eyes smallest, others subequal in size. Chelicerae robust; almost vertical in females, slightly projected in males; promargin with 3 teeth and retromargin with 2 teeth; boss small. Sternum heart-shaped, pointed posteriorly. Abdomen ovoid; longer than wide; covered with short hairs. Legs I and II with ventral spines, tarsi with 2 rows of trichobothria, leg IV with modified spines, femur IV with very wide comb of fine hairs ventrally; trochanters without notch. Anterior spinnerets and posterior spinnerets thin and subequal in length, anterior spinnerets conical and posterior spinnerets cylindrical; no colulus. Female epigynum with widely divided by a broad septum; copulatory openings widely separated from each other. Male palp with long bristles on tibia; cymbium narrow and long distally; embolus arising on prolateral side of tegulum. Spend a lifetime in the water.

Type species: Argyroneta aquatica (Clerck, 1757).

8. Argyroneta aquatica (Clerck, 1757) (Fig. 11, Pl. 6)

Mul-geo-mi (물거미)

Araneus aquaticus Clerck, 1757, p. 143. Aranea aquatica Linnaeus, 1758, p. 623; Fabricius, 1775, p. 436; Fabricius, 1781, p. 542; Olivier, 1789, p. 226; Latreille, 1804a, p. 217. Aranea urinatoria Poda, 1761, p. 123. 24 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

A C D

Fig. 11. Argyroneta aquatica. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp, inner view; D. male palp, retrolateral view.

Aranea amphibia Müller, 1776, p. 194. Argyroneta aquatica Latreille, 1804, p. 134; Sundevall, 1831, p. 24; Sundevall, 1832, p. 131; Hahn, 1834, p. 33; C.L. Koch, 1841a, p. 60; Blackwall, 1861, p. 137; Menge, 1871, p. 294; Simon, 1875, p. 29; Hansen, 1882, p. 48; Becker, 1896, p. 184; Chyzer and Kulczyński, 1897, p. 176; Simon, 1898a, p. 234; Bösenberg, 1902, p. 239; Reimoser, 1928, p. 104; Dahl, 1937, p. 116; Simon, 1937, pp. 980, 1034; Drensky, 1942, p. 35; Crome, 1951, p. 1; Locket and Millidge, 1953, p. 6; Lehtinen, 1967, p. 450; Azheganova, 1968, p. 20; Loksa, 1969, p. 125; Tyschchenko, 1971, p. 158; Miller, 1971, p. 172; de Blauwe, 1973, p. 4; Palmgren, 1977, p. 8; Paik, 1978, p. 302; Zhu, 1982, p. 29; Hu, 1984, p. 212; Rob- erts, 1985, p. 154; Yaginuma, 1986, p. 153; Song, 1987, p. 197; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 97; Heimer and Nentwig, 1991, p. 366; Bennett, 1992, p. 6; Grothendieck and Kraus, 1994, p. 259; Roberts, 1995, p. 239, Namkung, Kim and Lim, 1996, p. 112; Mcheidze, 1997, p. 202; Roberts, 1998, p. 257; Song, Zhu and Chen, 1999, p. 355; Ono, 2002a, p. 53; Namkung, 2001, p. 365; Namkung, 2003, p. 367; Cai and Li, 2004, p. 93; Almquist, 2005, p. 271; Jäger, 2006d, p. 5; Ono, 2009, p. 169; Marusik and Kovblyuk, 2011, p. 121; Özkütük et al., 2013, p. 72. Argyroneta aquatica japonica Ono, 2002a, p. 53. Clubiona fallax Walckenaer, 1837, p. 603.

Female: Body length 8.0-15.0 mm. Carapace yellowish brown to reddish brown; longer than wide; balck bristles stretched medianly and laterally; head region high; cervical furrow and radial furrow distinct, fovea indistinct (Fig. 11A). Eight eyes arranged in 2 rows, both eye rows slightly retrocurved (Fig. 11A). Chelicerae dark brown; 2 retromarginal teeth. Sternum brown, cylinder- Araneae: Cybaeidae: Cybaeus 25 shaped, covered with long and black hairs. Legs yellowish brown with dense hairs, tibiae and rd th metatarsi of 3 and 4 legs with many spines. Abdomen yellowish brown, broad oval; longer than wide; covered with black hairs without particular pattern (Fig. 11A). Anterior spinnerets conical and contiguous, posterior spinnerets thinner than anterior spinnerets, but subequal in length. Fe- male epigynum with widely divided by a broad septum; copulatory openings widely separated from each other (Fig. 11B). Male: Body length 9.0-12.0 mm. Similar to female with smaller body, long and thin legs. Male palp with long bristles on tibia; cymbium narrow and long distally; embolus arising on prolateral side of tegulum (Fig. 11C, D).

Distribution: Korea, Japan, China, Mongolia, Russia, Europe (Palearctic). Korea: GG.

Specimens examined: 3♀♀, 2♂♂ (Yeoncheon-gun, Gyeonggi-do: 6.iv.1996); 4♀♀, 4♂♂ (Yeon cheon-gun, Gyeonggi-do: 2.vi.1996); 1♀, 2♂♂ (Yeoncheon-gun, Gyeonggi-do: 21.vii.1996). Ecology: Construct hemispheric retreat which is filled with air between marsh plants in the water. All behaviors such as predation of prey, oviposition, molting and mating are done in the retreat. This speccies spend lifetime in the water. This species is a special case returning to water from terrestrial environment.

Genus Cybaeus L. Koch, 1868

Gul-ttuk-geo-mi-sok (굴뚝거미속)

Carapace ovoid; longer than wide; sloped laterally. Fovea longitudinal, radial groove distinct. Anterior eye row shorter than posterior row; anterior median eyes smallest. Chelicerae robust; almost vertical in females, slightly projected in males; promargin with 3 teeth and retromargin with 3-5 teeth and denticles. Abdomen ovoid; longer than wide. Tibia of leg I with 2-3 pairs of spines. Anterior spinnerets shorter than posterior spinnerets; basal segments very short; colulus vestigial. Female epigynum very simple, slightly sclerotised; large hole-shaped atrium downward. Male palp with well developed retrolateral tibial apophysis and tegular apophysis. Terrestrial.

Type species: Cybaeus tetricus (C.L. Koch, 1839).

Key to the species of genus Cybaeus

1. ‌Head region black, abdorminal dorsum without particular pattern, male palp without prominent retrolateral tibial apophysis ·················································································· C. whanseunensis - ‌Carapace black, abdorminal dorsum with several pairs of white markings, male palp with prominent retrolateral tibial apophysis ·································································································· 2 2. Sternum shield-shaped, embolus of male palp short ··························································· C. aratrum - Sternum heart-shaped, embolus of male palp long ·············································································· 3 3. Legs without annulation, patellar apophysis of male palp without small spike ··············· C. longus - Legs with annulations, patellar apophysis of male palp with small spikes ······································ 4 4. ‌Epigynal artrium broad, embolus of male palp extended to the bottom of tegulum ························· ·················································································································································· C. mosanensis 26 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

- ‌Epigynal artrium chestnut-shaped, embolus of male palp extended to the lateral side of tegulum ·················································································································································· C. triangulus

9. Cybaeus aratrum Kim and Kim, 2008

Jaeng-gi-gul-ttuk-geo-mi (쟁기굴뚝거미)

Cybaeus aratrum Kim and Kim, 2008, p. 10.

Male: Body length about 9.7 mm. Carapace longer than wide; eye region slightly narrow; head region high; longitudinal fovea distinct. Eight eyes arranged in 2 rows, anterior eye row straight and posterior eye row slightly procurved. Chelicerae with long bristles; 3 promarginal teeth and 3 teeth with 6 small denticles on the retromargin. Sternum shile-shaped. Legs yellowish brown; tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi with 14-17, 7-8 and 9 trichobothria, respectively. Abdomen ovoid; longer than wide; white spots and irregular chevron patterns at posterior part of dorsum; cribellum absent.

See detail description and illustrations on male of Kim and Kim (2008: p. 10, f. 6-9). Female: Unknown.

Distribution: Korea. Korea: GW. Ecology: Found around streams in coppice with Abeies holophilla Maxim and Quercus mongolica Fischer.

10. Cybaeus longus Paik, 1966 (Fig. 12)

Wang-gul-ttuk-geo-mi (왕굴뚝거미)

Cybaeus longus Paik, 1966, p. 33; Paik, 1978, p. 305; Namkung, 2001, p. 367; Namkung, 2003, p. 369.

Female: Body length about 14.5 mm. Carapac yellowish brown; longer than wide; head region high and reddish brown; cervical furrow and radial furrow black, fovea distinct and reddish brown (Fig. 12A). Eight eyes arranged in 2 rows, anterior eye row straight and posterior eye row retrocurved (Fig. 12A). Chelicerae dark brown; boss distinct; 3 promarginal teeth and 3-4 teeth with 5-6 denticles on the retromargin. Sternum yellowish brown, heart-shaped; margin black. Legs brown without annulation. Abdomen black, ovoid; longer than wide; 4-5 pairs of yellowish white markings on dorsum (Fig. 12A); venter yellowish white. Spinnerets yellowish brown, cylinder-shaped; anterior spinnerets longer than posterior spinnerets. Colulus degenerated. Female epigynum with round artrium and semicircular depressions at upper part of atrium; spermathecae visible from outside (Fig. 12B). Male: Body length about 12.5 mm. Similar to female with smaller body, thin legs and dark body coloration. See detail description and illustrations on male of Namkung (2001: p. 367, f. b).

Distribution: Korea. Araneae: Cybaeidae: Cybaeus 27

Fig. 12. Cybaeus longus. A. female body; B. female epigynum.

Korea: GW, GG, GB, JJ.

Specimens examined: 1♀(Mt. Bangtaesan, Inje-gun, Gangwon-do: 22.vii.2010); 2♀♀ (Mt. Bang- taesan, Inje-gun, Gangwon-do: 10.ix.2010). Ecology: Abundance is low. Construct V-shaped tunnel web between leaf litters or under the stone in mountainous region.

11. Cybaeus mosanensis Paik and Namkung, 1967 (Fig. 13, Pl. 7)

Mo-san-gul-ttuk-geo-mi (모산굴뚝거미)

Cybaeus nipponicus Paik, 1966, p. 31 (misidentified). Cybaeus mosanensis Paik and Namkung, 1967, p. 22; Paik, 1978e, p. 306; Namkung, 2001, p. 366; Namkung, 2003, p. 368.

Female: Body length 4.4-8.2 mm. Carapace yellowish brown; longer than wide; head region high, darker than thoracic region; cervical furrow and radial furrow distinct, longitudinal fovea reddish brown (Fig. 13A). Eight eyes arranged in 2 rows, anterior eye row straight and posterior eye row slightly retrocurved (Fig. 13A). Chelicerae dark brown; boss distinct; 3 promarginal teeth and 8 denticles on the retromargin. Sternum yellowish brown, heart-shaped. Legs yellowish brown; 28 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

A D C

Fig. 13. Cybaeus mosanensis. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp; D. patellar apophysis of male palp.

femora and tibiae with 3 and 2 black annulations, respectively. Abdomen black, ovoid; longer than wide; several pairs of yellowish white markings on dorsum (Fig. 13A); venter yellowish white. Fe- male epigynum with broad artrium; spermathecae and copulatory duct partially visible from outside (Fig. 13B). Male: Body length about 7.0 mm. Similar to female with smaller body, thin legs and dark body coloration. Male palp with long and depressed retrolateral tibial apophysis (Fig. 13C); patellar apophysis with many small spikes (Fig. 13D); embolus long and pointed (Fig. 13C).

Distribution: Korea. Korea: All provinces.

Specimens examined: 1♂ (Inje-gun, Ganowon-do: 3.vi.2008); 2♂♂ (Mt. Bangtaesan, Inje-gun,

Gangwon-do: 22.vii.2010); 11♀♀, 13♂♂ (Mt. Jeombongsan, Inje-gun, Ganowon-do: 27.viii.1999);

1♂(Mt. Mugapsan, Gwangju-si, Gyeonggi-do: 27.ix.1994); 1♀(Mt. Chilbosan, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi- do: 17.ix.2002); 1♂ (Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do: 25.viii.2006); 7♂♂ (Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi-do: 2.vii.

2001); 1♀, 1♂(Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do: 12.iv.2009); 1♀(Sangju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 9.x.2014);

17♂♂ (Mt. Sobaeksan, Yeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 18.vii.2007); 7♂♂ (Chilgok-gun, Gyeong- sangbuk-do: 26.vii.2008); 2♂♂ (Miryang-si, Gyeongsangnam-do: 27.vii.2009); 31♂♂ (Mt. Naejang- san, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do: 27.vi.2013); 6♂♂ (Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do: 3.vi.2008); 5♂♂ (Mt. Mudeungsan, Buk-gu, Gwangju-si: 4.vi.2013). Ecology: Abundance is high. Construct tunnel web between leaf litters or under the stone in mountainous region. Also found in caves. Araneae: Cybaeidae: Cybaeus 29

12. Cybaeus triangulus Paik, 1966 (Fig. 14)

Sam-gak-gul-ttuk-geo-mi (삼각굴뚝거미)

Cybaeus triangulus Paik, 1966, p. 34; Paik, 1978, p. 309; Namkung, 2001, p. 368; Kim and Cho, 2002, p. 236; Namkung, 2003, p. 370.

Female: Body length about 12.5 mm. Carapace yellowish brown; longer than wide; head region reddish brown; cervical furrow and radial furrow distinct, fovea longitudinal (Fig. 14A). Eight eyes arranged in 2 rows, anterior eye row straight and posterior eye row straight or slightly retro- curve (Fig. 14A). Chelicerae dark brown; projected like knee; boss distinct; 3 promarginal teeth and 4-5 teeth with 3-5 denticles on the retromargin. Sternum yellowish brown, heart-shaped. Legs brown; femora and tibiae with black annulations. Abdomen black, ovoid; longer than wide; yellowish white cardiac pattern and several pairs of yellowish white markings on dorsum (Fig. 14A). Spinnerets yellowish brown; anterior spinnerets slightly longer than posterior spinnerets. Female epigynum with broad artrium; spermathecae and copulatory duct partially visible from outside (Fig. 14B). Male: Body length about 8.7 mm. Similar to female with smaller body, thin legs and dark body coloration. Male palp with long and depressed retrolateral tibial apophysis (Fig. 14C); patellar apophysis without spike; embolus long and pointed (Fig. 14C).

Distribution: Korea.

A C

Fig. 14. Cybaeus triangulus. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp. 30 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

Korea: GW, GB, JB, JN.

Specimens examined: 1♀, 13♂♂ (Mt. Jeombongsan, Inje-gun, Ganowon-do: 29.viii.1999); 1♀(Mt.

Gariwangsan, Jeongseon-gun, Jeollanam-do: 6.viii.2009); 1♀, 24♂♂ (Mt. Sobaeksan, Yeongju-si,

Gyeongsangbuk-do: 18.vii.2007); 6♂♂ (Mt. Sobaeksan, Yeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 28.vii.2008);

8♀♀, 9♂♂ (Mt. Sobaeksan, Yeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 30.vii.2009); 4♂♂ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do: 17.ix.2008). Ecology: Construct tunnel web between leaf litters or under the stone in mountainous region.

13. Cybaeus whanseunensis Paik and Namkung, 1967 (Fig. 15)

Hwan-seon-gul-ttuk-geo-mi (환선굴뚝거미)

Cybaeus whanseunensis Paik and Namkung, 1967, p. 23. Dolichocybaeus whanseunensis Paik, Yaginuma and Namkung, 1969, p. 824; Paik, 1978, p. 311; Nam- kung, 2001, p. 369; Namkung, 2003, p. 371.

Female: Body length about 6.5 mm. Carapace yellowish brown; longer than wide; head region brown; cervical furrow and radial furrow distinct, longitudinal fovea reddish brown and spininform (Fig. 15A). Eight eyes arranged in 2 rows, both eye rows retrocurved (Fig. 15A). Chelicerae

A D C

Fig. 15. Cybaeus whanseunensis. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp; D. patellar apophysis of male palp. Araneae: Dictynidae: Blabomma 31 brown; boss distinct; 3 promarginal teeth and 9 retromarginal teeth. Sternum yellowish brown, heart-shaped. Legs yellowish brown without annulation; tarsi and metatarsi with trichobothria. Abdomen yellowish white to grayish yellow, ovoid; longer than wide; dorsum without particular pattern (Fig. 15A). Spinnerets yellowish white to grayish yellow, cylinder-shaped; anterior spinnerets longer than posterior spinnerets. Female epigynum with round artrium; spermathecae and copulatory duct partially visible from outside (Fig. 15B). Male: Body length about 5.5 mm. Similar to female with smaller body, thin legs and dark body coloration. Male palp with long and depressed retrolateral tibial apophysis (Fig. 15C); patellar apophysis without spike; embolus long and pointed (Fig. 15D).

Distribution: Korea. Korea: GW, CB, CN, GB, JB, JN.

Specimens examined: 5♂♂ (Mt. Bangtaesan, Inje-gun, Gangwon-do: 22.vii.2010); 2♀♀ (Seo- cheon-gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 3.vi.2008); 2♂♂ (Mt. Sobaeksan, Yeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do:

28.vii.2008); 5♂♂ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do: 30.vii.2010); 2♀♀ (Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do: 23.vii.2008). Ecology: Troglophile spider. Found in soil layer or under the stone in caves, and between leaf litters or under the stone in mountainous region.

Family Dictynidae O.P.-Cambridge, 1871

Ip-geo-mi-gwa (잎거미과)

The spider family Dictynidae is a family comprising 51 genera and 578 species occurring worldwide (Platnick, 2014). Dictynid spiders are small-sized (<5.0 mm) araneomorph spiders with three tarsal claws belonging to entelegyne with cribellate and cribellum reduced genera. Carapace pear- shaped; longer than wide; head region relatively high; fovea longitudinal but reduced (Fig. 16A).

Six to eight eyes; all or anterior median eyes dark (Fig. 16B). Chelicerae vertical; condyle and cheliceral teeth present; slightly curved in males of some genera; inner side of endite slightly declined (Fig. 16C). Sternum usually triangular. Abdomen suboval to oval; usually pale with dark pattern on dorsum; slightly overlapping carapace; bearing dense layer of setae. Legs moderate long and usually without spines; tarsi with one or two rows of trichobothria. Spinnerets cylindrical; anterior and posterior spinnerets suequal in length, two-segmented, distal segments short; cribellum present or absent (Fig. 16D). Body color varies from pale to dark brown, grey, or white. Female epigynum simple and weakly sclerotised. Male palp usually without median apophysis; embolus long and slender; conductor directed backwards; tibial apophysis present. Most Dictynid spiders live around plants or at corner of construction constructing a small, irregular and sticky web. Some species are kleptoparasites. Some genera are ground-dwellers. Type genus: Dictyna Sundevall, 1833b.

Key to genera of family Dictynidae

1. Ecribellate ···················································································································································· 2 - Cribellate ····················································································································································· 3 32 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

D A

Fig. 16. Taxonomic characters of Dictynidae. A. body; B. eye region; C. endite, labium; D. spinnerets, cribellum.

2. Chelicerae with promarginal teeth, abdominal dorsum without particular pattern ·········· Cicurina - Chelicerae without promarginal tooth, abdominal dorsum with pattern ································ Lathys 3. Anterior eye row procurved, fovea absent ············································································· Brommella - Anterior eye row retrocurved, fovea present ························································································· 4 4. Legs without spine, cribellum reduced ······················································································ Sudesna - Legs with spines, cribellum normal ········································································································ 5 5. Chelicerae with one retromarginal teeth, male palp with swollen patella ························· Blabomma - Chelicerae with 10 retromarginal teeth, male palp with dorsal tibial apophysis ·················· Dictyna

Genus Blabomma Chamberlin and Ivie, 1937

Gul-ip-geo-mi-sok (굴잎거미속)

Six to eight eyes, anterior median eyes very small or lacking, posterior eye row procurved. Legs short and stout. female epigynum simple with artrium. Patella of male palp swollen or otherwise modified.

Type species: Blabomma californicum (Simon, 1895). Araneae: Dictynidae: Brommella 33

14. Blabomma uenoi Paik and Yaginuma, 1969

Gul-ip-geo-mi (굴잎거미)

Blabomma uenoi Paik and Yaginuma, in Paik, Yaginuma and Namkung, 1969, p. 830; Paik, 1978e, p. 327.

Female: Body length about 5.0 mm. Carapace yellowish brown; longer than wide; head region with stronger brownish tinge than thoracic region; cervical furrow and radial furrow distinct, longitudinal fovea reddish brown; 3 stripes by hairs stretched from eye region to fovea. Eight eyes arranged in 2 rows, anterior eye row retrocurved and posterior eye row procurved; anterior median eye extremely small compared to the others. Chelicerae yellowish brown; boss distinct; 3 promarginal teeth and 10 retromarginal teeth. Sternum light brown, convex, heart-shaped. Legs brown without annulation. Abdomen grayish white, ovoid; covered sparsely with long brown hairs. Dis- tal segment of posterior spinnerets longer than basal segment. Colulus absent. See detail description and illustrations on female of Paik, Yaginuma and Namkung (1969: p. 830, f. 52-55). Male: Unknown.

Distribution: Korea. Korea: GW. Ecology: Triglobiont spider.

Genus Brommella Tullgren, 1948

Chil-bo-ip-geo-mi-sok (칠보잎거미속)

Carapace flat and oval; longer than wide. Cervical furrow absent. Both eye rows slightly procurved; anterior median eyes smaller than anterior lateral eyes; eye region black. Sternum truncated anteriorly. Abdomen oval; longer than wide; cribellum and calmistrum present. Colulus very small. Female epigynum with thick and strongly curved copulatory ducts. Male palp with extremely developed tibial apophysis.

Type species: Brommella falcigera (Balogh, 1935).

15. Brommella punctosparsa (Oi, 1957) (Fig. 17)

Chil-bo-ip-geo-mi (칠보잎거미)

Lathys punctosparsus Oi, 1957, p. 47. Lathys punctosparsa Oi, 1961, p. 33; Yaginuma, 1986, p. 11; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 22.

Pagomys punctosparsa Yaginuma, 1967a, p. 35 (transferred from Lathys). Brommella punctosparsa Lehtinen, 1967, p. 219; Xu and Song, 1986, p. 39; Chen and Zhang, 1991, p. 43; Song, Zhu and Chen, 1999, p. 363; Kim, Kwon and Kim, 2003, p. 8; Ono and Ogata, 2009, p. 136; Zhang and Li, 2011, p. 22; Yin et al., 2012, p. 966. 34 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

D A

Fig. 17. Brommella punctosparsa. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp, prolateral view; D. male palp, retrolateral view.

Female: Body length about 2.5 mm. Carapace light yellowish brown; flat oval; longer than wide. cervical furrow and radial furrow distinct, fovea short spiniform (Fig. 17A). Six eyes arranged in 2 rows, posterior eye row retrocurved; anterior median eye degenerated; posterior lateral eyes larger than the others (Fig. 17A). Chelicerae with 3 promarginal teeth and 5 retromarginal teeth. Sternum th yellowish brown, heart-shaped; margin encircled with black stripe. Legs robust; metatarsi of 4 leg with calamistrum; tibiae and metatarsi with trichobothria. Abdomen yellowish brown, elliptical, wrinkled; longer than wide (Fig. 17A). Female epigynum semicircular dome-shaped and convex; a pair of roundly curved copulatory duct clearly visible from outside (Fig. 17B). Male: Body length 1.8-2.2 mm. Similar to female with smaller body, thin legs and dark body coloration. Male palp with tibial apophysis of equal length with paracymbium (Fig. 17C, D).

Distribution: Korea, Japan, China. Korea: GG.

Specimens examined: 2♀♀, 1♂(Mt. Namsan, Jung-gu, Seoul: 25.vii.1992). Ecology: Found under the stone in mountainous region. Araneae: Dictynidae: Cicurina 35

Genus Cicurina Menge, 1871

Du-deo-ji-geo-mi-sok (두더지거미속)

Carapace ovoid; longer than wide, relatively broad. All eyes subequal in size and dark; encircled with black; both eye rows straight or posterior eye row shightly recurved. Chelicerae almost vertical; broad basally; promargin with 1 tooth and 2 denticles, retromargin with 2 denticles. Abdomen ovoid; longer than wide. No cribellum and calamistrum. Legs with relatively thick spines except tarsi. Anterior spinnerets shorter than posterior spinnerets; distal segments of posterior spinnerets conical and quite shorter than basal spinnerets. No colulus. Female epigynum with median septum. Male palp with well developed retrolateral tibial apophysis and long embolus.

Type species: Cicurina cicur (Fabricius, 1793).

Key to the species of genus Cicurina

1. ‌Chelicerae with 7-8 retromarginal teeth, posterior spinnerets longer than anterior spinnerets ······ ······················································································································································· C. japonica - Chelicerae with 10 retromarginal teeth, posterior spinnerets shroter than anterior spinnerets ····· 2 2. Female epigynum with broad and distinct median septum ·············································· C. phaselus - Female epigynum with thick and Y-shaped median septum ········································· C. kimyongkii

16. Cicurina japonica (Simon, 1886) (Fig. 18)

Du-deo-ji-geo-mi (두더지거미)

Tetrilus japonicus Simon, 1886d, p. 60. Cicurina parvula Komatsu, 1940, p. 189; Komatsu, 1961a, p. 33. Moguracicurina honesta Komatsu, 1947, p. 8; Yaginuma, 1960, p. 94. Cicurina honesta Yaginuma, 1963b, p. 53. Cicurina japonica Lehtinen, 1967, p. 250; Paik, Yaginuma and Namkung, 1969, p. 832; Yaginuma, 1970, p. 624; Yaginuma, 1971, p. 94; Paik, 1978e, p. 329; Irie, 1985, p. 7; Yaginuma, 1986, p. 140; Chikuni, 1989, p. 99; Namkung, 2001, p. 376; Namkung, 2003, p. 378; Cokendolpher, 2004a; Wun- derlich and Hänggi, 2005, p. 20; Pantini and Isaia, 2008, p. 136; Ono and Ban, 2009, p. 207.

Female: Body length 3.0-4.0 mm. Carapace yellowish brown; longer than wide; cervical furrow and radial furrow faint, longitudinal fovea reddish brown and spininform (Fig. 18A). Eight eyes arranged in 2 rows, anterior eye row straight and posterior eye row procurved (Fig. 18A). Chelicerae brown, strongly developed; boss distinct; 3 promarginal teeth and 7-8 retromarginal teeth. Sternum yellowish brown, heart-shaped. Legs yellowish brown; tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi with trichobothria. Abdomen grayish yellow, ovoid; longer than wide; covered densely with black hairs; particular pattern absent (Fig. 18A). Spinnerets brown, posterior spinnerets longer than anterior spinnerets, distal segment shorter than basal segment. Female epigynum with a pair of spermathecae and copulatory duct partially visible from; a pair of copulatory pores located laterally; epigynal rim at bottom (Fig. 18B). Male: Body length 2.5-3.0 mm. Similar to female with smaller body, thin legs and dark body 36 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

A C

Fig. 18. Cicurina japonica. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp, retrolateral view; D. male palp, inner view.

coloration. Male palp with thick and well developed tegulum and retrolateral tibial apophysis; embolus long and spiral (Fig. 18C, D).

Distribution: Korea, Japan. Korea: All provinces.

Specimens examined: 1♂(Gapyeong-gun, Gyeonggi-do: 6.xii.2008); 1♀(Mt. Mugapsan, Gwangju- si, Gyeonggi-do: 11.ix.1993); 1♂(Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do: 12.iii.2001); 1♀(Danyang-gun, Chung cheongbuk-do: 25.vii.2012); 1♂ (Jecheon-si, Chungcheongbuk-do: 10.v.2008); 1♂ (Dangjin-gun,

Chungcheongnam-do: 7.v.2008); 1♀, 3♂♂ (Seocheon-gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 16.iv.2008); 1♂

(Mungyeong-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 26.v.2009); 1♂(Mt. Sobaeksan, Yeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do:

28.ix.2007); 4♀♀, 1♂(Uiseong-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 15.iv.2014); 6♀♀, 3♂♂ (Cheongsong-gun,

Gyeongsangbuk-do: 15.v.2014); 1♀, 1♂(Muju-gun, Jeollabuk-do: 15.v.2011); 1♂(Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk- do: 22.ix.2008); 1♂ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do: 13.viii.2009); 1♂ (Bupyeong-gu, Incheon-si: 30.vii.2008). Ecology: Construct funnel web under the stones in mountainous region or caves. Araneae: Dictynidae: Cicurina 37

17. Cicurina kimyongkii Paik, 1970 (Fig. 19)

Geum-du-deo-ji-geo-mi (금두더지거미)

Cicurina kimyongkii Paik, 1970, p. 99; Paik, 1978, p. 331; Namkung, 2001, p. 377; Namkung, 2003, p. 379.

Female: Body length about 3.0 mm. Carapace yellowish brown; longer than wide; cervical furrow and radial furrow faint, longitudinal fovea reddish brown and spininform (Fig. 19A). Eight eyes arranged in 2 rows, both eye rows retrocurved (Fig. 19A). Chelicerae yellowish brown; 3 promarginal teeth and 10 retromarginal teeth. Sternum yellowish brown, heart-shaped. Legs yellowish th brown, 4 leg longest. Abdomen light yellowish white, ovoid; longer than wide; particular pattern absent (Fig. 19A). Spinnerets conical, posterior spinnerets shorter than anterior spinnerets. Female epigynum with thick and Y-shaped median septum; spermathecae visible from outside (Fig. 19B). Male: Unknown.

Distribution: Korea. Korea: CB, GB.

Specimens examined: 1♀(Mt. Songnisan, Boeun-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do: 7.vii.1988). Ecology: Found between leaf litters or under the stone in mountainous region.

Fig. 19. Cicurina kimyongkii. A. female body; B. female epigynum. 38 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

18. Cicurina phaselus Paik, 1970 (Fig. 20)

Kong-du-deo-ji-geo-mi (콩두더지거미)

Cicurina phaselus Paik, 1970, p. 101; Namkung, 2001, p. 378; Namkung, 2003, p. 380. Cicurina phaserus Paik, 1978, p. 333.

Female: Body length 9.0-11.0 mm. Carapace yellowish brown; longer than wide; head region slightly black; cervical furrow and radial furrow distinct, longitudinal fovea red and spininform

(Fig. 20A). Eight eyes arranged in 2 rows, both eye rows retrocurved (Fig. 20A). Chelicerae brown; 3 promarginal teeth and 10 retromarginal teeth. Sternum yellowish brown, heart-shaped. Legs th brown, 4 leg longest. Abdomen light yellowish white, ovoid; longer than wide; particular pattern absent (Fig. 20A). Spinnerets conical and robust; distal segment much shorter than basal segment.

Female epigynum with broad median septum; kidney-shaped spermathecae visible from outside (Fig. 20B). Male: Unknown.

Distribution: Korea. Korea: GW, CB, GB, GN, JJ.

Specimens examined: 2♀♀ (Mt. Jeombongsan, Inje-gun, Ganowon-do: 31.vii.1999). Ecology: Found between leaf litters or under the stone in mountainous region.

Fig. 20. Cicurina phaselus. A. female body; B. female epigynum. Araneae: Dictynidae: Dictyna 39

Genus Dictyna Sundevall, 1833

Ip-geo-mi-sok (잎거미속)

Carapace ovoid; longer than wide; head region highly elevated and distinguished from thoracic region; several longitudinal stripes by white hairs; clypeus high. Eight eyes large and subequal in size; both lateral eyes contiguous. Male chelicerae long; inner sides concave; retromargin with one tooth, boss well developed. Sternum long and covered densely with white long hairs. Abdomen ovoid; longer than wide; distinct patterns on dorsum. Femora, patellae and tibiae not thickened; tarsi without dorsal trichobothria; calamistrum occupying 3/5 of length of metatarsus IV. Female epigynum simple with lateral grooves; slightly swollen. Male palp with small and jointed teeth on tibial dorsal apophysis; conductor with spur.

Type species: Dictyna arundinacea (Linnaeus, 1758).

Key to the species of genus Dictyna

1. Famale epigynum with large copulatory pores, male palp with round tegulum ····· D. arundinacea - Famale epigynum with small copulatory pores, male palp with elliptical tegulum ······················· 2 2. Male palp with thick and short dorsal tibial apophysis bearing 3 ctenidium ························ D. felis - Male palp with thin and long dorsal tibial apophysis bearing 2 ctenidium ····················· D. follicola

19. Dictyna arundinacea (Linnaeus, 1758) (Fig. 21, Pl. 8)

Gal-dae-ip-geo-mi (갈대잎거미)

Aranea arundinacea Linnaeus, 1758, p. 620; Olivier, 1789, p. 231. Aranea benigna Walckenaer, 1802, p. 209. Theridion benignum Walckenaer, 1805, p. 77; Sundevall, 1830, p. 122. Clubiona parvula Blackwall, 1833, p. 437. Dictyna benigna Sundevall, 1833b, p. 16; C.L. Koch, 1836a, p. 27. Drassus parvulus Blackwall, 1834, p. 337. Ergatis benigna Blackwall, 1841, p. 608. Argus benignus Walckenaer, 1847, p. 500. Ergatis benigna Blackwall, 1861, p. 146. Dictyna arundinacea Westring, 1861, p. 383; Menge, 1869, p. 245; O.P.-Cambridge, 1879, p. 49; Han- sen, 1882, p. 40; Chyzer and Kulczyński, 1891, p. 158; Becker, 1896, p. 220; Bösenberg, 1902, p. 243; Simon, 1914, pp. 55, 58, 65; Charitonov, 1926c, p. 104; Drensky, 1940, p. 181; Gertsch, 1946, p. 11; Miller, 1947, p. 32; Locket and Millidge, 1951, p. 58; Locket and Millidge, 1953, p. 406; Wiehle, 1953, p. 89; Muller, 1956, p. 199; Chamberlin and Gertsch, 1958, p. 81; Braendegaard, 1966, p. 47; Lehtinen, 1967, p. 228; Azheganova, 1968, p. 45; Loksa, 1969, p. 44; Tyschchenko, 1971, p. 65; Miller, 1971, p. 69; Pichka, 1975, p. 84; Punda, 1975, p. 23; Yaginuma, 1975, p. 187; Palmgren, 1977, p. 19; Paik, 1978, p. 181; Wen, Zhao and Huang, 1981, p. 26; Legotai and Sekerskaya, 1982, p. 49; Einars- son, 1984, p. 66; Dunin, 1984, p. 143; Roberts, 1985, p. 50; Guo, 1985, p. 48; Zhu, 1985, p. 54; Song and Lu, 1985, p. 77; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 12; Song, 1987, p. 74; Zhang, 1987, p. 50; Legotai and Sekerskaya, 1989, p. 221; Chikuni, 1989, p. 22; Feng, 1990, p. 35; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 27; Chen 40 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

A D C

Fig. 21. Dictyna arundinacea. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp; D. dorsal tibial apophysis of male palp.

and Zhang, 1991, p. 42; Heimer and Nentwig, 1991, p. 376; Millidge, 1993, p. 154; Zhao, 1993, p. 140; Danilov, 1994, p. 201; Roberts, 1995, p. 83; Agnarsson, 1996, p. 29; Mcheidze, 1997, p. 56; Rob- erts, 1998, p. 86; Song, Zhu and Chen, 1999, p. 363; Hu, 2001, p. 98; Song, Zhu and Chen, 2001, p. 281; Namkung, 2001, p. 379; Namkung, 2003, p. 381; Griswold et al., 2005, p. 21; Almquist, 2006, p. 310; Ono and Ogata, 2009, p. 136; Zhu and Zhang, 2011, p. 314; Yin et al., 2012, p. 971. Dictyna voluta Gertsch and Ivie, 1936, p. 10. Dictyna davidi Schenkel, 1963, p. 25.

Female: Body length 2.5-3.0 mm. Carapace glossy dark brown; longer than wide; head region high; 5 white longitudinal stripes stretched; cervical furrow and radial furrow distinct, fovea longitudinal (Fig. 21A). Eight eyes arranged in 2 rows, anterior eye row retrocurved and posterior eye row slightly retrocurved (Fig. 21A). Chelicerae brown; 5 promarginal teeth and 2 small retromarginal teeth. Sternum dark brown; covered densely with long white hairs; anterior margin straight. Legs gray-tinged yellowish brown without particular pattern. Abdomen grayish yellow, elliptical; longer than wide; dorsum with black marking in the center; venter yellowish white, broad grayish brown band stretched from epigastric furrow to spinnerets (Fig. 21A). Cribellum undivided. Fa- male epigynum with large and round copulatory pores (Fig. 21B). Male: Body length about 2.5 mm. Similar to female with smaller body, thin legs and dark body coloration. Male palp with round tegulum (Fig. 21C); dorsal tibial apophysis short with 2 ctenidium

(Fig. 21D); conductor thick with spiral spur (Fig. 21C). Araneae: Dictynidae: Dictyna 41

Distribution: Korea, Japan, China, Russia, Europe, America (Holarctic). Korea: All provinces.

Specimens examined: 6♀♀ (Inje-gun, Ganowon-do: 3.vi.1997); 1♀, 3♂♂ (Jebudo Isl., Hwaseong- si, Gyeonggi-do: 15.vii.2008); 1♀ (Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do: 27.iv.1992); 1♀ (Muju-gun, Jeollabuk-do: 10.iv.2014). Ecology: Construct tent web between branches or leaves of trees and grasses.

20. Dictyna felis Bösenberg and Strand, 1906 (Fig. 22, Pl. 9)

Ip-geo-mi (잎거미)

Dictyna felis Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 111; Saitō, 1936, pp. 19, 77; Saitō, 1959, p. 7; Lehtinen, 1967, p. 229; Paik, 1978, p. 183; Wang, 1981, p. 106; Hu, 1984, p. 59; Dunin, 1984c, p. 143; Guo,

1985, p. 50 (caption erroneously reads D. foliicola); Zhu, 1985, p. 55; Yaginuma, 1986, p. 11; Song, 1987, p. 75; Zhang, 1987, p. 51; Chikuni, 1989, p. 22; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 27; Chen and Zhang, 1991, p. 42; Zhao, 1993, p. 146; Song, Zhu and Chen, 1999, p. 364; Song, Zhu and Chen, 2001, p. 283; Namkung, 2001, p. 380; Namkung, 2003, p. 382; Marusik, Ovchinnikov and Koponen, 2006, p. 355; Ono and Ogata, 2009, p. 136; Zhu and Zhang, 2011, p. 315. Dictyna hummeli Schenkel, 1936b, p. 17. Dictyna maculosa Yaginuma, 1962, p. 8.

Dictyna foliicola Song and Lu, 1985, p. 79 (misidentified).

D C A

Fig. 22. Dictyna felis. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp; D. dorsal tibial apophysis of male palp. 42 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

Dictynia felis Yin et al., 2012, p. 973.

Female: Body length 5.0-6.0 mm. Carapace blackish brown; longer than wide; head region high; several bands by dense white hairs present; cervical furrow and radial furrow distinct, fovea longitudinal (Fig. 22A). Eight eyes arranged in 2 rows, both eye rows almost contiguous and retrocurved (Fig. 22A). Chelicerae yellowish brown. Sternum black, heart-shaped; covered with white hairs; posterior end blunt. Legs yellowish brown with dark brown annulations. Abdomen yellowish brown, ovoid; longer than wide; dorsum with a pair of black markings at anterior part and 3 black chevron patterns at posterior part; venter with broad black band stretched from spigastric furrow to cribellum (Fig. 22A). Spinnerets black. Cribellum located at the fornt of spinnerets, undivided.

Famale epigynum with small and semicircular copulatory pores (Fig. 22B). Male: Body length 4.0-5.0 mm. Similar to female with smaller body, thin legs and dark body coloration. Male palp with ellipitical tegulum (Fig. 22C); dorsal tibial apophysis thick with 3 ctenidium (Fig. 22D); conductor thick with curved spur (Fig. 22C).

Distribution: Korea, Japan, China, Russia, Mongolia. Korea: All provinces.

Specimens examined: 2♀♀, 1♂ (Yangyang-gun, Gangwon-do: 25.ix.1991); 1♀ (Yeongweol-gun,

Gangwon-do: 23.viii.2013); 1♂ (Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 26.viii.1998); 1♂ (Mt. Naejang- san, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do: 21.v.2010); 1♀(Mt. Daejisan, Gangnam-gu, Seoul: 5.ix.1997). Ecology: Construct small tent web between leaves of broadleaf trees.

21. Dictyna foliicola Bösenberg and Strand, 1906 (Fig. 23)

A-gi-ip-geo-mi (아기잎거미)

Dictyna foliicola Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 112; Strand, 1918, p. 91; Paik, 1979b, p. 422; Wen et al., 1981, p. 26; Dunin, 1984, p. 143; Yaginuma, 1986, p. 12; Zhang, 1987, p. 52; Chikuni, 1989, p. 22; Feng, 1990, p. 36; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 28; Song et al, 1999, p. 364; Hu, 2001, p. 100; Song, Zhu and Chen, 2001, p. 284; Namkung, 2001, p. 381; Namkung, 2003, p. 383; Ono and Ogata, 2009, p. 139; Marusik and Kovblyuk, 2011, p. 147. Dictyna follicola Yin et al., 2012, p. 975.

Female: Body length 2.5-3.0 mm. Carapace light brown; longer than wide; head region high;

4-5 pairs of band by dense white hairs (Fig. 23A). Eight eyes arranged in 2 rows, both eye rows retrocurved (Fig. 23A). Chelicerae light reddish brown. Sternum light reddish brown, heart-shaped; covered densely with thin and black hairs; posterior end blunt. Legs yellowish brown; femora dark brown. Abdomen grayish brown, ovoid; longer than wide; dorsum with dark rectangular marking (Fig. 23A). Red or reddish brown individuals without particular dorsal pattern visible. Cribellum undivided. Female epigynum with 2 pairs of copulatory pores (Fig. 23B). Male: Body length 2.5-3.0 mm. Similar to female with smaller body, thin legs and dark body coloration. Male palp with ellipitical tegulum (Fig. 23C); dorsal tibial apophysis thin and long with

2 ctenidium (Fig. 23D); conductor thin with curved spur (Fig. 23C). Araneae: Dictynidae: Lathys 43

A D

Fig. 23. Dictyna foliicola. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp; D. dorsal tibial apophysis of male palp.

Distribution: Korea, Japan, China, Russia. Korea: GW, GG, CB, GB, GN, JJ.

Specimens examined: 1♂(Mt. Bangtaesan, Inje-gun, Gangwon-do: 27.v.2010); 3♀♀, 1♂(Yanggu- gun, Gangwon-do: 27.ix.2002); 1♀(Jeongseon-gun, Gangwon-do: 16.vii.2013); 1♀(Yeoncheon-gun,

Gyeonggi-do: 6.vi.1997); 1♀, 1♂(Eumseong-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do: 18.vi.2014). Ecology: Construct irregular web between leaves of trees and grasses, or at the corner of constructions.

Genus Lathys Simon, 1884

Ma-reun-ip-geo-mi-sok (마른잎거미속)

Carapace ovoid; longer than wide; head region relatively broad and higher than thoracic region; clypeus low. Six to eight eyes; anterior median eyes quite smaller than others, sometimes lacking; anterior eye row shorter than posterior eye row; both lateral eyes discontiguous. Male chelicerae with thin distal part; fang very long; retromargin with 5 denticles. Abdomen ovoid; longer than wide. Distal part of metatarsi and tarsi with one trichobothrium; basal part of patellae and tibiae with many spines.

Type species: Lathys humilis (Blackwall, 1855). 44 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

Key to the species of genus Lathys

1. Six eyes ····································································································································· L. sexoculata - Eighr eyes ···················································································································································· 2 2. Head region broad ···················································································································· L. dihamata - Head region narrow ·································································································································· 3 3. ‌Female epigynum with prominent copulatory ducts visible, male palp without retrolateral tibial apophysis ··································································································································· L. maculosa - ‌Female epigynum with prominent spermathecae visible, male palp with finger-shaped retrolateral tibial apophysis ············································································································· L. stigmatisata

22. Lathys dihamata Paik, 1979 (Fig. 24)

Ssang-gal-kwi-ma-reun-ip-geo-mi (쌍갈퀴마른잎거미)

Lathys dihamata Paik, 1979b, p. 424; Namkung, 2001, p. 382; Namkung, 2003, p. 384; Lee et al., 2004, p. 98; Ono and Ogata, 2009, p. 136.

Female: Body length about 2.0 mm. Carapacepale yellow; longer than wide; cervical furrow and radial furrow black, fovea longitudinal and spininform (Fig. 24A). Eight eyes arranged in 2 rows, anterior eye row slightly retrocurved and posterior eye row slightly procurved (Fig. 24A). Che-

A D C

Fig. 24. Lathys dihamata. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp, inner view; D. male palp, dorsal view. Araneae: Dictynidae: Lathys 45 licerae yellow; 5 promarginal teeth and 4 retromarginal teeth. Sternum yellowish brown, shield- st nd rd th shaped; length and width subequal. Legs pale yellow; 1 and 2 legs dusky black, 3 and 4 legs with black annulations; tibiae and metatarsi with trichobothria. Abdomen grayish yellow, ovoid, convex; longer than wide; dorsum with dark gray patterns (Fig. 24A). Cribellum absent. Female epigynum convex; median septum present; a pair of round spermathecae and copulatory duct visible from outside (Fig. 24B). Male: Body length about 1.9 mm. Similar to female with smaller body, thin legs and dark body coloration. Chelicerae with 5 teeth on each margin. Male palp with round tegulum; retrolateral tibial apophysis long and hook-shaped; embolus largely circled from basal part of tegulum, conductor thick with pointed and hook-shaped conductor spur (Fig. 24C, D).

Distribution: Korea, Japan. Korea: GG, CN, GB, GN, JB, JN.

Specimens examined: 1♂ (Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do: 19.v.2006); 2♂♂ (Icheon-si, Gyeonggi-do:

29.v.2009); 2♀♀ (Uiwang-si, Gyeonggi-do: 13.v.2008); 2♂♂ (Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do: 5.vi.2002);

3♂♂ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do: 18.vi.2010); 2♂♂ (Bupyeong-gu, Incheon-si:

8.v.2008); 1♂(Mt. Gwanaksan, Gwanak-gu, Seoul: 5.v.2008). Ecology: Found between leaf litters or dry leaf piles in mountainous region.

23. Lathys maculosa (Karsch, 1879) (Fig. 25)

Ma-reun-ip-geo-mi (마른잎거미)

Dictyna maculosa Karsch, 1879g, 96. Lathys ocellata Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, 109. Lathys orientalis Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, 110.

Lathys puta Lehtinen, 1967, 243 (transferred from Dictyna, synonymies of ♂, synonymies with L. puta subsequently rejected).

Lathys humilis Paik, 1978, 185 (misidentified).

Lathys maculosa Ono and Mizuyama, 2001, 45, f. 1-3 (apparently not conspecific with “L. puta”);

Ono, 2003, 10 (removed from synonymies of L. puta); Ono and Ogata, 2009, 134.

Female: Body length about 2.5 mm. Carapace brown, ovoid; longer than wide; head region high, anterior part straight, inverted triangle marking behind head region; cervical furrow and radial furrow distinct, fovea longitudinal and spininform (Fig. 25A). Eight eyes arranged in 2 rows, anterior eye row slightly retrocurved and posterior eye row procurved (Fig. 25A). Chelicerae brown; bosspresent; 6 promarginal teeth and 5 retromarginal teeth. Sternum dull yellowish brown. Legs yellowish brown; femora, tibiae and metatarsi with annulations. Abdomen yellowish brown, elliptical; longer than wide; dorsum with black and complex patterns (Fig. 25A). Cribellum and calamistrum present. Female epigynum with copulatory pores in the center; spermathecae and copulatory duct visible from outside (Fig. 25B). Male: Body length about 2.0 mm. Similar to female with smaller body, thin legs and dark body coloration. See detail description and illustrations on male of Ono and Ogata (2009: p. 134, f. 1-7). 46 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

Fig. 25. Lathys maculosa. A. female body; B. female epigynum.

Distribution: Korea, Japan. Korea: CB, GB.

Specimens examined: 1♀(Mungyeong-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 25.vi.1984). Ecology: Found between leaf litters in mountainous region.

24. Lathys sexoculata Seo and Sohn, 1984 (Fig. 26)

Yuk-nun-i-ma-reun-ip-geo-mi (육눈이마른잎거미)

Lathys sexoculata Seo and Sohn, 1984, p. 114; Ono, 1991, p. 37; Ono and Ogata, 1993, p. 130; Nam- kung, 2001, p. 384; Namkung, 2003, p. 386; Ono and Ogata, 2009, p. 136.

Female: Body length about 2.3 mm. Carapace yellowish brown, ovoid; longer than wide; black irregular patterns present, cervical furrow and radial furrow distinct, fovea longitudinal and spininform (Fig. 26A). Six eyes arranged in 2 rows, posterior eye row procurved; anterior median eyes degenerated (Fig. 26B). Chelicerae yellowish brown; 4 teeth on each margin. Sternum yellowish brown; margin dark brown. Legs yellowish brown; tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi with 3, 2 and 2 tri chobothria, respectively. Abdomen blackish brown, ovoid; longer than wide; dorsum with dark brown spots (Fig. 26A); venter pale yellowish brown. Cribellum and calamistrum present. Female epigynum slightly bulged; median septum vestigial; spermathecae large and visible from outside (Fig. 26C). Araneae: Dictynidae: Lathys 47

A E D

Fig. 26. Lathys sexoculata. A. female body; B. eye region; C. female epigynum; D. male palp; E. retrolateral tibial apophysis of male palp.

Male: Body length about 2.0 mm. Similar to female with smaller body, thin legs and dark body coloration. Male palp with round tegulum; retrolateral tibial apophysis finger-shaped (Fig. 26E); embolus largely circled from basal part of tegulum, conductor thick with pointed conductor spur (Fig. 26D).

Distribution: Korea, Japan. Korea: GB, GN.

Specimens examined: 1♀, 1♂(Geoje-si, Gyeongsangnam-do: 21.viii.2009). Ecology: Found between leaf litters in mountainous region or entrance of caves.

25. Lathys stigmatisata (Menge, 1869) (Fig. 27)

Gong-san-ma-reun-ip-geo-mi (공산마른잎거미)

Lethia stigmatisata Menge, 1869, p. 250. Lethia taczanowskii O.P.-Cambridge, 1873f, p. 435.

Lethia puta Simon, 1874a, p. 204 (misidentified; see Merrett, 1998, p. 120); Bösenberg, 1902, p. 247

(misidentified); Becker, 1896, p. 225 (misidentified).

Lathys puta Chyzer and Kulczyński, 1891, p. 162 (misidentified); Simon, 1914, pp. 45, 46, 62 (mis-

identified); Hull, 1948, p. 61 (misidentified); Lehtinen, 1967, p. 243 (misidentified); Loksa, 1969,

p. 53 (misidentified); Miller, 1971, p. 72 (misidentified); Wunderlich, 1974b, p. 167 (misidentified); 48 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

D C A

Fig. 27. Lathys stigmatisata. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp; D. retrolateral tibial apophysis and conductor spur of male palp.

Wang and Xu, 1987, p. 7 (misidentified); Ovtchinnikov, 1988, p. 148 (misidentified); Chen and

Zhang, 1991, p. 44 (misidentified); Heimer and Nentwig, 1991, p. 380 (misidentified); Danilov,

1994, p. 204 (misidentified); Roberts, 1995, p. 88 (misidentified); Roberts, 1998, p. 90 (misidentified);

Song, Zhu and Chen, 1999, p. 364 (misidentified); Ono and Mizuyama, 2001, p. 45 (misidentified). Lathys taczanowskii Simon, 1892a, p. 233. Lathys stigmatisata Kulczyński, 1898, p. 48; Locket and Millidge, 1951, p. 65; Wiehle, 1953, p. 105; Roberts, 1985, p. 52; Namkung, 2003, p. 385; Marusik, Ovchinnikov and Koponen, 2006, p. 353; Marusik, Kovblyuk and Nadolny, 2009, p. 22. Lathys arabs Simon, 1911b, p. 278; Bosmans et al., 2009, p. 32. Lathys balestrerii Caporiacco, 1934, p. 121; Marusik, Fritzén and Song, 2007, 262. Dictyna bipunctata Reimoser, 1935, p. 172. Lathys prominens Miller, 1949, p. 92. Lathys similis Wiehle, 1967a, p. 33. Lathys spasskyi Andreeva and Tyschchenko, 1969, p. 378; Andreeva, 1976, p. 25; Marusik, Ovchin- nikov and Koponen, 2006, p. 356. Lathy stigmatisata Hu and Wu, 1989, p. 71.

Lathys puto Namkung, 2001, p. 383 (misidentified, lapsus).

Female: Body length 2.0-3.0 mm. Carapace light yellowish brown, ovoid; longer than wide; head region high, heart-shaped marking located behind head region; cervical furrow and radial furrow distinct, longitudinal fovea dark brown and spininform (Fig. 27A). Eight eyes arranged in

2 rows, anterior eye row slightly retrocurved and posterior eye row procurved; eye region black Araneae: Dictynidae: Sudesna 49

(Fig. 27A). Chelicerae dull yellowish brown; boss present. Sternum dull yellowish brown, heart- shaped. Legs yellowish brown with black annulations. Abdomen grayish yellow, long oval; longer than wide. dorsum with indistinct brown pattern in the center and chevron patterns at posterior part; covered densely with white spots and hirs (Fig. 27A). Female epigynum slightly bulged; narrow median septum vestigial; spermathecae large and visible from outside (Fig. 27B). Male: Body length about 2.0 mm. Similar to female with smaller body, thin legs and dark body coloration. Male palp with round tegulum; retrolateral tibial apophysis finger-shaped (Fig. 27D); embolus largely circled from basal part of tegulum, conductor thick with spiral conductor spur (Fig. 27C, D).

Distribution: Korea, Japan, China, Russia, Europe (Palearctic). Korea: GG, CB, GB.

Specimens examined: 1♀, 1♂(Mt. Songnisan, Boeun-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do: 15.ix.1990). Ecology: Found around bushes and between leaf litters in mountainous region.

Genus Sudesna Lehtinen, 1967

Huin-ip-geo-mi-sok (흰잎거미속)

Carapave ovoid; longer than wide; head region higher than thoracic region; fovea indistinct. Eight eyes in two rows; anterior median eyes smallest. Chelicerae weak and long with marginal teeth. Sternum shield-shaped; truncate anteriorly and acuminate posteriorly. Legs long and slender without patterns and spines. Abdomen ovoid; longer than wide. Female epigynum with widely separated copulatory openings from each other. Male palp with tibial spur reduced or absent; embolus prolaterally arising.

Type species: Sudesna hedini (Schenkel, 1936).

26. Sudesna hedini (Schenkel, 1936) (Fig. 28)

Huin-ip-geo-mi (흰잎거미)

Dictyna hedini Schenkel, 1936b, p. 14; Paik, 1979b, p. 423; Zhu, 1985, p. 57.

Sudesna hedini Lehtinen, 1967, p. 265 (transferred from Dictyna); Song and Lu, 1985, p. 80; Song, 1987, p. 79; Feng, 1990, p. 37; Song, Zhu and Chen, 1999, p. 365; Song, Zhu and Chen, 2001, p. 288; Namkung, 2001, p. 385; Namkung, 2003, p. 387; Marusik, Ovchinnikov and Koponen, 2006, p. 355; Zhang and Li, 2011, p. 30.

Female: Body length 3.0-4.0 mm. Carapace light brown, ovoid; longer than wide; head region elevated; cervical furrow and radial furrow dark brown and distinct, fovea indistinct and transverse (Fig. 28A). Eight eyes arranged in 2 rows, anterior eye row slightly retrocurved and posterior eye row procurved (Fig. 28A). Chelicerae grayish yellow; 4 promarginal teeth and 2 retromarginal teeth. Sternum grayish yellow, heart-shaped. Legs yellow; particular pattern and spine absent. 50 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

Fig. 28. Sudesna hedini. A. female body; B. female epigynum.

Abdomen white, ovoid; longer than wide; covered sparsely with grayish brown hairs; dorsum with dark gray marking and small spots (Fig. 28A). Female epigynum with broad median septum; copulatory pores visible laterally (Fig. 28B). Male: Body length 2.0-3.0 mm. Similar to female with smaller body, thin legs and dark body coloration. See detail description and illustrations on male of Paik (1979b: p. 423, f. 13-15) and

Zhang and Li (2011: p. 30, f. 7F-H).

Distribution: Korea, China. Korea: GW, GG, CB, GB.

Specimens examined: 1♀(Mungyeong-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 21.viii.2005). Ecology: Construct small irregular web between branches of trees in mountainous region and field or between bush leaves around streamside.

Family Sparassidae Bertkau, 1872

Nong-bal-geo-mi-gwa (농발거미과)

The spider family Sparassidae is a family comprising 84 genera and 1,142 species occurring worldwide (Platnick, 2014). Sparassid spiders are medium to large-sized (6.0-40.0 mm) araneomorph spiders with two tarsal claws belonging to entelegyne without cribellum. Carapace broadly oval Araneae: Sparassidae: Heteropoda 51

DTA

VTA

C D

A E

Fig. 29. Taxonomic characters of Sparassidae. A. body; B. Eye region; C. chelicera; D. tibial apophysis of male palp (VTA, ventral tibial apophysis; DTA, dorsal tibial apophysed); E. venter of metatarsus and tarsus.

and covered with dense layer of fine setae; as long as wide or longer than wide; narrower eye region; fovea present (Fig. 29A). Eight eyes in two rows; median eyes usually largest, posterior eyes usually equal in size (Fig. 29B). Chelicerae with promarginal and retromarginal teeth; some species with small denticles in cheliceral furrow; condyle and fan-shpaed bristles present (Fig. 29C). Sternum almost circular; longer than wide; apex pointed. Abdomen oval to round with mottled or dark folium pattern on dorsum; bearing dense layer of fine setae. Legs long and laterigrade; trochanters notched; bearing dense claw tufts; metatarsi and tarsi with scapulae (Fig. 29E). Spinnerets without colulus. Body color varies from light green or dark brown to grey. Female epigynum strongly sclerotised and conspicuous. Male palp with strong tibial apophysis (Fig. 29D); tegulum with embolus, conductor and additional apophysis. Most Sparassid spiders are nocturnal and wander around plants, on the soil surface and wall of construction or in caves. Type genus: Micrommata Latreille, 1804.

Key to the genera of family Sparassidae

1. Carapace longer than wide, body color green ···································································· Micrommata - Carapace as long as wide, body color varies brown to blackish brown ······························· Sinopoda 52 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

Genus Heteropoda Latreille, 1804

Nong-bal-geo-mi-sok (농발거미속)

Carapace nearly as long as wide; head region slightly depressed or in some raised medially and posteriorly sometimes very high. Eight eyes prominent; anterior row straight or little procurved and posterior row of eyes recurved; lateral eyes prominent and larger than others, anterior lateral eyes larger than the anterior median eyes. Legs laterigrade; tibia of leg I with 3-4 pairs of ventral spines. Abdomen broad, elongate or oval; covered with hairs and spine-like pubescence. Female epigynum with a pair of lobes, usually separated by a narrow septum. Male palp with filiform embolus embedded in a sheath-like conductor arising prolaterally on the tegulum.

Type species: Heteropoda venatoria (Linnaeus, 1767).

27. Heteropoda venatoria (Linnaeus, 1767)

Nong-bal-geo-mi (농발거미)

Aranea venatoria Linnaeus, 1767, p. 1035; Fabricius, 1775, p. 439; Olivier, 1789, p. 230. Aranea regia Fabricius, 1793, p. 408. Aranea pallens Fabricius, 1798, p. 291. Heteropoda venatoria Latreille, 1804a, p. 135; Thorell, 1878, p. 191; Pocock, 1897, p. 613; Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 273; Järvi, 1914, pp. 77, 197; Petrunkevitch, 1930, p. 14; Gravely, 1931, p. 251; Nakatsudi, 1942a, p. 320; Nakatsudi, 1943, p. 175; Sekiguchi, 1943, p. 68; Bücherl, 1959, p. 289; Yaginuma, 1960, p. 118; Chrysanthus, 1965a, p. 356; Yaginuma, 1971, p. 118; Paik, 1978, p. 398; Yin, Wang and Hu, 1983, p. 34; Hu, 1984, p. 311; Yaginuma, 1986, p. 199; Hancock and Hancock, 1988, p. 18; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 130; Feng, 1990, p. 175; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 158; Chen and Zhang, 1991, p. 262; Sethi and Tikader, 1988, p. 16; Davies, 1994, p. 83; Barrion and Litsinger, 1994, p. 290; Ledoux and Hallé, 1995, p. 8; Barrion and Litsinger, 1995, p. 276; Jäger, 1999b, p. 21; Song, Zhu and Chen,

1999, p. 468; Jäger, 2000a, p. 53; Jäger and Ono, 2000, p. 47; Hu, 2001, p. 312 (probably a misidentified Pseudopoda, per Jäger and Yin, 2001, p. 127); Jäger, 2001b, p. 19; Jäger and Yin, 2001, p. 125; Jäger, 2002b, p. 51; Namkung, 2001, p. 499; Namkung, 2003, p. 502; Jäger and Kunz, 2005, p. 166; Biswas and Raychaudhuri, 2005, p. 104; Ono, 2009, p. 472; Marusik and Kuzminykh, 2010, p. 99; Saaristo, 2010, p. 218; Taucare-Ríos and Brescovit, 2011, p. 39; Yin et al., 2012, p. 1231; Jäger, 2014a, p. 147; Ramírez, 2014, p. 226. Heteropoda venatoria japonica Strand, 1907, p. 559. Heteropoda venatoria chinesica Strand, 1907, p. 559. Heteropoda venatoria maculipes Strand, 1907, p. 559. Thomisus leucosius Walckenaer, 1805, p. 36. Thomisus venatorius Latreille, 1806, p. 114. Micrommata setulosa Perty, 1833, p. 195. Ocypete setulosa C.L. Koch, 1836, p. 40; C.L. Koch, 1837b, p. 28. Olios leucosius Walckenaer, 1837, p. 566; Vinson, 1863, pp. 98, 304. Olios antillianus Walckenaer, 1837, p. 568. Olios freycineti Walckenaer, 1837, p. 569. Araneae: Sparassidae: Heteropoda 53

Olios colombianus Walckenaer, 1837, p. 571. Ocypete pallens C.L. Koch, 1837a, p. 82. Olios setulosus Walckenaer, 1841, p. 474. Ocypete murina C.L. Koch, 1845, p. 36. Ocypete thoracica C.L. Koch, 1845, p. 42. Ocypete draco C.L. Koch, 1845, p. 44. Olios albifrons Lucas, 1852, p. 76. Olios javensis Doleschall, 1857, p. 428; Doleschall, 1859, p. 54. Olios gabonensis Lucas, 1858, p. 407. Olios zonatus Doleschall, 1859, p. 54.

Olios lunula Doleschall, 1859, p. 54 (misidentified). Sparassus ammanita Dufour, 1863b, p. 9. Ocypete bruneiceps Giebel, 1863, p. 320. Olios regius Gerstäcker, 1873, p. 482. Sarotes regius L. Koch, 1875a, p. 675. Helicopis maderiana Thorell, 1875, p. 123. Sarotes aulicus L. Koch, 1878, p. 766. Sarotes invictus L. Koch, 1878, p. 767. Sarotes venatorius McCook, 1878, p. 144. Sarotes truncus McCook, 1878, p. 147. Heteropoda thoracica Thorell, 1878b, p. 24. Palystes maderianus Simon, 1880a, p. 263. Heteropoda invicta Simon, 1880a, p. 270; Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 275. Heteropoda aulica Simon, 1880a, p. 270. Sarotes peditatus Karsch, 1881, p. 38. Olios maderianus Simon, 1883, p. 281. Heteropoda ferina Simon, 1887, p. 102. Heteropoda regia Simon, 1897, p. 54; Berland, 1932b, p. 389. Heteropoda ocellata Pocock, 1903, p. 96. Heteropoda truncus Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 275. Heteropoda venatoria aulica Strand, 1909, p. 6. Heteropoda venatoria thoracica Merian, 1911, p. 255. Heteropoda venatoria pluridentata Hogg, 1914, p. 57. Heteropoda nicki Strand, 1915, p. 246. Heteropoda nicki quala Strand, 1915, p. 247. Palystes ledleyi Hogg, 1922, p. 296. Heteropoda tokarensis Yaginuma, 1961, p. 84; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 200. Heteropoda andamanensis Tikader, 1977, p. 189; Sethi and Tikader, 1988, p. 15. Heteropoda nicobarensis Tikader, 1977, p. 191; Sethi and Tikader, 1988, p. 28.

Heteropoda squamacea Wang, 1990, p. 8 (misidentified). Heteropoda hainanensis Li, 1991, p. 366; Song, Zhu and Chen, 1999, p. 467. Heteropoda minschana Peng, Yin and Kim, 1996, p. 57.

Heteropoda ledleyi Croeser, 1996, p. 114 (transferred from Palystes).

Sinopoda pengi Song and Zhu, in Song, Zhu and Chen, 1999, p. 469 (misidentified). Heteropoda shimen Yin et al., 2000, p. 98.

Sinopoda venatoria Yoo and Kim, 2002, p. 27 (lapsus). 54 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

Sinopoda tokarensis Yoo and Kim, 2002, p. 27.

This species is distributed Japan, China, Taiwan and Philippine. Kishida (1936) reported this species from Jeju-do and there is no observed or collected data available for this species since then until now. Descriptions of Paik (1978) and Namkung (2001, 2003) were based on the Japanese specimens.

Paik (1978) stated that domestic distribution of this species was skeptical and presumed that Kishida misidentified this species and it was a spiderling of Sinopoda koreana. NIBR (2014) evaluated this species as regiolal extinction (RE) because there was no observed data available for this species after

Kishida (1936).

Genus Micrommata Latreille, 1804

I-seul-geo-mi-sok (이슬거미속)

Carapace oval and flat, longer than wide; head region broad; clypeus high. Anterior eye row strongly recurved, posterior eye row weakly recurved; anterior median eyes smallest, anterior lateral eyes largest, posterior eyes subequal in size. Chelicerae with 2 promarginal teeth and 3-4 retromarginal teeth; several long bristles close to fang. Strnum wider than long, blunt posteriorly. Abdomen long oval, longer than wide. Legs long and stout; inconspicuous laterigrade. Female epigynum with furrowed epigynal plate with heart-shaped margins and copulatory openings close to epigastric furrow. Male palp with strong retrolateral tibial apophysis.

Type species: Micrommata virescens (Clerck, 1757).

28. Micrommata virescens (Clerck, 1757) (Fig. 30, Pl. 10)

I-seul-geo-mi (이슬거미)

Araneus virescens Clerck, 1757, p. 138. Araneus roseus Clerck, 1757, p. 137. Aranea viridissima De Geer, 1778, p. 252. Aranea virescens Schrank, 1781, p. 533. Aranea rosea Olivier, 1789, p. 226. Aranea smaragdula Fabricius, 1793, p. 412. Micrommata smaragdina Latreille, 1804, p. 135; Latreille, 1806, p. 115; Hahn, 1833, p. 119. Sparassus smaragdulus Walckenaer, 1805, p. 39; Sundevall, 1831, p. 40; Sundevall, 1832, p. 147; Black- wall, 1861a, p. 102. Sparassus roseus Walckenaer, 1805, p. 40. Sparassus virescens C.L. Koch, 1837b, p. 28; C.L. Koch, 1845, p. 87; Westring, 1861, p. 406; Prach, 1866, p. 632. Micrommata virescens Thorell, 1870, p. 176; Thorell, 1871a, 227; Menge, 1875, 389; Becker, 1882b, 155; Hansen, 1882, 63; Chyzer and Kulczyński, 1891, p. 79; Simon, 1897a, p. 66; Bösenberg, 1903, p. 410; Kulczyński, 1911, p. 36; Järvi, 1914, pp. 63, 178; Bristowe, 1926, p. 126; Bristowe, 1941, p. 497; Araneae: Sparassidae: Micrommata 55

E D A B

Fig. 30. Micrommata virescens. A. female body; B. male abdomen; C. female epigynum; D. male palp; E. retrolateral tibial apophysis of male palp.

Locket and Millidge, 1951, p. 167; Bristowe, 1958, p. 135; Yaginuma, 1960, p. 119; Azheganova, 1968, p. 102; Paik, 1968, p. 174; Yaginuma, 1971, p. 119; Braendegaard, 1972, p. 8; Roberts, 1985, p. 96; Hu and Fu, 1985, p. 89; Yaginuma, 1986, p. 197; Chikuni, 1989, p. 131; Hu and Wu, 1989, p. 312; Izmailova, 1989, p. 121; Roberts, 1995, p. 147; Roberts, 1998, p. 156; Song, Zhu and Chen, 1999, 269G, M; Jäger and Ono, 2000, 43; Jäger, 2000, 239; Namkung, 2001, p. 500; Bayram and Özdağ, 2002, p. 305; Namkung, 2003, p. 503; Urones, 2004, p. 48; Almquist, 2006, p. 451; Ono, 2009, p. 472; Marusik and Kovblyuk, 2011, p. 229. Micrommata viridissima valvulata Franganillo, 1913, p. 131. Micrommata viridissima Reimoser, 1931, p. 129; Palmgren, 1943, p. 77; Tullgren, 1944, p. 127. Micrommata rosea Simon, 1932, pp. 891, 959. Micrommata roseum Miller, 1971, p. 62; Paik, 1978, p. 399; Heimer and Nentwig, 1991, p. 456, Mcheidze, 1997, p. 120.

Female: Body length 12.0-15.0 mm. Carapace yellowish green; longer than wide; cervical furrow and radial furrow distinct, fovea longitudinal (Fig. 30A). Eight eyes arranged in 2 rows, anterior eye row slightly retrocurved and posterior eye row procurved (Fig. 30A). Chelicerae yellowish green with scapulae; 2 promarginal teeth and 5 retromarginal teeth. Sternum pale yellowish green, heart-shaped. Legs yellowish green; metatarsi and tarsi with scapulae and claw tufts. Abdomen yellowish green to pale yellowish green, longer than wide; dorsum with dark yellowish green cardiac pattern (Fig. 30A). Female epigynum with large, heart-shaped and wrinkled artrium, heart- shaped; epigynal ledge absent (Fig. 30C). 56 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

Male: Body length 8.0-10.0 mm. Similar to female with smaller body, thin legs and dark body coloration; dorsum with red stripe stretched to the end (Fig. 30B). Male palp with long and robust retrolateral tibial apophysis with pointed tip (Fig. 30D, E); embolus with pointed tip (Fig. 30D).

Distribution: Korea, Japan, China, Europe (Palearctic). Korea: All provinces.

Specimens examined: 1♀(Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 20.vi.1992); 1♀, 1♂(Goseong-gun, Gang- won-do: 20.v.1998); 1♀, 1♂(Yeongweol-gun, Gangwon-do: 25.viii.2013); 1♀(Mt. Sobaeksan, Yeong ju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 28-ix.2007). Ecology: Wander the bushes in mountainous region or field.

Genus Sinopoda Jäger, 1999

Byeol-nong-bal-geo-mi-sok (별농발거미속)

Carapace nearly as long as wide; head region slightly depressed or in some raised medially and posteriorly sometimes very high. Eight eyes prominent; anterior row straight or little procurved and posterior row of eyes recurved; lateral eyes prominent and larger than others, anterior lateral eyes larger than the anterior median eyes. Legs laterigrade with spines. Abdomen broad, elongate or oval; covered with hairs and pubescence. Female epigynum usually separated by a broad septum with broad base. Male palp with embolic apophysis; conductor membranous and arising from the distal part of the tegulum.

Type species: Sinopoda forcipata (Karsch, 1881).

Key to the species of genus Sinopoda

1. ‌Famale spigynum with flat epigynal ledge, male palp with long and pointed dorsal tibial apophysis ················································································································································· S. koreana - ‌Famale spigynum with ∧-shaped epigynal ledge, male palp with finger-shaped ventral tibial apophysis ···················································································································································· 2 2. Male palp with long and blunt dorsal tibial apophysis ······················································· S. forcipata - Male palp with long and curved dorsal tibial apophysis ·················································· S. stellatops

29. Sinopoda forcipata (Karsch, 1881) (Fig. 31, Pl. 11)

Nak-yeop-nong-bal-geo-mi (낙엽농발거미)

Sarotes forcipatus Karsch, 1881c, p. 38. Heteropoda forcipata Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 276; Järvi, 1914, pp. 82, 209; Yaginuma, 1960, p. 118; Yaginuma, 1971, p. 118; Yaginuma, 1975, p. 190; Yaginuma, 1986, p. 199; Chikuni, 1989, p. 130. Sinopoda forcipata Jäger, 1999b, p. 21; Song et al., 1999, p. 469; Jäger and Ono, 2000, p. 51; Jäger, 2001, p. 39; Ono, 2009, p. 473; Kim, 2009, p. 238. Araneae: Sparassidae: Sinopoda 57

A D C

Fig. 31. Sinopoda forcipata. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp; D. retrolateral tibial apophysisof male palp.

Female: Body length 20.0-28.0 mm. Carapace dull blackish brown; longer than wide; mottled generally; cervical furrow and radial furrow distinct, fovea deep and longitudinal (Fig. 31A). Eight eyes arranged in 2 rows; anterior eye row retrocurved and posterior eye row slightly retrocurved (Fig. 31A). Chelicerae blackish brown; 3 promarginal teeth and 4 retromarginal teeth. Sternum yellowish brown, shield-shaped. Legs brown, long and robust; laterigrade; covered with gray of black speckles; metatarsi with scapulae and tarsi with claw tuft. Abdomen blackish brown, long oval; longer than wide; dorsum with 3 pairs of muscle impressions, light at anterior and posterior part, black chevron patterns at posterior part; black, brown and white mottled patterns scattered

(Fig. 31A). Female epigynum with ∧-shpaed epigynal ledge, bottom round and blunt (Fig. 31B). Male: Body length 15.0-25.0 mm. Similar to female with smaller body, thin legs and dark body coloration. Male palp with robust and thumb-shaped tibial apophysis, dorsal tibial apophysis long and blunt, ventral tibial apophysis short and thumb-shaped; embolus long and spininform; embolus apophysis distinct; conductor serrated (Fig. 31C, D).

Distribution: Korea, Japan, China. Korea: GW, GG, GB, GN, JB, JN.

Specimens examined: 1♂(Jeongseon-gun, Gangwon-do: 24.viii.2013); 1♀(Mt. Sobaeksan, Yeong ju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 25.x.2007); 1♀ (Mt. Palgongsan, Yeongcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 8. viii.2006); 1♀(Tongyeong-si, Gyeongsangnam-do: 15.vii.2014); 2♀♀, 6♂♂ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeong eup-si, Jeollabuk-do: 30.vii.2013); 1♀(Mt. Gwanaksan, Gwanak-gu, Seoul: 26.ix.2008). Ecology: Found between leaf litters or under the stone in mountainous region. 58 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

30. Sinopoda koreana (Paik, 1968) (Fig. 32, Pl. 12)

Han-guk-nong-bal-geo-mi (한국농발거미)

Heteropoda koreana Paik, 1968, p. 168; Paik, 1978, p. 394. Sinopoda koreana Jäger, 1999, p. 21; Namkung, 2001, p. 497; Jäger and Ono, 2002, p. 115; Namkung, 2003, p. 500; Ono, 2009, p. 475.

Female: Body length 19.0-22.0 mm. Carapace brown; longer than wide; head region with dense white hairs and thoracic region with white stripe at margin; cervical furrow and radial furrow distinct, fovea deep and longitudinal (Fig. 32A). Eight eyes arranged in 2 rows; anterior eye row retrocurved and posterior eye row slightly retrocurved (Fig. 32A). Chelicerae dark reddish brown; boss yellowish brown; 3 promarginal teeth and 4 retromarginal teeth. Sternum yellowish brown, long and heart-shaped. Legs brown, long and robust; laterigrade; covered with black speckles; metatarsi with scapulae and tarsi with claw tuft. Abdomen reddish brown, long oval; longer than wide; dorsum with 4 pairs of muscle impressions; black, brown, yellowish brown and white mottled patterns scattered (Fig. 32A). Female epigynum with epigynal ledge, bottom pointed (Fig. 32B). Male: Body length 16.0-20.0 mm. Similar to female with smaller body, thin legs and dark body coloration. Male palp with robust tibial apophysis, dorsal tibial apophysis long and pointed, ventral tibial apophysis short and blunt; embolus long and spininform; embolus apophysis indistinct; conductor serrated (Fig. 32C, D).

D C A

Fig. 32. Sinopoda koreana. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp; D. retrolateral tibial apophysis of male palp. Araneae: Sparassidae: Sinopoda 59

Distribution: Korea, Japan. Korea: GN, JN, JJ.

Specimens examined: 3♀♀, 2♂♂ (Waheulgul Cave, Jeju-si, Jeju-do: 25.vii.1993); 1♀(Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 25.viii.2008). Ecology: Mainly distributed in southern provinces including Jeju-do. Found between leaf litters or under the stone in mountainous region or in the caves. Nocturnal species.

31. Sinopoda stellatops Jäger and Ono, 2002 (Fig. 33)

Byeol-nong-bal-geo-mi (별농발거미)

Heteropoda stellata Paik, 1968, p. 171; Yaginuma, 1975, p. 190; Paik, 1978, p. 396; Yaginuma, 1986, p. 199; Chikuni, 1989, p. 131. Sinopoda stellata Jäger and Ono, 2000, p. 56; Namkung, 2001, p. 498; Yoo and Kim, 2002, p. 27; Nam- kung, 2003, p. 501. Sinopoda stellatops Jäger and Ono, 2002, p. 119; Ono, 2009, p. 473.

Female: Body length 14.0-16.0 mm. Carapace dull brown with dark margin; longer than wide; lateral sides of head region and thoracic region light; cervical furrow and radial furrow distinct,

A D C

Fig. 33. Sinopoda stellatops. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp; D. retrolateral tibial apophysis of male palp. 60 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

fovea deep and longitudinal (Fig. 33A). Eight eyes arranged in 2 rows; anterior eye row retrocurved and posterior eye row slightly retrocurved (Fig. 33A). Chelicerae dark brown; boss distinct; 3 promarginal teeth and 4 retromarginal teeth. Sternum yellowish brown with dark brown margin, heart- shaped. Legs yellowish brown; long and robust; laterigrade; covered with black speckles; metatarsi with scapulae and tarsi with claw tuft. Abdomen dull and dark brown, ovoid; longer than wide; dorsum with 3 pairs of muscle impressions; a pair of blackish brown markings located at shoulder; black, brown, yellowish bronw and white mottled patterns scattered (Fig. 33A). Female epigynum with ∧-shpaed epigynal ledge, bottom pointed (Fig. 33B). Male: Body length 12.0-15.0 mm. Similar to female with smaller body, thin legs and dark body coloration. Male palp with robust tibial apophysis, dorsal tibial apophysis with pointed tip long and ventral tibial apophysis curved thumb-shaped; embolus long and spininform; embolus apophysis indistinct; conductor serrated (Fig. 33C, D).

Distribution: Korea, Japan, China. Korea: All provinces.

Specimens examined: 1♂(Mt. Bangtaesan, Inje-gun, Gangwon-do: 27.v.2010); 1♂(Jeongseon-gun,

Gangwon-do: 14.vii.2013); 1♀(Taebaek-si, Gangwon-do: 23.v.1993); 1♀(Mt. Naejangsan, Jeongeup- si, Jeollabuk-do: 3.x.2013); 1♂(Jeju-si, Jeju-do: 6.vi.2001). Ecology: Found between leaf litters or under the stone in mountainous region or in the caves.

Family Philodromidae Thorell, 1870

Sae-u-ge-geo-mi-gwa (새우게거미과)

The spider family Philodromidae is a family comprising 31 genera and 309 species occurring worldwide (Platnick, 2014). Philodromid spiders are small to medium-sized (3.0-16.0 mm) araneomorph spiders with two tarsal claws belonging to entelegyne without cribellum. Carapace slightly flattened; usually longer than wide, sometimes as long as wide; fovea usually absent. Eight eyes in two rows; usually equal in size; eyes not on eye tubercles; both eye rows recurved. Chelicerae usually without teeth on the both furrows. Sternum heart or shield-shaped. Abdomen varies from oval to cylindrical; covered with soft recumbent setae; usually with conspicuous and mottled longitudinal stripe or chevron patterns on dorsum. Legs laterigrade; I, III and IV subequal in length, leg II usually longer; tarsi I and II with claw tufts and scopulae. Spinnerets simple without colulus. Body colour varies from white to pale ivory and reddish brown or greyish brown. Female epigynum small and usually with median septum. Male palp with small tibial apophysis; embolus variable and short. Most Philodromid spiders are wanderers found on plants or on the soil surface. Type genus: Philodromus Walcknaer, 1826.

Key to the genera of family Philodromidae

1. Abdomen cylindrical, conspicuous longitudinal stripes on dorsum ······································ Tibellus - Abdomen oval, longitudinal stripes on dorsum absent ······································································· 2 2. Carapace moderately convex, ‘spear-shaped’ marking on dorsum ·················································· 3 - ‌Caparace flattened,‘ spear-shaped’ marking on dorsum absent, otherwise to species ······················ Araneae: Philodromidae: Apollophanes 61

DTA RTA VTA

A D

Fig. 34. Taxonomic characters of Philodromidae. A. body; B. Eye area; C. tibial apophysis (VTA. ventral tibial apophysis; RTA. retrolateral tibial apophysis; DTA. dorsal tibial apophysis); D. tarsus.

···················································································································································· Philodromus 3. Tarsi with scopulae, ventral tibial apophysis of male palp inconspicuous ··················· Apollophanes - Tarsi and metatarsi with scopulae, ventral tibial apophysis of male palp conspicuous ···· Thanatus

Genus Apollophanes O.P.-Cambridge, 1898

A-pol-lo-ge-geo-mi-sok (아폴로게거미속)

Carapace moderately low, convex and broad; slightly longer than wide or as long as wide. Eight eyes arranged in two rows; posterior eye row recurved. Sternum shield-shaped; peckled or spotted near margins. Legs speckled or spotted; thin scopulae on tarsi. Abdomen broad and flat; angulate laterally; dorsum with peckled or spotted cardiac pattern. Female epigynum with broad median septum and large vertical copulatory openings. Male palp with elongated ventral tibial apophysis and well developed retrolateral tibial apophysis, tegular apophysis.

Type species: Apollophanes punctipes (O.P.-Cambridge, 1891). 62 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

32. Apollophanes macropalpus (Paik, 1979) (Fig. 35)

Keun-su-yeom-a-pol-ro-ge-geo-mi (큰수염아폴로게거미)

Thanatus macropalpus Paik, 1979a, p. 120. Apollophanes lenensis Marusik, 1991, p. 52.

Apollophanes macropalpus Marusik, 1991, p. 53 (transferred from Thanatus); Logunov, 1996, p. 140; Kim and Jung, 2001, p. 188; Marusik and Kovblyuk, 2011, p. 209.

Female: Body length 6.0-9.0 mm. Carapace yellowish brown, slightly convex; longer than wide; brown speckles scattered laterally and posteriorly; front and center of carapace, and eye region with sparse spines; cervical furrow and radial furrow distinct, fovea longitudinal (Fig. 35A). Eight eyes arranged in 2 rows, anterior eye row slightly retrocurved and posterior eye row retrocurved (Fig. 35A). Chelicerae yellowish brown; boss present; 2 promarginal teeth. Sternum pale yellow, heart- shaped; covered sparsely with black hairs. Legs yellowish brown; dorsum of femora, patellae and tibiae with 2 reddish brown stripe; metatarsi and tarsi with scopulae. Abdomen pale yellowish brown, slightly convex, ovoid; longer than wide; dorsum with spear-shaped marking stretched to the moddle in the center; covered with spines (Fig. 35A); venter with broad and dark band longitu- dinally. Female epigynum with sclerotized epigynal plate; broad median septum present; copulatory pores located at lateral sides of median septum (Fig. 35B). Male: Body length about 6.0 mm. Similar to female with smaller body and dark body coloration.

See detail description and illustrations on male of Paik (1979a: p. 120, f. 12-15).

Fig. 35. Apollophanes macropalpus. A. female body; B. female epigynum. Araneae: Philodromidae: Philodromus 63

Distribution: Korea, Russia. Korea: GW, GG, GB, GN.

Specimens examined: 1♀(Hwacheon-gun, Gangwon-do: 20.v.1997). Ecology: Found between leaf litters in mountainous region.

Genus Philodromus Walckenaer, 1826

Sae-u-ge-geo-mi-sok (새우게거미속)

Carapace flattened, wider than long or as long as wide; narrow anteriorly and slightly convex laterally; clypeus high. Eyes small and subequal in size; both eye rows strongly recurved; eyes of anterior row closer together than eyes of posterior row; lateral eyes sometimes on eye tubercles. Chelicerae small and weak with or without marginal teeth. Sternum shield-shape, blunt posteriorly. Abdomen oval and moderately flat, rounded laterally, longer than wide; distinct patterns on dorsum. Legs long and slender, laterigrade; leg II generally longer than others, others subequal in length; distal segments with scopulae and claw tufts. Female epigynum with elongated atrium and wavy lateral margin, sclerotised. Male palp with 2 tibial apophysis; embolus originated from tegulum prolaterally.

Type species: Philodromus aureolus (Clerck, 1757).

Key to the species of genus Philodromus

1. Carapace wider than long ······················································································································· 2 - Carapace longer than wide ····················································································································· 6 2. Carapace round, sternum longer than wide ········································································· P. poecilus - Carapace ovoid sternum subequal in length and width ·············································· P. pseudoexilis 3. Chelicerae with 1 promarginal tooth ···································································································· 4 - Chelicerae without marginal tooth ········································································································ 6 4. Sternum long oval, legs without particular pattern ························································· P. auricomus - Sternum heart-shaped, legs with patterns ··························································································· 5 5. Legs with 3 stripes, no spine ···························································································· P. emarginatus - Legs with annulations, tibiae and metatarsi with spines ················································ P. spinitarsis 6. Sternum shield-shaped ··························································································································· 7 - Sternum heart-shaped ····························································································································· 8 7. Abdomen long oval, cervical and radial furrows indistinct ············································· P. cespitum - Abdomen oval, cervical and radial furrows distinct ··················································· P. margaritatus 8. Male palp without tibial apophysis ·········································································· P. leucomarginatus - Male palp with tibial apophysis ············································································································ 9 9. Male palp with tibial retrolateral apophysis ········································································· P. aureoles - Male palp without tibial retrolateral apophysis ················································································ 10 10. Tegulum of male palp elliptical with tegular apophysis ············································ P. lanchowensis - Tegulum of male palp round withou tegular apophysis ································································· 11 11. Fovea faint, female epigynum with indistinct median septum ············································· P. rufus - Fovea needle-shaped, female epigynum with distinct median septum ···················· P. subaureolus 64 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

33. Philodromus aureolus (Clerck, 1757) (Fig. 36)

Hwang-geum-sae-u-ge-geo-mi (황금새우게거미)

Araneus aureolus Clerck, 1757, p. 133. Aranea aureola Olivier, 1789, p. 226. Aranea quadrilineata Martini and Goeze, in Lister, 1778, p. 300; Panzer, 1804, p. 189. Thomisus aureolus Walckenaer, 1805, p. 35; Hahn, 1835, p. 57. Philodromus affinis Wider, 1834, p. 267. Philodromus aureolus Walckenaer, 1837, p. 556; Blackwall, 1861, p. 99; Prach, 1866, p. 628; Thorell, 1872, p. 264; Menge, 1875, p. 403; Becker, 1882b, p. 230; Hansen, 1882, p. 65; Chyzer and Kulczyński, 1891, p. 108; Bösenberg, 1902, p. 330; Charitonov, 1926a, p. 267; Reimoser, 1931, p. 86; Simon, 1932, pp. 851, 884; politus Simon, 1932, p. 852; tauricus Charitonov, 1937, p. 138; Kolosváry, 1938, p. 585; Chickering, 1940, p. 221; Tullgren, 1944, p. 115; Hull, 1948, p. 59; Kaston, 1948, p. 436; Locket and Millidge, 1951, p. 196; Saitō, 1959, p. 132; Braun, 1965, p. 376; Yaginuma, 1966, p. 30; Yaginuma, 1967a, p. 90; Yaginuma, 1967b, p. 22; Vilbaste, 1969, p. 99; Tyschchenko, 1971, p. 111; Miller, 1971, p. 128; Braendegaard, 1972, p. 12; Izmailova, 1972a, p. 36; Punda, 1975b, p. 81; Levy, 1977, p. 195; Paik, 1979c, p. 423; Legotai and Sekerskaya, 1982, p. 50; Palmgren, 1983, p. 203; Roberts, 1985, p. 108; Zhu, 1985, p. 177; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 217; Wu and Song, 1987, p. 28; Segers, 1987, p. 9; Zhang, 1987, p. 214; Legotai and Sekerskaya, 1989, p. 223; Chikuni, 1989, p. 135; Hu and Wu, 1989, p. 316; Segers, 1990, p. 12; Heimer and Nentwig, 1991, p. 458; Harvey, 1991, p. 3; Segers, 1992, p.

D C A

Fig. 36. Philodromus aureolus. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp; D. tibial apophysis of male palp. Araneae: Philodromidae: Philodromus 65

24; Roberts, 1993, p. 8; Zhao, 1993, p. 342; Huber, 1995, p. 155; Roberts, 1995, p. 170; Mcheidze, 1997, p. 128; Song and Zhu, 1997, p. 182; Bellmann, 1997, p. 182; Roberts, 1998, p. 182; Song, Zhu and Chen, 1999, p. 470; Kim and Jung, 2001, p. 190; Namkung, 2001, p. 503; Kim and Cho, 2002, p. 171; Namkung, 2003, p. 506; Kubcová, 2004, p. 293; Muster and Thaler, 2004, p. 309; Kubcová, 2004b, p. 58; Almquist, 2006, p. 454; Ono and Ban, 2009, p. 479; Eberhard and Huber, 2010, p. 255; Uyar, Kaya and Uğurtaş, 2010, p. 49; Zhu and Zhang, 2011, p. 422; Wunderlich, 2012, p. 49; Har- vey, 2013, p. 22; Ramírez, 2014, p. 259. Philodromus politus Simon, 1870b, p. 333; Simon, 1875a, p. 294.

Philodromus aureolus variegatus Kulczyński, in Chyzer and Kulczyński, 1891, p. 109 (♂ might belong

to P. buchari); Braun, 1965, p. 380 (P. praedatus, previously considered a synonym of P. collinus, but P. praedatus has priority over Philodromus aureolus variegatus; synonyms rejected).

Thanatus arenarius Hull, 1948, p. 62 (misidentified).

Philodromus margaritatus Bellmann, 1997, p. 182 (misidentified per Muster, 2009a, 149).

Female: Body length 4.0-6.0 mm. Carapace reddish brown to yellowish brown, ovoid; longer than wide; light broad band in the center; cervical furrow, radial furrow and fovea indistinct (Fig.

36A). Eight eyes arranged in 2 rows; both eye rows retrocurved (Fig. 36A). Chelicerae brown without marginal teeth. Sternum light yellowish brown, heart-shaped; covered with light brown hairs. Legs yellowish brown without annulation; venter of tarsi with 2-3 pairs of spines. Abdomen brown, ovoid; longer than wide; dorsum with brown cardiac pattern and a pair of bands at posterior part; light in the center; venter grayish yellow. Spinnerets yellowish brown. Female epigynum with largely curved epigynal plate; spermathecae partially visible from outside (Fig. 36B). Male: Body length 4.0-5.0 mm. Similar to female with smaller body, thin legs and dark body coloration. Male palp with well developed tibial apophysis; dorsal tibial apophysis long and pointed, ventral tibial apophysis short and spear-shaped, retrolateral tibial apophysis broad; tegulum elliptical; embolus originated from prolateral side of tegulum, long spiniform (Fig. 36C, D).

Distribution: Korea, Japan, China, Mongolia, Russia, Europe (Palearctic). Korea: All provinces.

Specimens examined: 1♀ (Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 23.vi.1997); 1♀ (Mt. Geonbongsan,

Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 3.vi.1997); 1♀ (Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do: 16.viii.1997); 1♀, 1♂

(Gapyeong-gun, Gyeonggi-do: 25.vii.1992); 1♀, 3♂♂ (Mt. Godaesan, Yeoncheon-gun, Gyeonggi-do:

6.vii.1997); 1♀(Jebudo Isl., Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do: 15.vii.2008); 1♀, 1♂(Mt. Sobaeksan, Yeong ju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 25.v.2009). Ecology: Found around shrubs and bushes in mountainous region and fields.

34. Philodromus auricomus L. Koch, 1878 (Fig. 37, Pl. 13)

Geum-sae-u-ge-geo-mi (금새우게거미)

Philodromus auricomus L. Koch, 1878c, p. 763; Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 269; Yaginuma, 1960, p. 101; Yaginuma, 1971, p. 101; Paik, 1979c, p. 425; Zhang and Zhu, 1982, p. 66; Hu and Guo, 1982, p. 141; Hu, 1984, p. 328; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 217; Zhang, 1987, p. 213; Ono, 1988c, p. 211; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 134; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 163; Feng, 1990, p. 190; Song and Zhu, 1997, p. 183; Song, 66 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

Zhu and Chen, 1999, p. 470; Song, Zhu and Chen, 2001, p. 370; Kim and Jung, 2001, p. 191; Nam- kung, 2001, p. 504; Kim and Cho, 2002, p. 172; Namkung, 2003, p. 507; Ono and Ban, 2009, p. 479; Zhu and Zhang, 2011, p. 423; Yin et al., 2012, p. 1246. Diaea subadulta Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 258.

Female: Body length 7.0-8.0 mm. Carapace yellowish brown, ovoid; longer than wide; Y-shaped broad band stretched from head region to thoracic region; furrow and radial furrow indistinct, fovea longitudinal spiniform (Fig. 37A). Eight eyes arranged in 2 rows; both eye rows retrocurved (Fig. 37A). Chelicerae brown; 1 promarginal teeth and no retromarginal tooth. Sternum yellowish brown, long oval. Legs yellowish brown, darker at distal ends, annulations absent. Abdomen reddish brown, ovoid; longer than wide; dorsum with brown cardiac pattern and V-shaped stripe at posterior part; margin dark (Fig. 37A); venter grayish white. Sometimes found with abdominal white broad folium, variable. Female epigynum with broad epigynal plate; epigynal hood at anterior part; median septum vestigial (Fig. 37B). Male: Body length 6.0-7.0 mm. Similar to female with smaller body, thin legs and dark body coloration. Male palp with well developed tibial apophysis; dorsal tibial apophysis long and pointed, ventral tibial apophysis long and finger-shaped; tegulum round; small tegulum apophysis at anterior part; embolus originated from retrolateral side of tegulum, long and thin spiniform (Fig. 37C, D).

Distribution: Korea, Japan, China, Russia. Korea: All provinces except Jeju-do.

Specimens examined: 2♂♂ (Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 7.vii.1998); 1♂ (Yangpyeong-gun,

E D A B

Fig. 37. Philodromus auricomus. A. female body; B. famale abodomen, variation; C. female epigynum; D. male palp; E. tibial apophysis of male palp. Araneae: Philodromidae: Philodromus 67

Gyeonggi-do: 11.vi.1991); 1♀ (Cheongyang-gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 24.vi.1995); 1♂ (Mt. Nae- jangsan, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do: 20.v.2013); 1♂(Goheung-gun, Jeollanam-do: 6.vii.1993); 1♂, 1♀

(Mt. Onsusan, Guro-gu, Seoul: 12.vi.1997); 1♂(Mt. Paikryeonsan, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul: 5.vi.1997). Ecology: Found on branches and leaves of trees in mountainous region or on bush leaves in grasslands.

35. Philodromus cespitum (Walckenaer, 1802) (Fig. 38)

Huin-sae-u-ge-geo-mi (흰새우게거미)

Aranea cespitum Walckenaer, 1802, p. 230. Thomisus cespiticolens Walckenaer, 1805, p. 35. Philodromus cespiticolis Walckenaer, 1837, p. 555; Blackwall, 1861a, 95; Dondale, 1961, p. 216. Philodromus maculatus Blackwall, 1846a, p. 39. Philodromus obscurus Blackwall, 1871, p. 431. Philodromus cespiticolens O.P.-Cambridge, 1881, p. 331. Philodromus aureolus caespiticola Chyzer and Kulczyński, 1891, p. 109; Locket and Millidge, 1951, p. 196. Philodromus reussii Bösenberg, 1902, p. 329.

Philodromus albicans Bösenberg, 1902, p. 330 (preocupied by O.P.-Cambridge, 1897). Philodromus caespiticolis Bösenberg, 1902, p. 330. Philodromus aureolus similis Kulczyński, in Chyzer and Kulczyński, 1891, p. 109. Philodromus aureolus sibiricus Kulczyński, 1908b, p. 61. Philodromus canadensis Emerton, 1917, p. 270.

Philodromus bösenbergi Mello-Leitão, 1929, p. 267 (replacement name for P. albicans); Roşca, 1968, p. 85. Philodromus reussi Ovsyannikov, 1937, p. 91; Saitō, 1939, p. 87. Philodromus aureolus Chickering, 1940a, p. 221; Zhu and Wang, 1963c, p. 475. Philodromus cespitum Hull, 1948, p. 59; Braun, 1965, p. 384; Schick, 1965, p. 49; Yaginuma, 1971, p. 101; Dondale and Redner, 1976a, p. 131; Kaston, 1977, p. 51; Dondale and Redner, 1978b, p. 45; Paik, 1979c, p. 426; Song et al., 1979, p. 19; Paik and Namkung, 1979, p. 73; Song, 1980, p. 195; Hidalgo, 1983, p. 364; Qiu, 1983, p. 96; Hu, 1984, p. 329; Roberts, 1985, p. 108; Guo, 1985, p. 163; Zhu, 1985, p. 178; Yaginuma, 1986, p. 217; Song, 1987, p. 262; Wu and Song, 1987, p. 29; Segers, 1987, p. 9; Zhang, 1987, p. 215; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 134; Izmailova, 1989, p. 127; Feng, 1990, p. 191; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 161; Chen and Zhang, 1991, p. 284; Heimer and Nentwig, 1991, p. 458; Marusik, 1991d, pp. 48, 55; Segers, 1992, p. 24; Roberts, 1993, p. 8; Zhao, 1993, p. 344; Roberts, 1995, p. 171; Song and Zhu, 1997, p. 184; Bellmann, 1997, p. 184; Roberts, 1998, p. 183; Song, Zhu and Chen, 1999, p. 470; Song, Zhu and Chen, 2001, p. 372; Kim and Jung, 2001, p. 192; Namkung, 2001, p. 506; Kim and Cho, 2002, p. 173; Paquin and Dupérré, 2003, p. 186; Namkung, 2003, p. 509; Kubcová, 2004a, p. 293; Muster and Thaler, 2004, p. 313; Ono and Martens, 2005, p. 123; Jocqué and Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2006, p. 204; Almquist, 2006, p. 456; Logunov and Huseynov, 2008, p. 120; Ono and Ban, 2009, p. 479; Uyar, Kaya and Uğurtaş, 2010, p. 51; Zhu and Zhang, 2011, p. 424.

Philodromus cespitum similis Braun, 1965, p. 392 (transferred from subspecies of P. aureolus).

Philodromus cespitum sibiricus Braun, 1965, p. 394 (transferred from subspecies of P. aureolus). 68 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

A D C

Fig. 38. Philodromus cespitum. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp; D. tibial apophysis of male palp.

Philodromus reussi Hull, 1948, p. 62; Paik, 1957, p. 46; Saitō, 1959, p. 133; Yaginuma, 1960, p. 101; Yaginuma, 1967b, p. 22; Azheganova, 1968, p. 111; Izmailova, 1989, p. 131. Philodromus aureolus cespiticolis Vilbaste, 1969, p. 101.

Philodromus aureolus reussi Tyschchenko, 1971, p. 110 (reduced to subspecies). Philodromus boesenbergi Tyschchenko, 1971, p. 110. Philodromus caespitum Palmgren, 1983, p. 203.

Female: Body length 5.0-7.0 mm. Carapace yellowish brown, ovoid; longer than wide; head region and thoracic region white; cervical furrow and fovea indistinct, radial furrow faint (Fig. 38A).

Eight eyes arranged in 2 rows; both eye rows retrocurved (Fig. 38A). Chelicerae yellowish brown without marginal tooth. Sternum yellowish brown, round shield-shaped; covered with light colored hairs. Legs yellowish brown with faint patterns. Abdomen grayish white, long oval; longer than wide; dorsum with a pair of brown muscle impressions and pale brown cardiac pattern, posteior margin with dark stripe (Fig. 38A); venter yellowish white with gray longitudinal stripe. Female epigynum with epigynal plate bordered like bowling pin; copulatory duct visible partially from outside (Fig. 38B). Male: Body length 4.0-6.0 mm. Similar to female with smaller body, thin legs and dark body coloration. Male palp with well developed tibial apophysis; dorsal tibial apophysis long and an- gular, ventral tibial apophysis short and spear-shaped, retrolateral tibial apophysis small; tegulum elliptical; embolus originated from prolateral side of tegulum, long spiniform (Fig. 38C, D). Araneae: Philodromidae: Philodromus 69

Distribution: Korea, Japan, China, Mongolia, Russia, Europe, USA(Holarctic). Korea: All provinces.

Specimens examined: 2♀♀, 1♂(Seosan-si, Chungcheongnam-do: 23.vi.1995). Ecology: Abundance is very low. Found around bushes in mountainous region.

36. Philodromus emarginatus (Schrank, 1803) (Fig. 39)

Hwang-sae-u-ge-geo-mi (황새우게거미)

Aranea emarginata Schrank, 1803, p. 230.

Philodromus pallidus Walckenaer, 1826, p. 90; Walckenaer, 1837, p. 554; Blackwall, 1861, p. 93 (misidentified per Muster, 2009, p. 149); Dahl, 1883, p. 71. Thomisus griseus Hahn, 1826, p. 2; Hahn, 1833, p. 121. Artamus griseus C.L. Koch, 1837b, p. 27; C.L. Koch, 1845, p. 81. Thomisus marginatus Walckenaer, 1837, p. 512. Philodromus griseus Westring, 1861, p. 462. Artama pallida Simon, 1864, p. 416.

Philodromus ambiguus Blackwall, 1867, p. 208 (placement here per Muster, 2009a, p. 149). Philodromus generalii Canestrini, 1868, p. 205; Canestrini and Pavesi, 1868, p. 871. Philodromus emarginatus Simon, 1875a, p. 277; Becker, 1882, p. 225; Chyzer and Kulczyński, 1891, p. 107; Kulczyński, 1911, p. 64; Fedotov, 1912, p. 96; Pereleschina, 1928, p. 36; Simon, 1932, pp. 847, 882; Tullgren, 1944, p. 110; Locket and Millidge, 1951, p. 199; Azheganova, 1968, p. 107; Vilbaste, 1969, p. 105; Miller, 1971, p. 127; Tyschchenko, 1971, p. 110; Punda, 1975b, p. 78; Brignoli, 1983b, p. 564; Roberts, 1985, p. 110; Wu and Song, 1987, p. 29; Izmailova, 1989, p. 128; Heimer and Nentwig, 1991, p. 458; Roberts, 1995, p. 173; Song and Zhu, 1997, p. 186; Roberts, 1998, p. 185; Song, Zhu and Chen, 1999, p. 476; Hu, 2001, p. 321; Kim and Jung, 2001, p. 194; Namkung, 2001, p. 507; Nam- kung, 2003, p. 510; Ono and Martens, 2005, p. 123; Almquist, 2006, p. 460; Logunov and Huseynov, 2008, p. 121; Ono and Ban, 2009, p. 479. Philodromus lineatipes O.P.-Cambridge, 1878a, p. 122; O.P.-Cambridge, 1881, p. 338. Artanes emarginatus Bösenberg, 1902, p. 325. Artanes pallidus Bösenberg, 1902, p. 325. Philodromus flavidus Saitō, 1934, p. 283; Yaginuma, 1958, p. 73; Saitō, 1959, p. 132; Yaginuma, 1960, p. 101; Zhu and Wang, 1963, p. 477; Yaginuma, 1971, p. 101; Paik, 1979c, p. 428; Hu, 1984, p. 330; Zhu, 1985, p. 178; Yaginuma, 1986, p. 217; Chikuni, 1989, p. 136; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 164. Emargidromus emarginatus Wunderlich, 2012a, p. 48.

Female: Body length 7.0-8.0 mm. Carapace yellowish brown, ovoid; longer than wide; lightly mottled in general; cervival furrow and radial furrow indistinct, fovea faint (Fig. 39A). Eight eyes arranged in 2 rows; both eye rows retrocurved (Fig. 39A). Chelicerae dark brown; 1 promarginal teeth and no retromarginal tooth. Sternum yellowish brown, heart-shaped. Legs yellowish brown; dorsum with 3 rows of brown stripe. Abdomen purplish brown, ovoid; longer than wide; posterior end pointed; dorsum with dark cardiac pattern, purplish brown, brown and yellowish white patterns scattered (Fig. 39A); venter yellowish white with 4 rows of gray speckles. Female epigynum with epigynal plate with long finger-shaped apophysis at anterior part; spermathecae copulatory 70 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

D C A

Fig. 39. Philodromus emarginatus. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp; D. tibial apophysis of male palp.

duct visible partially from outside (Fig. 39B). Male: Body length 5.0-6.0 mm. Similar to female with smaller body, thin legs and dark body coloration. Male palp with well developed tibial apophysis; dorsal tibial apophysis and ventral tibial apophysis short and blunt, retrolateral tibial apophysis absent; tegulum elliptical; embolus originated from prolateral side of tegulum, long spiniform (Fig. 39C, D).

Distribution: Korea, Japan, China, Mongolia, Russia, Europe, USA(Holarctic). Korea: All provinces except Jeju-do.

Specimens examined: 1♂(Yangpyeong-gun, Gyeonggi-do: 5.v.1992); 1♀, 1♂(Icheon-si, Gyeong- gi-do: 21.vi.1993); 1♀(Mungyeong-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 9.vi.1995). Ecology: Found around bushes in mountainous region, plains, marshes, rice fields and uplands.

37. Philodromus lanchowensis Schenkel, 1936 (Fig. 40)

Gim-hwa-sae-u-ge-geo-mi (김화새우게거미)

Philodromus lanchowensis Schenkel, 1936, p. 280; Logunov, 1997b, p. 101; Song and Zhu, 1997, p. 189; Song, Zhu and Chen, 1999, p. 476; Szita and Logunov, 2008, p. 40; Ono and Ban, 2009, p. 479.

Philodromus kimwhaensis Paik, 1979c, p. 433; Kim and Jung, 2001, p. 197 (lapsus in use of younger Araneae: Philodromidae: Philodromus 71

name). Philodromus lanchouensis Song, Yu and Shang, 1981, p. 86; Hu and Guo, 1982, p. 142; Hu, 1984, p. 331; Song, 1987, p. 264; Wu and Song, 1987, p. 31; Hu, 2001, p. 323; Song, Zhu and Chen, 2001, p. 374.

Female: Body length 6.5-7.5 mm. Carapace purplish brown, ovoid; longer than wide; head region and lateral side and center of thoracic region light; cervival furrow and radial furrow indistinct, fovea short spiniform (Fig. 40A). Eight eyes arranged in 2 rows; both eye rows retrocurved (Fig. 40A). Chelicerae yellowish brown; no marginal tooth. Sternum yellowish brown, heart-shaped. Legs yellow, long and slender, pale brown speckles scattered; 2 rows of pale brown band stretched from femora to tibiae. Abdomen pale brown, ovoid; longer than wide; dorsum with dark cardiac pattern, a pair of short bands in the center and 3 brown chevron patterns at posterior part (Fig. 40A); venter pale yellowish brown. Female epigynum with epigynal plate bordered like ‘V’; spermathecae visible partially from outside (Fig. 40B) Male: Body length 5.0-6.0 mm. Male palp with well developed tibial apophysis; dorsal tibial apophysis and ventral tibial apophysis short and blunt, retrolateral tibial apophysis absent; tegulum elliptical with pointed tegulum apophysis at anterior center of tegulum (Fig. 40C, D).

Distribution: Korea, japan, China, Russia. Korea: GW.

D C A

Fig. 40. Philodromus lanchowensis. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp; D. tibial apophysis of male palp. 72 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

Specimens examined: 2♀♀, 1♂(Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do: 22.vi.1997). Ecology: Found around bushes in mountainous region.

38. Philodromus leucomarginatus Paik, 1979

Huin-te-sae-u-ge-geo-mi (흰테새우게거미)

Philodromus leucomarginatus Paik, 1979c, p. 434; Zhu, 1985, p. 180; Wu and Song, 1987, p. 31; Zhao, 1993, p. 348; Song and Zhu, 1997, p. 190; Song, Zhu and Chen, 1999, p. 476; Kim and Jung, 2001, p. 198.

Male: Body length 4.2-5.0 mm. Carapace dusky brown, ovoid; longer than wide; margin enclosed by yellowish gray band; head region with V-shaped broad grayish white band at posterior part; cervical furrow and radial furrow faint, fovea longitudinal and spiniform. Eight eyes arranged in 2 rows; both eye rows retrocurved. Chelicerae dusky yellowish brown; no marginal tooth. Sternum yellowish white, heart-shaped; covered with long pale yellow hairs. Legs yellow, long and slender; pale brown speckles scattered; 2 rows of pale brown band stretched from femora to tibiae. Abdo- men yellowish white, ovoid, posterior end pointed; longer than wide; dorsum with cardiac pattern, dark chevron patterns at posterior part and transverse band; venter pale yellowish white. See detail description and illustrations on male of Paik (1979c: p. 434, f. 66-71). Female: Body length 4.6-5.7 mm. See detail description and illustrations on female of Tang,

Song and Zhu (2004: p. 396, f. A, B).

Distribution: Korea, China. Korea: GB, JN. Ecology: Abundance is very low. Found around bushes in mountainous region.

39. Philodromus margaritatus (Clerck, 1757) (Fig. 41)

Eol-ruk-i-sae-u-ge-geo-mi (얼룩이새우게거미)

Araneus margaritatus Clerck, 1757, p. 130. Aranea levipes Linnaeus, 1758, p. 624. Aranea wilkii Scopoli, 1763, p. 400. Aranea ornata Sulzer, 1776, p. 254. Aranea tetra Martini and Goeze, in Lister, 1778, p. 291. Aranea decem-oblique punctata Martini and Goeze, in Lister, 1778, p. 294. Aranea tigrina De Geer, 1778, p. 302. Aranea ieiuna Panzer, 1801, p. 83.

Thomisus laevipes Hahn, 1826, p. 2; Hahn, 1833a, p. 120 (misidentified, per Muster, 2009a, p. 163). Philodromus jejunus Walckenaer, 1830, p. 97; Walckenaer, 1837, p. 551. Philodromus tigrinus Sundevall, 1833, p. 225. Artamus laevipes C.L. Koch, 1837b, p. 27. Araneae: Philodromidae: Philodromus 73

D C A

Fig. 41. Philodromus margaritatus. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp; D. tibial apophysis of male palp.

Artamus jejunus C.L. Koch, 1845, p. 83.

Thomisus leopardinus Gistel, 1848, p. 156 (nomen oblitum, see Bonnet, 1957, p. 3580, placement here per Muster, 2009a, pp. 149, 163). Artamus margaritatus Thorell, 1856, p. 73. Philodromus margaritatus Westring, 1861, p. 454; Simon, 1875a, p. 271; Becker, 1882b, p. 221; Chyzer and Kulczyński, 1891, p. 106; Simon, 1895, p. 1057; Reimoser, 1930b, p. 54; Simon, 1932, pp. 846, 882; Locket and Millidge, 1951, p. 200; Vilbaste, 1969, p. 107; Tyschchenko, 1971, p. 108; Miller, 1971, p. 127; Braendegaard, 1972, p. 30; Punda, 1975, p. 81; Roberts, 1985, p. 112; Matsuda, 1986, p. 86; Yaginuma, 1986, p. 218; Chikuni, 1989, p. 136; Heimer and Nentwig, 1991, p. 460; Roberts, 1995, p. 175; Mcheidze, 1997, p. 127; Roberts, 1998, p. 186; Namkung, 2001, p. 511; Namkung, 2003, p. 514; Almquist, 2006, p. 463; Muster, 2009a, p. 149; Ono and Ban, 2009, p. 479; Azarkina and Trilikauskas, 2013, p. 244. Philodromus margaritatus tigrinus Lessert, 1910, p. 382. Artama tigrina Simon, 1864, p. 415. Artamus laevipes Prach, 1866, p. 624. Artanes margaritatus Thorell, 1872, p. 262.

Philodromus elegans Canestrini, 1876, p. 214 (misidentified per Muster, 2009a, p. 149). Artanes margaritatus Hansen, 1882, p. 64; Bösenberg, 1902, p. 327; Wunderlich, 2012, p. 47. Philodromus laevipes Tullgren, 1944, p. 108. Philodromus laevipes tigrinus Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 269; Tullgren, 1944, p. 109.

Female: Body length 8.0-10.0 mm. Carapace yellowish white, ovoid; longer than wide; head re- 74 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II gion, and margin and center of thoracic region light. Cervical furrow and radial furrow distinct, fovea blackish brown and short spiniform (Fig. 41A). Eight eyes arranged in 2 rows; both eye rows retrocurved (Fig. 41A). Chelicerae brown; no marginal tooth. Sternum brown, shield-shaped; margin white; covered densely with brown hairs. Legs yellowish brown, long and well developed; each segment with black annulations and many speckles. Abdomen yellowish white, long oval; longer than wide; dorsum with a pair of blackish brown bands at shoulder, a band in the center and 2 blackish brown bands at posterior part; white and blackish brown speckles scattered, mottled in general (Fig. 41A); venter brown with ring like pattern at lateral side of center and margin; covered with crackled spots. Female epigynum with boundless epigynal plate; spermathecae visible partially from outside (Fig. 41B). Male: Body length 6.0-7.0 mm. Similar to female with smaller body, thin legs and dark body coloration. Male palp with well developed tibial apophysis; dorsal tibial apophysis and ventral tibial apophysis short and blunt, retrolateral tibial apophysis absent; tegulum round; embolus originated from the middle of tegulum, thin and long filiform (Fig. 41C, D).

Distribution: Korea, Japan, Russia, Europe (Palearctic). Korea: GW, GG, GB.

Specimens examined: 1♀, 1♂(Mt. Sobaeksan, Yeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 20.vi.2009). Ecology: Abundance is very low. Found on the tree barks or around bushes in mountainous region.

40. Philodromus poecilus (Thorell, 1872) (Fig. 42)

Eo-ri-jip-sae-u-ge-geo-mi (어리집새우게거미)

Artanes poecilus Thorell, 1872, p. 261; Bösenberg, 1902, p. 326.

Artanes margaritatus Menge, 1875, p. 417 (misidentified per Muster, 2009, p. 149).

Philodromus poecilus Becker, 1882b, p. 223; Saitō, 1939, p. 87 (misidentified per Muster, 2009a, p. 163);

Tullgren, 1944, p. 107; Azheganova, 1968, p. 111; Vilbaste, 1969, p. 110; Paik, 1979c, p. 435 (misidentified per Muster, 2009, p. 163); Izmailova, 1989, p. 130; Heimer and Nentwig, 1991, p. 460;

Logunov, 1992, p. 59; Roberts, 1998, p. 187; Kim and Jung, 2001, p. 198 (misidentified per Muster,

2009, p. 163); Namkung, 2001, p. 509 (misidentified per Muster, 2009, p. 163); Namkung, 2003, p.

512 (misidentified per Muster, 2009, p. 163); Bryja et al., 2005, p. 187; Almquist, 2006, p. 464; Mus- ter, 2009a, p. 163.

Philodromus corticinus Miller, 1971, p. 126 (misidentified per Muster, 2009, p. 163).

Female: Body length 5.0-6.0 mm. Carapace brown, round; wider than long; head region light, thoracic region light in general with V-shaped band along the cervical furrow; radial furrow indistinct, cervical furrow faint, fovea dark brown and spiniform (Fig. 42A). Eight eyes arranged in 2 rows; both eye rows retrocurved (Fig. 42A). Chelicerae brown; no marginal tooth. Sternum brown, long and heart-shaped. Legs yellow with dark brown annulations, long and slender. Abdomen grayish brown, broad shield-shaped; longer than wide; dorsum mottled in general with grayish brown, yellowish white and dark gray, anterior part light (Fig. 42A); venter grayish white with Y- shaped gray pattern. Female epigynum with epigynal plate bordered like long heart; vestigial me- Araneae: Philodromidae: Philodromus 75

D C A

Fig. 42. Philodromus poecilus. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp; D. tibial apophysis of male palp.

dian septum and spermathecae visible partially from outside (Fig. 42B). Male: Body length 4.0-5.0 mm. Similar to female with smaller body, thin legs and dark body coloration. Male palp with well developed tibial apophysis; dorsal tibial apophysis and ventral tibial apophysis short and blunt, retrolateral tibial apophysis sharp; tegulum round; embolus originated from the middle of tegulum, long filiform (Fig. 42C, D).

Distribution: Korea, Japan, Russia, Europe (Palearctic). Korea: CB, CN, GB.

Specimens examined: 1♀, 1♂(Jincheon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do: 30.vi.1993). Ecology: Found on the leaves of trees in mountainous region and fields.

41. Philodromus pseudoexilis Paik, 1979

Dan-ji-sae-u-ge-geo-mi (단지새우게거미)

Philodromus pseudoexilis Paik, 1979c, p. 437; Kim and Jung, 2001, p. 199.

Male: Body length 3.0-4.5 mm. Body length about 3.4 mm. Carapace wider than long; margin dark brown; dusky white V-shaped band in the center. Eight eyes arranged in 2 rows; both eye 76 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II rows retrocurved; all eye encircled with white. Chelicerae yellowish brown; no marginal tooth. Sternum length and width subequal in length. Legs orange tinged yellow without annulation; brown speckles scattered. Abdomen white of yellowish brown, ovoid; longer than wide; dorsum with 2 pairs of dark muscle impressions, spear-shaped cardiac pattern and longitudinal band retro- laterally. Spinnerets light yellowish brown. See detail description and illustrations on male of Paik (1979c: p. 437, f. 85-89). Female: Body length about 3.1 mm. Similar to male with smaller body. See detail description and illustrations on female of Paik (1979c: p. 437, f. 81-84).

Distribution: Korea. Korea: GW, GB.

Ecology: Abundance is very low. Found in mountainous region and hillock. NIBR (2014) evaluated this species as vulnerable (VU) because population size of this species is very small and occurring range and localities have been decreased to date.

42. Philodromus rufus Walckenaer, 1826 (Fig. 43, Pl. 14)

Buk-bang-sae-u-ge-geo-mi (북방새우게거미)

Philodromus rufus Walckenaer, 1826, p. 91; Walckenaer, 1837, p. 555; Simon, 1875a, p. 287; Becker, 1882b, p. 229; Chyzer and Kulczyński, 1891, p. 107; Bösenberg, 1902, p. 333; Simon, 1932, pp. 854, 884; Chickering, 1940a, p. 228; Nakatsudi, 1942b, p. 15; Tullgren, 1944, p. 117; Kaston, 1948, p. 434; Hull, 1950, p. 426; Saitō, 1959, p. 133; Zhu and Wang, 1963c, p. 477; Dondale, 1964, p. 825; Ty- schchenko, 1971, p. 108; Miller, 1971, p. 127; Dondale, 1972, p. 52; Braendegaard, 1972; Qiu, 1983, p. 97; Hu, 1984, p. 332; Zhu, 1985, p. 181; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 216; Song, 1987, p. 265; Wu and Song, 1987, p. 32; Zhang, 1987, p. 216; Segers, 1989, p. 38; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 135; Izmailova, 1989, p. 131; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 165; Heimer and Nentwig, 1991, p. 458; Roberts, 1993, p. 8; Zhao, 1993, p. 346; Roberts, 1995, p. 174; Mcheidze, 1997, p. 128; Song and Zhu, 1997, p. 195; Bellmann, 1997, p. 184; Roberts, 1998, p. 186; Song, Zhu and Chen, 1999, p. 476; Hu, 2001, p. 326; Song, Zhu and Chen, 2001, p. 375; Kim and Jung, 2001, p. 200; Namkung, 2001, p. 508; Namkung, 2003, p. 511; Almquist, 2006, p. 468; Ono and Ban, 2009, p. 479; Uyar, Kaya and Uğurtaş, 2010, p. 53; Benjamin, 2011, p. 19; Zhu and Zhang, 2011, p. 426; Yin et al., 2012, p. 1248; Gómez-Rodríguez and Salazar, 2012, p. 3. Philodromus rufus virescens Simon, 1932, pp. 854, 885. Philodromus clarkii Blackwall, 1850, p. 338. Artama rufus Simon, 1864, p. 416. Philodromus pellax Herman, 1879, pp. 219, 371. Philodromus clarae Bertkau, 1880, p. 246. Philodromus exilis Banks, 1892, p. 63. Philodromus pictus Emerton, 1892, p. 373; Emerton, 1902, p. 37. Tibellomimus rufus Wunderlich, 201a, p. 54.

Female: Body length 5.0-6.0 mm. Carapace reddish brown, brown spots scattered; slightly longer than wide; head region and center of thoracic region light; cervival furrow and radial furrow indistinct, fovea faint (Fig. 43A). Eight eyes arranged in 2 rows; both eye rows retrocurved (Fig. 43A). Araneae: Philodromidae: Philodromus 77

D C A

Fig. 43. Philodromus rufus. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp; D. tibial apophysis of male palp.

Chelicerae yellowish brown; no marginal tooth. Sternum light yellow, heart-shaped; covered with brown speckles and hairs. Legs yellowish brown with blackish brown speckles and long spines. Abdomen light yellow, ovoid, posterior end pointed; dorsum with 2 pairs of muscle impressions, dusky brown cardiac pattern and slash patterns (Fig. 43A); venter light yellow. Spinnerets yellowish brown, enclosed by black. Female epigynum with epigynal plate bordered narrowly; spermathecae and copulatory duct visible partially from outside (Fig. 43B). Male: Body length 3.0-4.0 mm. Similar to female with smaller body, thin legs and dark body coloration. Male palp with well developed tibial apophysis; dorsal tibial apophysis long and pointed, ventral tibial apophysis short and blunt, retrolateral tibial apophysis absent; tegulum round; embolus originated from posterior side of tegulum, long and slender, filiform (Fig. 43C, D).

Distribution: Korea, Japan, China, Mongolia, Russia, Europe, USA(Holarctic). Korea: All provinces.

Specimens examined: 1♀ (Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 23.vi.1997); 1♀ (Inje-gun, Ganowon-do:

3.vi.1997); 1♀, 1♂ (Mt. Bangtaesan, Inje-gun, Gangwon-do: 27.v.2010); 1♀(Hwacheon-gun, Gang- won-do: 16.iv.1997); 1♀ (Yangpyeong-gun, Gyeonggi-do: 28.v.1993); 1♀, 1♂ (Yoengju-si, Gyeong- sangbuk-do: 4.vi.1995); 1♀(Jeju-si, Jeju-do: 6.vi.2001); 1♀(Mt. Mudeungsan, Buk-gu, Gwangju-si: 3.vi.2013). Ecology: Abundance is low. Found around shrubs and bushes in mountainous region and fields. 78 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

43. Philodromus spinitarsis Simon, 1895 (Fig. 44, Pl. 15)

Na-mu-gyeol-sae-u-ge-geo-mi (나무결새우게거미)

Artanes fuliginosus Karsch, 1879g, p. 80 (preoccupied).

Philodromus spinitarsis Simon, 1895a, p. 1058 (replacement name); Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 267; Saitō, 1959, p. 133; Yaginuma, 1960, p. 101; Zhu and Wang, 1963c, p. 478; Yaginuma, 1971, p. 101; Song, Yu and Shang, 1981, p. 86; Hu, 1984, p. 332; Guo, 1985, p. 163; Zhu, 1985, p. 182; Yagi- numa, 1986a, p. 217; Song, 1987, p. 265; Wu and Song, 1987, p. 32; Zhang, 1987, p. 217; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 134; Hu and Wu, 1989, p. 321; Feng, 1990, p. 192; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 165; Chen and Zhang, 1991, p. 285; Logunov, 1992e, p. 57; Zhao, 1993, p. 343; Barrion and Litsinger, 1994, p. 290; Song and Zhu, 1997, p. 195; Song, Zhu and Chen, 1999, p. 476; Hu, 2001, p. 328; Song, Zhu and Chen, 2001, p. 376; Kim and Jung, 2001, p. 201; Namkung, 2001, p. 510; Namkung, 2003, p. 513; Ono and Ban, 2009, p. 481; Zhu and Zhang, 2011, p. 426; Yin et al., 2012, p. 1249.

Philodromus karschi Mello-Leitão, 1929, p. 268 (superfluous replacement name).

Philodromus fusco-marginatus Nakatsudi, 1942b, p. 14 (misidentified per Muster, 2009, p. 154). Philodromus davidi Schenkel, 1963, p. 245; Namkung, 1964, p. 43.

Philodromus fuscomarginatus Paik, 1979c, p. 430 (misidentified per Song and Zhu, 1997, p. 196); Kim

and Jung, 2001, p. 195 (misidentified per Muster, 2009, p. 154).

Female: Body length 6.0-8.0 mm. Carapace grayish brown, flat disc-shaped; slightly longer than wide; head region light; cervical furrow and radial furrow distinct, fovea blackish brown and

faint (Fig. 44A). Eight eyes arranged in 2 rows; both eye rows retrocurved (Fig. 44A). Chelicerae dark brown; 1 promarginal tooth and no retromarginal tooth. Sternum light brown, broad heart- shaped, posterior end blunt. Legs yellowish brown with dark brown annulations; venter of tibiae st nd and metatarsi of 1 and 2 legs with 4-5 pairs of spines. Abdomen grayish brown, rounded pen- tagon-shaped; longer than wide; dorsum with dark brownish mottled quadrangle-shaped mark-

ing in the center, margin light and bordered with dark brown stripe (Fig. 44A); venter light grayish brown with purplish brown crackled speckles in row. Female epigynum with epigynal plate bordered like rounded triangle; median septum present; spermathecae and copulatory duct visible

partially from outside (Fig. 44B). Male: Body length 4.0-6.0 mm. Similar to female with smaller body, thin legs and dark body coloration. Male palp with well developed tibial apophysis; dorsal tibial apophysis thin and blunt, ventral tibial apophysis and retrolateral tibial apophysis thick and blunt; tegulum round with hook-shaped tegulum apophysis at posterior center of tegulum; embolus originated from the mid-

dle of tegulum, long and slender, filiform (Fig. 44C, D).

Distribution: Korea, Japan, China, Russia. Korea: All provinces.

Specimens examined: 1♀ (Mt. Bangtaesan, Inje-gun, Gangwon-do: 22.vii.2010); 2♀♀ (Mt. Dae

seongsan, Hwacheon-gun, Gangwon-do: 20.v.1997); 1♂(Mt. Mugapsan, Gwangju-si, Gyeonggi-do:

31.v.1998); 1♂(Yangpyeong-gun, Gyeonggi-do: 28.v.1993); 1♀(Paju-si, Gyeonggi-do: 20.v.1997); 2♀

♀, 1♂ (Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do: 15.v.1992); 2♀♀ (Boryeong-si, Chungcheongnam-do:

22.vi.1995); 1♂ (Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 19.vii.2014); 1♀ (Miryang-si, Gyeongsangnam-

do: 28.v.2009); 1♂ (Mt. Gajisan, Miryang-si, Gyeongsangnam-do: 27.vii.2009); (1♀ Jeju-si, Jeju-do:

9.vi.2001); 1♀(Mt. Hallasan, Jeju-si, Jeju-do: 6.vi.2001). Araneae: Philodromidae: Philodromus 79

D C A

Fig. 44. Philodromus spinitarsis. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp; D. tibial apophysis of male palp.

Ecology: Found on the tree barks in mountainous region.

44. Philodromus subaureolus Bösenberg and Strand, 1906 (Fig. 45, Pl. 16)

Gal-sae-u-ge-geo-mi (갈새우게거미)

Philodromus subaureolus Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 270; Braun, 1965, p. 413; Yaginuma, 1966b, p. 30; Yaginuma, 1967a, p. 90; Yaginuma, 1971, p. 102; Paik, 1979c, p. 439; Song et al., 1979, p. 19; Paik and Namkung, 1979, p. 73; Hu, 1984, p. 333; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 217; Song, 1988, p. 134; Chi- kuni, 1989b, p. 135; Feng, 1990, p. 193; Chen and Zhang, 1991, p. 286; Song and Zhu, 1997, p. 197; Song, Chen and Zhu, 1997, p. 1728; Song, Zhu and Chen, 1999, p. 477; Song, Zhu and Chen, 2001, p. 377; Kim and Jung, 2001, p. 202; Namkung, 2001, p. 505; Kim and Cho, 2002, p. 173; Namkung, 2003, p. 508; Ono and Ban, 2009, p. 479; Zhu and Zhang, 2011, p. 427; Yin et al., 2012, p. 1250. Philodromus aureolus japonicola Bösenberg and Strand, 1906, p. 268; Yaginuma, 1960, p. 102. Philodromus amitinus Chamberlin, 1924, p. 22.

Philodromus japonicola Yaginuma, 1962, p. 43 (elevated from subspecies of P. aureolus).

Female: Body length 6.0-7.0 mm. Carapace brown; longer than wide; head region, and canter 80 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

D C A

Fig. 45. Philodromus subaureolus. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp; D. tibial apophysis of male palp.

and margin of thoracic region white; cervical furrow faint, radial furrow indistinct, fovea longitudinal and spiniform (Fig. 45A). Eight eyes arranged in 2 rows; both eye rows retrocurved (Fig. 45A). Chelicerae yellowish brown; no marginal tooth. Sternum yellowish brown, broad heart-shaped. nd Legs yellowish brown without annulation; 2 leg longest. Abdomen grayish yellow, long oval, posterior end pointed; longer than wide; dorsum mottled with 4-5 pairs of slash patterns at posterior part (Fig. 45A); venter gray. Color and pattern variable. Female epigynum with epigynal plate and broad median septum; spermathecae and copulatory duct visible partially from outside (Fig. 45B). Male: Body length 4.0-5.0 mm. Similar to female with smaller body, thin legs and dark body coloration. Male palp with well developed tibial apophysis; dorsal tibial apophysis thick and distal end truncated, ventral tibial apophysis thick and finger-shaped; tegulum round, tegulum apophysis indistinct; embolus originated from the middle of tegulum, long and slender, filiform (Fig. 45C, D).

Distribution: Korea, Japan, China, Mongolia. Korea: All provinces.

Specimens examined: 1♂ (Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 7.vii.1998); 1♀ (Inje-gun, Ganowon-do:

17.viii.1997); 1♀(Mt. Hwayasan, Gapyeong-gun, Gyeonggi-do: 26.viii.2002); 1♂(Icheon-si, Gyeong gi-do: 28.vii.2009); 1♀ (Goesan-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do: 12.vii.1988); 3♀♀, 1♂ (Mt. Sobaeksan,

Yeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 18.vii.2007); 1♂ (Uiseong-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 10.vii.2014); Araneae: Philodromidae: Thanatus 81

2♀♀, 1♂(Geoje-si, Gyeongsangnam-do: 20.vii.2014); 1♂(Namhae-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do: 16.viii.

2014); 1♂ (Mt. Geumeumsan, Namhae-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do: 18.vi.2014); 1♀, 1♂ (Mt. Gajisan,

Miryang-si, Gyeongsangnam-do: 24.vi.2009); 3♀♀, 6♂♂ (Mt. Mireuksan, Tongyeong-si, Gyeong- sangnam-do: 18.vi.2014); 1♀(Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do: 10.vi.2008); 3♀♀ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeongeup- si, Jeollabuk-do: 27.vi.2013); 1♂(Yeosu-si, Jeollanam-do: 15.vii.2014); 1♂(Jeju-si, Jeju-do: 17.vi.2001);

1♂ (Seo-gu, Incheon-si: 5.vii.2013); 1♂ (Mt. Mudeungsan, Buk-gu, Gwangju-si: 18.vii.2013); 1♀ (Daebyeonhang Port, Gijang-gu, Busan-si: 23.vii.1996). Ecology: Found around shrubs or bushes in mountainous region, plains, marshes, rice fields and uplands.

Genus Thanatus C.L. Koch, 1837

Chang-ge-geo-mi-sok (창게거미속)

Carapace moderately convex, slightly longer than wide or as long as wide; narrowed anteriorly, slightly convex and rounded laterally. Eyes small and subequal in size; both eye rows recurved; anterior eye row shorter than posterior eye row. Chelicerae with condyles; margin with denticles. Sternum shiel- or heart-shaped; covered with short spines in some species. Abdomen broadest at middle, rounded marginally; moderately convex dorsally with conspicuous dark spear-shaped markings. Legs stout with scopulae; inconspicuous laterigrade; II and IV longer than I and III; metatarsi I without prolateral and retrolateral spines; tarsi and metatarsi with scopulae. Female epigynum with a broad flat median septum with slit-shaped copulatory openings laterally. Male palp with a robust tegular apophysis extending to the ventral side; ventral tibial apophysis and retrolateral tibial apophysis present; embolus usually short.

Type species: Thanatus formicinus (Clerck, 1757).

Key to the species of genus Thanatus

1. Head region with longitudinal stripes, metatarsi and tarsi with scopulae ······································· 2 - Head region without longitudinal stripe, metatarsi and tarsi without scopula ······························· 3 2. ‌Head region with 2 pairs of longitudinal stripes, femora, patellae and tibiae with spines ··············· ······················································································································································ T. coreanus - Head region with a pair of longitudinal stripes, legs without spines ································ T. vulgaris 3. Cervical and radial furrows indistinct, legs with spots ····················································· T. miniaceus - Cervical and radial furrows distinct, tbiae and metatarsi with spines ·························· T. nipponicus

45. Thanatus coreanus Paik, 1979 (Fig. 46, Pl. 17)

Han-guk-chang-ge-geo-mi (한국창게거미)

Thanatus coreanus Paik, 1979a, p. 118; Wu and Song, 1987, p. 34; Logunov, 1996b, p. 174; Song and Zhu, 1997, p. 203; Song, Zhu and Chen, 1999, p. 477; Song, Zhu and Chen, 2001, p. 379; Kim and Jung, 2001, p. 204; Namkung, 2001, p. 512; Namkung, 2003, p. 515; Zhu and Zhang, 2011, p. 429. 82 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

A D C

Fig. 46. Thanatus coreanus. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp; D. tibial apophysis of male palp.

Female: Body length 7.0-8.0 mm. Carapace reddish brown, ovoid; longer than wide; head region, and center and margin of thoracic region white, head region with 2 pairs of white longitudinal stripes; cervical furrow, radial furrow and fovea indistinct (Fig. 46A). Eight eyes arranged in 2 rows; both eye rows retrocurved (Fig. 46A). Chelicerae brown; boss present; 2 promarginal teeth and no retromarginal tooth. Sternum brown, heart-shaped; covered sparsely with long and black hairs. Legs reddish brown; venter of femora, patellae and tibiae with 3 pairs of spines, venter of metatarsi with 2 pairs of spines; metatarsi and tarsi with scopulae. Abdomen light yellowish brown, ovoid; longer than wide; dorsum with black spear-shaped cardiac pattern enclosed by white stripe; several pairs of black speckles stretched in row (Fig. 46A). Female epigynum with epigynal plate and broad median septum; copulatory pores at lateral side of median septum; spermathecae visible partially from outside (Fig. 46B). Male: Body length 5.0-6.0 mm. Similar to female with smaller body and blackish coloration in general. Male palp with very long retrolateral tibial apophysis with pointed tip; tegulum elliptical; embolus hook-shaped with pointed tip, originated from anterior side of tegulum (Fig. 46C, D).

Distribution: Korea, China, Russia. Korea: All provinces.

Specimens examined: 1♀, 1♂ (Mt. Jeombongsan, Inje-gun, Ganowon-do: 17vii.1995); 1♀, 1♂

(Yeoju-gun, Gyeonggi-do: 10.v.1997); 4♀♀, 10♂♂ (Gurye-gun, Jeollabuk-do: 15.v.1989). Ecology: Found around bushes in mountainous region. Araneae: Philodromidae: Thanatus 83

46. Thanatus miniaceus Simon, 1880 (Fig. 47)

Jung-guk-chang-ge-geo-mi (중국창게거미)

Thanatus miniaceus Simon, 1880b, p. 110; Song and Hubert, 1983, p. 12; Zhu, 1985, p. 185; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 215; Song, 1987, p. 269; Wu and Song, 1987, p. 34; Zhang, 1987, p. 222; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 133; Feng, 1990, p. 194; Chen and Zhang, 1991, p. 284; Zhao, 1993, p. 352; Logunov, 1996b, p. 179; Song and Zhu, 1997, p. 204; Song, Zhu and Chen, 1999, p. 478; Song, Zhu and Chen, 2001, p. 380; Kim and Jung, 2001, p. 205; Namkung, 2001, p. 513; Kim and Cho, 2002, p. 175; Namkung, 2003, p. 516; Chang and Tso, 2004, p. 30; Ono and Ban, 2009, p. 476; Zhu and Zhang, 2011, p. 430.

Thanatus formicinus Hu, 1984, p. 336 (misidentified). Thanatus xizangensis Hu and Li, 1987b, p. 318; Hu, 2001, p. 332.

Female: Body length 6.0-7.0 mm. Carapace reddish brown, ovoid; longer than wide; head region, and center and margin of thoracic region white; cervical furrow, radial furrow and fovea indistinct (Fig. 47A). Eight eyes arranged in 2 rows; both eye rows retrocurved (Fig. 47A). Chelicerae yellowish brown; boss present; 2 promarginal teeth and no retromarginal teeth. Sternum yellowish brown, heart-shaped; covered sparsely with white and black hairs. Legs yellowish brown, brown speckles scattered; dorsum of each segment with 2 rows of brown stripes and several spines. Ab- domen light brown, long oval; longer than wide; dorsum with black spear-shaped cardiac pattern enclosed by white stripe, V-shaped stripe and black speckles at posterior part; venter yellowish

D C A

Fig. 47. Thanatus miniaceus. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp; D. tibial apophysis of male palp. 84 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

brown with sparse black hairs (Fig. 47A). Female epigynum with epigynal plate and median septum with broad anterior part; copulatory pores at lateral side of median septum; spermathecae visible partially from outside (Fig. 47B). Male: Body length 4.0-5.0 mm. Similar to female with smaller body and blackish coloration in general. Male palp with retrolateral tibial apophysis with very thick basal part and pointed tip; tegulum elliptical; embolus with pointed tip, originated from anterior side of tegulum (Fig. 47C, D).

Distribution: Korea, Japan, China, Mongolia. Korea: All provinces.

Specimens examined: 2♀♀, 1♂ (Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 20.v.1998); 1♀ (Yeongweol-gun,

Gangwon-do: 1.x.1996); 1♀, 4♂♂ (Inje-gun, Ganowon-do: 3.vi.1997); 1♂(Mt. Bangtaesan, Inje-gun,

Gangwon-do: 27.v.2010); 1♀(Mt. Maebongsan, Taebaek-si, Gangwon-do: 21.viii.1997); 2♀♀, 1♂(Mt.

Geumhaksan, Hongcheon-gun, Gangwon-do: 7.vii.1998); 1♀ (Hwacheon-gun, Gangwon-do: 3.vi.

1997); 4♀♀ (Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do: 23.vi.2006); 1♀(Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do: 18.vi.2001); 2♀♀

(Cheongweon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do: 5.vi.1995); 1♀(Geumsan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 15. vi.1995); 1♂ (Hamyang-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do: 20.vi.2013); 1♂ (Jeju-si, Jeju-do: 6.vi.2001); 2♂♂ (Mt. Onsusan, Guro-gu, Seoul: 22.v.1997). Ecology: Found around bushes in mountainous region.

47. Thanatus nipponicus Yaginuma, 1969 (Fig. 48)

Il-bon-chang-ge-geo-mi (일본창게거미)

Thanatus nipponicus Yaginuma, 1969, p. 87; Shinkai and Hara, 1975, p. 15; Yaginuma, Yamaguchi and Nishikawa, 1976, p. 829; Paik, 1979a, p. 122; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 215; Wu and Song, 1987, p. 36; Logunov, 1992e, p. 57; Logunov, 1996b, p. 161; Song and Zhu, 1997, p. 206; Song, Zhu and Chen, 1999, p. 478; Song, Zhu and Chen, 2001, p. 382; Kim and Jung, 2001, p. 206; Namkung, 2001, p. 514; Namkung, 2003, p. 517; Ono and Ban, 2009, p. 476.

Female: Body length 6.0-8.0 mm. Carapace yellowish brown, ovoid; longer than wide; head region with a pair of white stripes, center of thoracic region light and a pair of blackish brown stripes laterally; cervical furrow and radial furrow distinct, fovea faint (Fig. 48A). Eight eyes arranged in 2 rows; both eye rows retrocurved (Fig. 48A). Chelicerae yellowish brown; 2 promarginal teeth and no retromarginal tooth. Sternum yellowish brown, heart-shaped with grayish brown pattern. Legs yellowish brown; dorsum of each segment with 2 rows of brown stripes; venter of tibiae and metatarsi with 3 and 2 pairs of spines, respectively. Abdomen yellowish brown, long oval; longer than wide; dorsum with long yellowish brown spear-shaped cardiac pattern enclosed by white stripe,

V-shaped stripe and black speckles at posterior part (Fig. 48A); venter light yellowish brown. Fe- male epigynum with epigynal plate and median septum with broad anterior part; copulatory pores at lateral side of median septum; copulatory duct visible partially from outside (Fig. 48B). Male: Body length 5.0-6.0 mm. Similar to female with smaller body, thin legs and dark body coloration. Male palp with largely elongated retrolateral tibial apophysis, anterior part broad web- foot-shaped and posterior part large spoon-shaped; tegulum elliptical; embolus hook-shaped with pointed tip, originated from anterior side of tegulum (Fig. 48C, D). Araneae: Philodromidae: Thanatus 85

D C A

Fig. 48. Thanatus nipponicus. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp; D. tibial apophysis of male palp.

Distribution: Korea, Japan, China, Mongolia, Russia. Korea: All provinces except Jeju-do.

Specimens examined: 1♂ (Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do: 2.xi.2013); 2♀♀ (Hongcheon-gun,

Gangwon-do: 18.ix.1995); 1♀, 1♂(Mt. Daeseongsan, Hwacheon-gun, Gangwon-do: 19.ix.1997); 1♀

(Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do: 12.x.2012); 1♂(Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do: 15.x.2004); 1♂(Taean-gun, Chung cheongnam-do: 15.ix.2014); 1♂(Yoengju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 13.x.1995); 4♀♀, 3♂♂ (Mt. Sobaek san, Yeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 28.ix.2007); 1♂(Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do: 10.xi.2008);

1♂(Jangsu-gun, Jeollabuk-do: 6.x.1998); 1♂(Mt. Naejangsan, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do: 11.x.2010);

1♂(Damyang-gun, Jeollanam-do: 28.ix.2012). Ecology: Found on the ground, leaves of bushes or shrubs in mountainous region and fields. 86 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

48. Thanatus vulgaris Simon 1870 (Fig. 49)

Sul-byeong-chang-ge-geo-mi (술병창게거미)

Drassus notatus Reuss, 1834, p. 206 (suppressed for lack of usage, see Levy, 1999, p. 189). Thanatus vulgaris Simon, 1870b, p. 328; Simon, 1875, p. 325; Chyzer and Kulczyński, 1891, p. 114; Simon, 1932, pp. 863, 886; Dondale, Turnbull and Redner, 1964, p. 653; Miller, 1971, p. 130; Don- dale and Redner, 1976, p. 155; Levy, 1977, p. 214; Dondale and Redner, 1978, p. 120; Paik, 1979a, p. 123; Zhou and Song, 1985, p. 272; Wu and Song, 1987, p. 36; Wunderlich, 1987, p. 261; Hu and Wu, 1989, p. 326; Heimer and Nentwig, 1991, p. 466; Wunderlich, 1992, p. 508; Zhao, 1993, p. 353; Hansen, 1995, p. 17; Logunov, 1996b, p. 196; Song and Zhu, 1997, p. 207; Levy, 1999b, p. 189; Song, Zhu and Chen, 1999, p. 478; Lyakhov, 2000, p. 229; Szita and Samu, 2000, p. 173; Hu, 2001, p. 331; Kim and Jung, 2001, p. 207; Jäger, 2002a, p. 50; van Helsdingen, 2010, p. 10; Logunov, 2011, p. 449; Logunov, Ballarin and Marusik, 2011, p. 238; Wunderlich, 2012, p. 53; Bosmans and Van Keer, 2012a, p. 11; Kastrygina and Kovblyuk, 2013, p. 251. Thanatus major Simon, 1870b, p. 332; Simon, 1875a, p. 323. Philodromus thorellii O.P.-Cambridge, 1872a, p. 309. Philodromus vegetus L. Koch, 1882, p. 645. Thanatus peninsulanus Banks, 1898, p. 265; Kaston, 1948, p. 439; Schick, 1965, p. 93. Thanatus vulgaris maderianus Kulczyński, 1903a, p. 50. Thanatus purcelli Simon, 1910, p. 196. Thanatus vulgaris syriensis Strand, 1913, p. 158. Thanatus odorus Strand, 1915, p. 153.

Thanatus rehobothicola Strand, 1915, p. 154 (listed by Roewer under both Thanatus and Philodromus). Thanatus notatus Strand, 1916, p. 34. Thanatus retentus Chamberlin, 1919, p. 9. Philodromus setosus Petrunkevitch, 1929, p. 523. Thanatus vulgaris major Simon, 1932, p. 863. Vacchellia thorelli Caporiacco, 1935, p. 194.

Tibellus pateli Hu and Li, 1987b, p. 320 (misidentified).

Thanatus pateli Hu and Li, 1987b, p. 320 (misidentified).

Female: Body length 8.0-9.5 mm. Carapace dusky reddish brown, ovoid; longer than wide; head region and center of thoracic region white; cervical furrow and fovea indistinct, radial furrow distinct (Fig. 49A). Eight eyes arranged in 2 rows; both eye rows retrocurved (Fig. 49A). Chelicerae brown; 2 promarginal teeth and no retromarginal tooth. Sternum pale yellowish brown, heart- shaped; covered with long and dark hairs. Legs yellow, brown speckles scattered; metatarsi and tarsi with scopulae. Abdomen yellowish brown, long oval; longer than wide; dorsum with long and slender yellowish brown spear-shaped cardiac pattern enclosed by white stripe, V-shaped stripe and black speckles at posterior part (Fig. 49A); venter pale yellowish brown. Female epigynum with epigynal plate bordered narrowly; median septum absent; spermathecae visible from outside (Fig. 49B). Male: Body length 5.0-6.5 mm. Similar to female with smaller body, thin legs and dark body coloration. Male palp with largely elongated retrolateral tibial apophysis, posterior part curved spoon-shaped; tegulum elliptical; embolus hook-shaped with pointed tip, originated from anterior side of tegulum (Fig. 49C, D). Araneae: Philodromidae: Tibellus 87

D C A

Fig. 49. Thanatus vulgaris. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp; D. tibial apophysis of male palp.

Distribution: Korea, China, Europe, Algeria, North America (Holarctic). Korea: GB, GN, Incheon, Daegu, Gwangju.

Specimens examined: 2♀♀, 1♂(Mungyeong-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 26.vii.2002). 1♀, 1♂(Sang ju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 17.viii.1998). Ecology: Found on the ground, leaves of bushes or shrubs in mountainous region and fields.

Genus Tibellus Simon, 1875

Ga-jae-geo-mi-sok (가재거미속)

Carapace flat, broad and oval, longer than wide. Eyes small and subequal in size; anterior eye row with posterior median eyes form a hexagonal shape; anterior eye row recurved, posterior eye row slightly procurved. Chelicerae small and weak. Sternum shield-shaped and covered with thin hairs on slightly elevated dots, narrowed posteriorly. Abdomen very long and cylindrical, slightly blunted and indented at front and gently tapered to spinnerets, both sides almost parallel; conspi cuous longitudinal stripes and spots on dorsum. Legs relatively long; leg II slightly longer than 88 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II leg IV; leg III shortest; tarsi and metatarsi with scopulae and short spines. Female epigynum with broad septum, tapered posteriorly; atrium broad, heavily sclerotised. Male palp with or without tibial apophysis, embolus thin.

Type species: Tibellus oblongus (Walckenaer, 1802).

Key to the species of genus Tibellus

1. ‌Abodominal dorsum with a pair of black spots, tibial retrolateral apophysis of male palp distinct ·············································································································································· T. oblongus - ‌Abodominal dorsum with 2 pair of black spots, tibial retrolateral apophysis of male palp indistinct ················································································································································ T. tenellus

49. Tibellus oblongus (Walckenaer, 1802) (Fig. 50)

Du-jeom-ga-jae-geo-mi (두점가재거미)

Aranea oblonga Walckenaer, 1802, p. 228. Thomisus oblongus Walckenaer, 1805, p. 38; Hahn, 1831a, p. 10; Hahn, 1836, p. 1.

Formicinus oblongus Jarocki, 1825, p. 369 (generic nomen oblitum). Philodromus oblongus Walckenaer, 1837, p. 558; Blackwall, 1861a, p. 100. Thanatus parallelus C.L. Koch, 1837a, p. 87; C.L. Koch, 1837b, p. 28. Philodromus gracilentus Lucas, 1846, p. 199. Thanata gracilenta Simon, 1864, p. 401. Thanatus trilineatus Prach, 1866, p. 630. Thanatus oblongus Ohlert, 1867, p. 122; Thorell, 1872a, p. 269; Menge, 1875, p. 396; Hansen, 1882, p. 65; Gertsch, 1933a, p. 3. Thanatus maritimus Menge, 1875, p. 398. Thanatus propinquus Simon, 1875a, p. 309; Becker, 1882b, p. 237. Metastenus oblongus Bertkau, 1878, p. 377. Metastenus parallelus Bertkau, 1878, p. 377. Tibellus oblongus Keyserling, 1880, p. 194; Bösenberg, 1902, p. 338; Engelhardt, 1910, p. 110; Jackson, 1911b, p. 387; Charitonov, 1926c, p. 121; Peelle and Saitō, 1933, p. 115; Saitō, 1934, p. 286; Chick- ering, 1940a, p. 234; Tullgren, 1944, p. 124; Kaston, 1948, p. 440; Locket and Millidge, 1951, p. 203; Locket and Millidge, 1957, p. 488; Saitō, 1959, p. 134; Yaginuma, 1960, p. 101; Buchar, 1961, p. 90; Schick, 1965, p. 99; Mikulska, 1967, p. 389; Azheganova, 1968, p. 116; Vilbaste, 1969, p. 113; Yaginuma, 1971, p. 101; Tyschchenko, 1971, p. 113; Miller, 1971, p. 128; Izmailova, 1972a, p. 40; Braendegaard, 1972, p. 42; Levy, 1977, p. 226; Dondale and Redner, 1978b, p. 99; Utochkin, 1981, p. 12; Hu, 1984, p. 340; Roberts, 1985, p. 114; Yaginuma, 1986a, p. 216; Zhang, 1987, p. 224; Chikuni, 1989b, p. 133; Chen and Gao, 1990, p. 167; Heimer and Nentwig, 1991, p. 466; Zhao, 1993, p. 353; Baldacchino et al., 1993, p. 51; Barrion and Litsinger, 1994, p. 290; Roberts, 1995, p. 178; Mcheid- ze, 1997, p. 133; Roberts, 1998, p. 190; Efimik, 1999, p. 117; Song, Zhu and Chen, 1999, p. 479; Hu, 2001, p. 334; Song, Zhu and Chen, 2001, p. 384; Kim and Jung, 2001, p. 208; Namkung, 2001, p. 516; Paquin and Dupérré, 2003, p. 185; Namkung, 2003, p. 519; Almquist, 2006, p. 475; Ono and Ban, 2009, p. 477; Zhu and Zhang, 2011, p. 433; Wunderlich, 2012, p. 55; Ramírez, 2014, p. 65. Thanatus parallelus Chyzer and Kulczyński, 1891, p. 115; Simon, 1932, pp. 866, 888; Song, 1987, p. Araneae: Philodromidae: Tibellus 89

D C A

Fig. 50. Tibellus oblongus. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp; D. tibial apophysis of male palp.

271; Hu and Wu, 1989, p. 330; Zhao, 1993, p. 355.

Thanatus duttoni Emerton, 1892, p. 378 (misidentified); Emerton, 1902, p. 39 (misidentified). Thanatus punctatus Hull, 1955, p. 56. Thanatus longicephalus Utochkin, 1981, p. 9. Thanatus lineatus Utochkin, 1981, p. 10; Utochkin, 1984, p. 4.

Female: Body length 10.0-12.0 mm. Carapace yellowish brown, long oval; longer than wide; broad brown longitudinal band in the center, margin with brown longitudinal stripe laterally, narrow brown longitudinal stripe between them (Fig. 50A). Eight eyes arranged in 2 rows; both eye rows retrocurved; posterior eye row much longer than anterior eye row (Fig. 50A). Chelicerae light brown; 2 promarginal teeth and no retromarginal tooth. Sternum light brown, shield-shaped, posterior end pointed. Legs long and yellow; small brown speckles and spines scattered; metatarsi and tarsi with scopulae. Abdomen yellowish brown, long cylindrical; much longer than wide; dorsum with 3 brown longitudinal stripe, narrow pale brown longitudinal stripe between them, and a pair of black spots at posterior part (Fig. 50A). Female epigynum with slightly swollen epigynal plate and median septum with broad anterior part; spermathecae visible partially from outside (Fig. 50B). 90 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

Male: Body length 8.0-9.0 mm. Similar to female with smaller body, thin legs and dark body coloration. Male palp with elliptical tegulum; embolus slender and slightly curved with pointed tip, originated from anterior side of tegulum (Fig. 50C, D).

Distribution: Korea, Japan, China, Mongolia, Russia, Europe, USA(Holarctic). Korea: CN, GB, Incheon.

Specimens examined: 2♀♀, 2♂♂ (Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 11.viii.2014); 1♂ (Mt. So- baeksan, Yeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 30.vi.2009). Ecology: Found between bushes or shrubs in mountainous region and fields.

50. Tibellus tenellus (L. Koch, 1876) (Fig. 51, Pl. 18)

Neok-jeom-ga-jae-geo-mi (넉점가재거미)

Thanatus tenellus L. Koch, 1876a, p. 849. Tibellus tenellus Yaginuma, 1960, p. 101; Yaginuma, 1971, p. 101; Hu and Guo, 1982, p. 144; Hu, 1984, p. 341; Guo, 1985, p. 169; Zhu, 1985, p. 188; Yaginuma, 1986, p. 216; Zhang, 1987, p. 225; Zhao,

D C A

Fig. 51. Tibellus tenellus. A. female body; B. female epigynum; C. male palp; D. tibial apophysis of male palp. Araneae: Philodromidae: Tibellus 91

1993, p. 357; Song, Zhu and Chen, 1999, p. 479; Song, Zhu and Chen, 2001, p. 386; Kim and Jung, 2001, p. 209; Namkung, 2001, p. 515; Namkung, 2003, p. 518.

Female: Body length 8.0-10.0 mm. Carapace yellowish brown, long oval; longer than wide; broad brown longitudinal band in the center, margin with brown longitudinal stripe laterally, narrow brown longitudinal stripe between them (Fig. 51A). Eight eyes arranged in 2 rows; both eye rows retrocurved; posterior eye row much longer than anterior eye row (Fig. 51A). Chelicerae light brown; 2 promarginal teeth and no retromarginal teeth. Sternum light brown, shield-shaped, posterior end pointed. Legs long and yellowish brown; small brown speckles scattered; metatarsi and tarsi with scopulae. Abdomen yellowish brown, long cylindrical; much longer than wide; dorsum with 3 brown longitudinal stripe and 2 pairs of black spots at anterior and posterior parts (Fig. 51A). Female epigynum with slightly swollen epigynal plate and median septum with broad anterior part; spermathecae visible partially from outside (Fig. 51B). Male: Body length 6.0-8.0 mm. Similar to female with smaller body, thin legs and dark body coloration. Male palp with elliptical tegulum; embolus thick and hook-shaped with pointed tip, originated from anterior side of tegulum (Fig. 51C, D).

Distribution: Korea, Japan, China, Russia. Korea: All provinces.

Specimens examined: 1♀ (Mt. Bangtaesan, Inje-gun, Gangwon-do: 22.vii.2010); 1♀ (Mt. Jeom- bongsan, Inje-gun, Ganowon-do: 19.v.1999); 1♀ (Mt. Gariwangsan, Jeongseon-gun, Jeollanam-do:

6.viii.2009); 1♂(Mt. Myeongjisan, Gapyeong-gun, Gyeonggi-do: 19.vi.1992); 2♀♀, 2♂♂ (Suwon-si,

Gyeonggi-do: 24.viii.2009); 7♀♀, 3♂♂ (Jebudo Isl., Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do: 23.vii.2009); 1♂(Mt.

Sobaeksan, Yeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 29.v.2008); 1♀ (Mt. Naejangsan, Jeongeup-si, Jeolla- buk-do: 3.vii.2009). Ecology: Found between bushes or shrubs in mountainous region and fields. 92 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

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Plates

1. Oecobius navus, female 2. Uroctea compactilis, female 3. Uroctea lesserti, female 4. Oxyopes licenti, female

5. Oxyopes sertatus, female (egg sac protection) 6. Argyroneta aquatica, female 7. Cybaeus mosanensis, female 8. Dictyna arundinacea, female 9. Dictyna felis, male 10. Micrommata virescens, female 11. Sinopoda forcipata, male 12. Sinopoda koreana, female 13. Philodromus auricomus, male 14. Philodromus rufus, female 15. Philodromus spinitarsis, female 16. Philodromus subaureolus, male 17. Thanatus coreanus, female 18. Tibellus tenellus, female 114 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

1 2

3 4

5 6 Plates 115

7 8

9 10

11 12 116 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

13 14

15 16

17 18 Index to Scientific Names 117

Index to Korean Names

ㄱ 모산굴뚝거미 27 물거미 23 가재거미속 87 물거미속 23 갈대잎거미 39 갈새우게거미 79 ㅂ 거미강 9 거미목 9 별농발거미 59 공산마른잎거미 47 별농발거미속 56 굴뚝거미과 22 북방새우게거미 76 굴뚝거미속 25 분스라소니거미 18 굴잎거미 33 굴잎거미속 32 금두더지거미 37 ㅅ 금새우게거미 65 김화새우게거미 70 삼각굴뚝거미 29 새우게거미과 60 새우게거미속 ㄴ 63 술병창게거미 86 스라소니거미과 16 나무결새우게거미 78 스라소니거미속 17 낙엽농발거미 56 쌍갈퀴마른잎거미 44 남녘납거미 13 납거미 14 납거미속 13 ㅇ 낯표스라소니거미 20 넉점가재거미 90 아기스라소니거미 19 농발거미 52 아기잎거미 42 농발거미과 50 아폴로게거미속 61 농발거미속 52 어리집새우게거미 74 얼룩이새우게거미 72 왕굴뚝거미 ㄷ 26 육눈이마른잎거미 46 이슬거미 54 단지새우게거미 75 이슬거미속 54 대륙납거미 14 일본창게거미 84 두더지거미 35 잎거미 41 두더지거미속 35 잎거미과 31 두점가재거미 88 잎거미속 39

ㅁ ㅈ 마른잎거미 45 마른잎거미속 43 쟁기굴뚝거미 26 118 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

절지동물문 9 티끌거미과 10 중국창게거미 83 티끌거미속 11

ㅊ ㅎ

창게거미속 81 한국농발거미 58 칠보잎거미 33 한국창게거미 81 칠보잎거미속 33 환선굴뚝거미 30 황금새우게거미 64 황새우게거미 69 ㅋ 흰새우게거미 67 흰잎거미 49 콩두더지거미 38 흰잎거미속 49 큰수염아폴로게거미 62 흰테새우게거미 72

ㅌ

티끌거미 11 Index to Scientific Names 119

Index to Korean Names as Pronounced

A Geum-sae-u-ge-geo-mi 65 Gim-hwa-sae-u-ge-geo-mi 70 A-gi-ip-geo-mi 42 Gong-san-ma-reun-ip-geo-mi 47 A-gi-seu-ra-so-ni-geo-mi 19 Gul-ip-geo-mi 33 A-pol-lo-ge-geo-mi-sok 61 Gul-ip-geo-mi-sok 32 Gul-ttuk-geo-mi-gwa 22 Gul-ttuk-geo-mi-sok 25 B

Buk-bang-sae-u-ge-geo-mi 76 H Bun-seu-ra-so-ni-geo-mi 18 Byeol-nong-bal-geo-mi 59 Han-guk-chang-ge-geo-mi 81 Byeol-nong-bal-geo-mi-sok 56 Han-guk-nong-bal-geo-mi 58 Huin-ip-geo-mi 49 Huin-ip-geo-mi-sok 49 C Huin-sae-u-ge-geo-mi 67 Huin-te-sae-u-ge-geo-mi 72 Chang-ge-geo-mi-sok 81 Hwang-geum-sae-u-ge-geo-mi 64 Chil-bo-ip-geo-mi 33 Hwang-sae-u-ge-geo-mi 69 Chil-bo-ip-geo-mi-sok 33 Hwan-seon-gul-ttuk-geo-mi 30

D I Dae-ryuk-nap-geo-mi 14 I-seul-geo-mi 54 Dan-ji-sae-u-ge-geo-mi 75 I-seul-geo-mi-sok 54 Du-deo-ji-geo-mi 35 Il-bon-chang-ge-geo-mi 84 Du-deo-ji-geo-mi-sok 35 Ip-geo-mi 41 Du-jeom-ga-jae-geo-mi 88 Ip-geo-mi-gwa 31 Ip-geo-mi-sok 39 E J Eo-ri-jip-sae-u-ge-geo-mi 74 Eol-ruk-i-sae-u-ge-geo-mi 72 Jaeng-gi-gul-ttuk-geo-mi 26 Jeol-ji-dong-mul-mun 9 G Jung-guk-chang-ge-geo-mi 83

Ga-jae-geo-mi-sok 87 K Gal-dae-ip-geo-mi 39 Gal-sae-u-ge-geo-mi 79 Keun-su-yeom-a-pol-ro-ge-geo-mi 62 Geo-mi-gang 9 Kong-du-deo-ji-geo-mi 38 Geo-mi-mok 9 Geum-du-deo-ji-geo-mi 37 120 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

M Sae-u-ge-geo-mi-sok 63 Sam-gak-gul-ttuk-geo-mi 29 Ma-reun-ip-geo-mi 45 Seu-ra-so-ni-geo-mi-gwa 16 Ma-reun-ip-geo-mi-sok 43 Seu-ra-so-ni-geo-mi-sok 17 Mo-san-gul-ttuk-geo-mi 27 Ssang-gal-kwi-ma-reun-ip-geo-mi 44 Mul-geo-mi 23 Sul-byeong-chang-ge-geo-mi 86 Mul-geo-mi-sok 23

T N Ti-kkeul-geo-mi 11 Na-mu-gyeol-sae-u-ge-geo-mi 78 Ti-kkl-geo-mi-gwa 10 Nak-yeop-nong-bal-geo-mi 56 Ti-kkl-geo-mi-sok 11 Nam-nyeok-nap-geo-mi 13 Nap-geo-mi 14 Nap-geo-mi-sok 13 W Nat-pyo-seu-ra-so-ni-geo-mi 20 Neok-jeom-ga-jae-geo-mi 90 Wang-gul-ttuk-geo-mi 26 Nong-bal-geo-mi 52 Nong-bal-geo-mi-gwa 50 Nong-bal-geo-mi-sok 52 Y

Yuk-nun-i-ma-reun-ip-geo-mi 46 S

Sae-u-ge-geo-mi-gwa 60 Index to Scientific Names 121

Index to Scientific Names

A H

Aaraneae 9 Heteropoda 52 Apollophanes 61 venatoria 52 macropalpus 62 Arachnida 9 Argyroneta 23 L aquatica 23 Arthropoda 9 Lathys 43 dihamata 44 maculosa 45 B sexoculata 46 stigmatisata 47 Blabomma 32 uenoi 33 Brommella 33 M punctosparsa 33 Micrommata 54 virescens 54 C

Cicurina 35 O japonica 35 kimyongkii 37 Oecobiidae 10 phaselus 38 Oecobius 11 Cybaeidae 22 navus 11 Cybaeus 25 Oxyopes 17 aratrum 26 koreanus 18 longus 26 licenti 19 mosanensis 27 sertatus 20 triangulus 29 Oxyopidae 16 whanseunensis 30

P D Philodromidae 60 Dictyna 39 Philodromus 63 arundinacea 39 aureolus 64 felis 41 auricomus 65 foliicola 42 cespitum 67 Dictynidae 31 emarginatus 69 lanchowensis 70 122 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Spiders II

leucomarginatus 72 T margaritatus 72 poecilus 74 Thanatus 81 pseudoexilis 75 coreanus 81 rufus 76 miniaceus 83 spinitarsis 78 nipponicus 84 subaureolus 79 vulgaris 86 Tibellus 87 oblongus 88 S tenellus 90

Sinopoda 56 forcipata 56 U koreana 58 stellatops 59 Uroctea 13 Sparassidae 50 compactilis 13 Sudesna 49 lesserti 14 hedini 49 limbata 14