Health Care Organizations: Soft Target During COVID-19 Pandemic
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Botnets, Cybercrime, and Cyberterrorism: Vulnerabilities and Policy Issues for Congress
Order Code RL32114 Botnets, Cybercrime, and Cyberterrorism: Vulnerabilities and Policy Issues for Congress Updated January 29, 2008 Clay Wilson Specialist in Technology and National Security Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Botnets, Cybercrime, and Cyberterrorism: Vulnerabilities and Policy Issues for Congress Summary Cybercrime is becoming more organized and established as a transnational business. High technology online skills are now available for rent to a variety of customers, possibly including nation states, or individuals and groups that could secretly represent terrorist groups. The increased use of automated attack tools by cybercriminals has overwhelmed some current methodologies used for tracking Internet cyberattacks, and vulnerabilities of the U.S. critical infrastructure, which are acknowledged openly in publications, could possibly attract cyberattacks to extort money, or damage the U.S. economy to affect national security. In April and May 2007, NATO and the United States sent computer security experts to Estonia to help that nation recover from cyberattacks directed against government computer systems, and to analyze the methods used and determine the source of the attacks.1 Some security experts suspect that political protestors may have rented the services of cybercriminals, possibly a large network of infected PCs, called a “botnet,” to help disrupt the computer systems of the Estonian government. DOD officials have also indicated that similar cyberattacks from individuals and countries targeting economic, -
Attribution and Response to Cybercrime/Terrorism/Warfare Susan W
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Volume 97 Article 2 Issue 2 Winter Winter 2007 At Light Speed: Attribution and Response to Cybercrime/Terrorism/Warfare Susan W. Brenner Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons Recommended Citation Susan W. Brenner, At Light Speed: Attribution and Response to Cybercrime/Terrorism/Warfare, 97 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 379 (2006-2007) This Symposium is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology by an authorized editor of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. 0091-4169/07/9702-0379 THE JOURNALOF CRIMINAL LAW & CRIMINOLOGY Vol. 97. No. 2 Copyright 0 2007 by NorthwesternUniversity. Schoolof Low Printedin U.S.A. "AT LIGHT SPEED": ATTRIBUTION AND RESPONSE TO CYBERCRIME/TERRORISM/WARFARE SUSAN W. BRENNER* This Article explains why and how computer technology complicates the related processes of identifying internal (crime and terrorism) and external (war) threats to social order of respondingto those threats. First, it divides the process-attribution-intotwo categories: what-attribution (what kind of attack is this?) and who-attribution (who is responsiblefor this attack?). Then, it analyzes, in detail, how and why our adversaries' use of computer technology blurs the distinctions between what is now cybercrime, cyberterrorism, and cyberwarfare. The Article goes on to analyze how and why computer technology and the blurring of these distinctions erode our ability to mount an effective response to threats of either type. -
Hospital Ships in the War on Terror Richard J
Naval War College Review Volume 58 Article 6 Number 1 Winter 2005 Hospital Ships in the War on Terror Richard J. Grunawalt Follow this and additional works at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review Recommended Citation Grunawalt, Richard J. (2005) "Hospital Ships in the War on Terror," Naval War College Review: Vol. 58 : No. 1 , Article 6. Available at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol58/iss1/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Naval War College Review by an authorized editor of U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Grunawalt: Hospital Ships in the War on Terror Professor Grunawalt, professor emeritus of the Naval War College, is the former director of the Oceans Law and Policy Department of the Center for Naval Warfare Studies. His publications include (with John E. King and Ronald S. McClain) Protection of the Environ- ment during Armed Conflict (1996) and Targeting Enemy Merchant Shipping (1993)—volumes 69 and 65 of the Naval War College International Law Studies Series. Naval War College Review, Winter 2005, Vol. 58, No. 1 Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 2005 1 Naval War College Review, Vol. 58 [2005], No. 1, Art. 6 HOSPITAL SHIPS IN THE WAR ON TERROR Sanctuaries or Targets? Richard J. Grunawalt mployment of military hospital ships in support of the war on terror is mili- Etarily, politically, and morally appropriate. -
Deterrence Theory in the Cyber-Century Lessons from a State-Of-The-Art Literature Review
Working Paper Research Division EU/Europe Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Annegret Bendiek, Tobias Metzger Deterrence theory in the cyber-century Lessons from a state-of-the-art literature review SWP Working Papers are online publications of SWP’s research divisions which have not been formally reviewed by the Institute. Ludwigkirchplatz 3−4 10719 Berlin Phone +49 30 880 07-0 Fax +49 30 880 07-100 www.swp-berlin.org Working Paper RD EU/Europe, 2015/ 02, May 2015 [email protected] SWP Berlin Table of Contents List of Figures 1 List of Abbreviations 2 Introduction 3 In theory – Deterrence theory and cyberspace 4 Deterrence-by-retaliation and deterrence-by-denial 6 In practice – Suitability of cyber: lessons and implications 7 Key challenges: Credibility and capability to display and use force 7 How to deter? Deterrence-by-denial and deterrence-by- retaliation 9 Determining the type of defence 9 Adding offence to the equation 10 When and whom to deter? Immediate vs. general deterrence and the challenge of attribution 10 What to deter? Narrow vs. broad deterrence 12 For whom? Central vs. extended deterrence 13 Conclusion and outlook 14 Annex 16 Glossary 16 List of References 17 List of Figures Figure 1: Limits to retaliation in cyberspace .................. 9 Figure 2: A possible model of escalation ....................... 11 Figure 3: EEAS figure on a possible inter-ministry division of labour ................................................................. 15 Figure 4: Risk assessment -
In Defense of Cyberterrorism: an Argument for Anticipating Cyber-Attacks
IN DEFENSE OF CYBERTERRORISM: AN ARGUMENT FOR ANTICIPATING CYBER-ATTACKS Susan W. Brenner Marc D. Goodman The September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States brought the notion of terrorism as a clear and present danger into the consciousness of the American people. In order to predict what might follow these shocking attacks, it is necessary to examine the ideologies and motives of their perpetrators, and the methodologies that terrorists utilize. The focus of this article is on how Al-Qa'ida and other Islamic fundamentalist groups can use cyberspace and technology to continue to wage war againstthe United States, its allies and its foreign interests. Contending that cyberspace will become an increasingly essential terrorist tool, the author examines four key issues surrounding cyberterrorism. The first is a survey of conventional methods of "physical" terrorism, and their inherent shortcomings. Next, a discussion of cyberspace reveals its potential advantages as a secure, borderless, anonymous, and structured delivery method for terrorism. Third, the author offers several cyberterrorism scenarios. Relating several examples of both actual and potential syntactic and semantic attacks, instigated individually or in combination, the author conveys their damagingpolitical and economic impact. Finally, the author addresses the inevitable inquiry into why cyberspace has not been used to its full potential by would-be terrorists. Separately considering foreign and domestic terrorists, it becomes evident that the aims of terrorists must shift from the gross infliction of panic, death and destruction to the crippling of key information systems before cyberattacks will take precedence over physical attacks. However, given that terrorist groups such as Al Qa'ida are highly intelligent, well-funded, and globally coordinated, the possibility of attacks via cyberspace should make America increasingly vigilant. -
The Counterinsurgency Campaign of the Nigerian Army: the Fight
The Counterinsurgency Campaign of the Nigerian Army: The Fight against the Boko-Haram Insurgency in North-East Nigeria, 1999-2017 Gilbert La’ankwap Yalmi Department of Politics and Contemporary History School of Arts and Media, University of Salford, Manchester, UK Supervisors Dr Samantha Newbery Professor Searle Alaric Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................... i List of Figures ...................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements.............................................................................................. v Dedication ........................................................................................................... vi Abbreviations ....................................................................................................vii Abstract ................................................................................................................ x INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1 Gaps in the Literature and Opportunities for New Research ............................ 2 Statement of the Problem ................................................................................... 7 Objective and Significance ............................................................................... -
Conventional Missile Attacks Against Aircraft on Airfields and Aircraft Carriers
MEMORANDUM RM-4718-PR AIR FORCE DECLASSIFICATION OFFICE Classification Re'ained__--------------- —.„. J A N U A R Y 1966 Classification Changed To: jp / Q l No Classified AF Equities \J --------—- Refer To:___________ Reviewers Declassified from SECRET by the Air Force Declassification Office on 23 Oct 2018 CONVENTIONAL MISSILE ATTACKS AGAINST AIRCRAFT ON AIRFIELDS AND AIRCRAFT CARRIERS J. G. H a m m e r an d W . R. E ls w ic k PREPARED FOR: UNITED STATES AIR FORCE PROJECT RAND 7 ¿ e RJMD(fyyfotatca# SANTA MONICA • CALIFORNIA MEMORANDUM RM -4718-PR JANUARY 1966 CONVENTIONAL MISSILE ATTACKS AGAINST AIRCRAFT ON AIRFIELDS AND AIRCRAFT CARRIERS J. G. H a m m e r an d W . R. E ls w ic k This research is sponsored by the United States Air Force under Project RAND—Con tract No. AF 49(638)-1700—monitored by the Directorate of Operational Requirements and Development Plans, Deputy Chief of Staff, Research and Development. Hq USAF. Views or conclusions contained in this Memorandum should not be interpreted as representing the official opinion or policy of the United States Air Force. ■7& IUIIII) 1700 S r • Sant O N I C A l l F o R • 90406 -11- Published by The Rand Corporltion — i i i — PREFACE This Memorandum considers the possibilities of specialized non nuclear b a llis tic missile attacks against U.S. airpower based on South Vietnam a irfield s and on board aircraft carriers operating in the vicin ity of the Gulf of Tonkin. The subject should be of interest to those concerned with non nuclear weapon systems and their role in limited war situations. -
Cyberterrorism After Stuxnet
The United States Army War College The United States Army War College educates and develops leaders for service at the strategic level while advancing knowledge in the global application of Landpower. The purpose of the United States Army War College is to produce graduates who are skilled critical thinkers and complex problem solvers. Concurrently, it is our duty to the U.S. Army to also act as a “think factory” for commanders and civilian leaders at the strategic level worldwide and routinely engage in discourse and debate concerning the role of ground forces in achieving national security objectives. The Strategic Studies Institute publishes national security and strategic research and analysis to influence policy debate and bridge the gap between military and academia. The Center for Strategic Leadership and Development CENTER for contributes to the education of world class senior STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP and DEVELOPMENT leaders, develops expert knowledge, and provides U.S. ARMY WAR COLLEGE solutions to strategic Army issues affecting the national security community. The Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute provides subject matter expertise, technical review, and writing expertise to agencies that develop stability operations concepts and doctrines. U.S. Army War College The Senior Leader Development and Resiliency program supports the United States Army War College’s lines of SLDR effort to educate strategic leaders and provide well-being Senior Leader Development and Resiliency education and support by developing self-awareness through leader feedback and leader resiliency. The School of Strategic Landpower develops strategic leaders by providing a strong foundation of wisdom grounded in mastery of the profession of arms, and by serving as a crucible for educating future leaders in the analysis, evaluation, and refinement of professional expertise in war, strategy, operations, national security, resource management, and responsible command. -
Agricultural Bioterrorism
From the pages of Recent titles Agricultural Bioterrorism: A Federal Strategy to Meet the Threat Agricultural in the McNair MCNAIR PAPER 65 Bioterrorism: Paper series: A Federal Strategy to Meet the Threat 64 The United States ignores the The Strategic Implications of a Nuclear-Armed Iran Agricultural potential for agricultural bioter- Kori N. Schake and rorism at its peril. The relative Judith S. Yaphe Bioterrorism: ease of a catastrophic bio- weapons attack against the 63 A Federal Strategy American food and agriculture All Possible Wars? infrastructure, and the devastat- Toward a Consensus View of the Future Security to Meet the Threat ing economic and social conse- Environment, 2001–2025 quences of such an act, demand Sam J. Tangredi that the Nation pursue an aggres- sive, focused, coordinated, and 62 stand-alone national strategy to The Revenge of the Melians: Asymmetric combat agricultural bioterrorism. Threats and the Next QDR The strategy should build on Kenneth F. McKenzie, Jr. counterterrorism initiatives already underway; leverage exist- 61 ing Federal, state, and local pro- Illuminating HENRY S. PARKER grams and capabilities; and Tomorrow’s War Martin C. Libicki involve key customers, stake- PARKER holders, and partners. The U.S. 60 Department of Agriculture The Revolution in should lead the development of Military Affairs: this strategy. Allied Perspectives Robbin F. Laird and Holger H. Mey Institute for National Strategic Studies National Defense University About the Author NATIONAL DEFENSE UNIVERSITY President: Vice Admiral Paul G. Gaffney II, USN Henry S. Parker is National Program Leader for Aquaculture at the Vice President: Ambassador Robin Lynn Raphel Agricultural Research Service in the U.S. -
Preventing Nuclear Catastrophe: Making the Case for Investors and the Private Sector to Work Towards Reducing the Risks of Nuclear Weapons
Preventing Nuclear Catastrophe: Making the Case for Investors and the Private Sector to Work Towards Reducing the Risks of Nuclear Weapons David Epstein, CFA The Cross Capital Initiative | July 2020 Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge the folks who we interviewed for our ongoing work, along with others who were helpful. (Please note that inclusion of a name should not be taken as an indication that the person has read or endorses the report.) This report was made possible by funding from and in collaboration with N Square. Erika Gregory – Director, N Square Chris Gadomski – Lead Analyst, Nuclear, Morgan Matthews – Deputy Director, N Square Bloomberg New Energy Finance Gretchen Hund – Former Director, PNNL Elizabeth Talerman – CEO, Nucleus Christopher Bidwell – Senior Fellow, Federation Shazeeda Bhola – Strategist/Designer, Nucleus of American Scientists Clare Albers – Nucleus Lauren Borja – Stanton Nuclear Security Franz Busse – Sr. VP of Tech. Systems, Banjo Postdoctoral Fellow, Stanford Tom Freke – Senior Editor, Bloomberg News Michelle Dover – Director of Programs, Elaine Hagan – Assoc. Dean @ UCLA Anderson Ploughshares Fund and Exec. Dir. of Price Center Rob Du Boff, CFA – ESG Analyst, Bloomberg Will Freas – Prog. Coord., Venture Accelerator Intelligence @ UCLA Anderson Nickolas Roth – Senior Fellow & Director, Ben Solomon – Founder/Managing Partner, Stimson Center’s Nuclear Security Program Fedtech Brian Finlay – President/CEO, Stimson Center Jack Fernandes – CEO/Founder, Regenica Unmesh Sheth – Founder, SoPact Biosciences -
Hardening Soft Targets
New Visions for Public Affairs, Volume 11, Spring 2019 || 14 Policy in Action Piece Hardening Soft Targets Daniel Henne University of Delaware Terrorism was once a scattered, intermittent concern for the global community. It is now an everyday security problem that primarily affects large urban centers that have not been secured. Proper risk assessment, intelligence collection, public awareness, organizational collaboration, and improvements in technology are key areas and points that need to be emphasized in terrorism prevention. When it comes to implementing effective counterterrorism practices, places such as New York City have made strides. The city’s ability to prevent attacks can be contributed to their extensive use of surveillance systems, as well as their robust information- sharing and collaborative abilities. This paper assesses the major findings in counterterrorism literature and in practice, providing examples of advances that New York City has utilized in order to keep people safe from terrorist attacks. Policy Problem and Historical Context keep counterterrorism and soft target hardening Terrorist attacks and their effects on at the forefront of their public safety concerns. people throughout the world have been a In addition to this analysis, the following paper protracted concern for the past twenty years. will recommend improvements that can be Although the methods in which these types of made to bolster practices and procedures in attacks have varied, a vast majority of them developing better public safety standards and have occurred in places that can be defined as outcomes. soft targets (French, 2015). Soft targets are locations that are accessible to large numbers of Terrorism and Soft Targets people and that have limited security or There is no universally accepted definition protection methods in case of an emergency. -
Applying Traditional Jurisdictional Frameworks to a Modern Threat
PROSECUTING CYBERTERRORISTS: APPLYING TRADITIONAL JURISDICTIONAL FRAMEWORKS TO A MODERN THREAT Paul N. Stockton* & Michele Golabek-Goldman** The United States faces a growing risk of cyberterrorism against its finan- cial system, electric power grid, and other critical infrastructure sectors. Senior U.S. policymakers note that building U.S. capacity to prosecute cyberterrorists could play a key role in deterring and disrupting such attacks. To facilitate pros- ecution, the federal government is bolstering its technical expertise to attribute attacks to those who perpetrate them, even when, as is increasingly the case, the perpetrators exploit computers in dozens of nations to strike U.S. infrastructure. Relatively little attention has been paid, however, to another prerequisite for prosecuting cyberterrorists: that of building a legal framework that can bring those who attack from abroad to justice. The best approach to prosecuting cyberterrorists striking from abroad is to add extraterritorial application to current domestic criminal laws bearing on cyberattack. Yet, scholars have barely begun to explore how the United States can best justify such extraterritorial extension under international law and assert a legitimate claim of prescriptive jurisdiction when a terrorist hijacks thousands of computers across the globe. Still less attention has been paid to the question of how to resolve the conflicting claims of national jurisdiction that such attacks would likely engender. This Article argues that the protective principle—which predicates prescrip- tive jurisdiction on whether a nation suffered a fundamental security threat— should govern cyberterrorist prosecutions. To support this argument, the Article examines the full range of principles on which States could claim prescriptive ju- risdiction and assesses their strengths and weaknesses for extending extraterrito- rial application of U.S.