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Les Bases De L'imagerie Satellitaire Les Bases de l’Imagerie Satellitaire Jean Marie Nicolas <[email protected]> Cadre priv´e } sans modifications Voir page 128 Version 2012.3, 21 d´ecembre 2012 Table des matieres` 1 Principes de mecanique´ satellitaire 6 1.1 G´eom´etried’unsyst`emeorbital. .................. 7 1.1.1 Rappelsdem´ecaniquek´eplerienne. ............... 7 1.1.2 Equationsfondamentalesdessatellites . ................. 7 1.1.3 Param`etresorbitaux . .......... 9 1.2 Descripteursd’uneorbite . .............. 11 1.3 Priseencomptedelanonsph´ericit´edelaterre. ..................... 12 1.3.1 LaTerreenWGS84 ................................ ..... 12 1.3.2 Trajectoires circulaires : les orbites h´eliosynchrones .................... 12 1.3.3 Trajectoires excentriques: les orbites gel´ees . ..................... 13 1.4 Donn´ees num´eriques des lanceurs et satellites actuels........................ 14 1.4.1 Quelques donn´ees sur les altitudes des satellites . ..................... 14 1.4.2 Lanceursactuels ............................... ........ 14 1.4.3 Lesfrottementsdanslahauteatmosph`ere . ................ 15 1.4.4 Lescorrectionsorbitales . ............ 16 2 Gen´ eralit´ es´ sur les satellites de tel´ ed´ etection´ 20 2.1 Lessatellitesdet´el´edectioncivile . .................... 21 2.2 G´en´eralit´essurlessatellitesimageurs . ...................... 21 2.2.1 Fauch´eeetCouverture . .......... 21 2.2.2 Cycleetphasage ................................ ....... 21 2.2.3 Tempsderevisite............................... ........ 24 2.2.4 Choixd’orbitesh´eliosynchrones . ............... 25 2.2.5 Lavisibilit´edelaTerreenorbite . ............... 25 2.3 Orbitesusuelles................................. ........... 26 2.4 LessatellitesoptiquesetInfraRouge(IR) . ................... 26 2.4.1 Principesg´en´eraux . ........... 26 2.4.2 Lescapteurs ................................... ...... 28 2.5 Lessatellitesradar .............................. ............ 29 2.6 Les images et leur g´eor´ef´erencement : orientation de latrace .................... 29 2.7 Analyse des besoins dans le cadre du programme Orfeo-Pl´eiades.................. 31 2.8 Quelquessatellitesdet´el´ed´etection . ...................... 31 3 Geom´ etrie´ des images 33 3.1 G´en´eralit´es .................................. ............ 34 3.1.1 Notionder´esolution . .......... 34 3.1.2 Echantillonnagedesdonn´ees. ............. 34 3.1.3 Rayonperspectif ............................... ........ 35 3.1.4 Rep´erageparrapportausol . ........... 36 3.1.5 Enregistrementcontinuouinstantann´e. ................. 39 3.1.6 Monoscopieetst´er´eoscopie . ............. 40 3.2 Lescapteurs ..................................... ........ 41 3.2.1 Limitesphysiques .............................. ........ 41 3.2.2 Capteurs num´eriques et chambres photographiques . ................... 41 3.2.3 Quelques PSF (Point Spread Function) de syst`emes satellitaires .............. 41 3.3 G´eom´etriedesprisesdevuesoptiques . .................. 42 3.3.1 Echantillonnageausol:GSIetIFOV . ............ 43 Jean Marie Nicolas <[email protected]> Cadre priv´e } sans modifications Voir page 128 1/128 Les Bases de l’Imagerie Satellitaire 3.3.2 Rayon perspectif, hypoth`ese de terre plane, vis´ee verticale(casoptique). 43 3.3.3 G´eom´etrie des prises de vues optiques en vis´ee oblique................... 44 3.4 G´eom´etrie des acquisitions RSO (Radar `aSynth`ese d’Ouverture).................. 48 3.4.1 Principesdel’acquisitionRSO . ............. 48 3.4.2 G´eom´etrie“optique”etg´eom´etrieRSO . ................. 49 3.4.3 Acquisitions sous diff´erentesincidences:hypoth`esedeTerreplate . ... 49 3.5 Quelquescapteurssatellitaires . ................. 50 3.6 Effetsdurelief........................................ ..... 51 3.6.1 Analysequalitative . .......... 51 3.6.2 Notiondemod`eleetdemod`eleinverse . .............. 51 3.7 Recalagedesdonn´ees. ............ 53 3.7.1 Niveauxderectification[11] . ............ 53 3.7.2 Transformations g´eom´etriques : mod`eles empiriques[11].................. 54 3.7.3 Transformations g´eom´etriques : mod`eles physiques3D[11] ................ 56 3.7.4 M´ethodesd’interpolation. ............. 56 3.8 Orientationdesimagessurlasurfaceterrestre . ..................... 56 3.8.1 Vis´eeavantarri`ere . ........... 56 3.8.2 Acquisitionlat´erale(gauche-droite) . .................. 57 4 Les satellites optiques 62 4.1 Les satellites imageurs `achamp de limbe `alimbe et grand champ (applications m´et´eorologiques) . 63 4.1.1 Images plan´etaires : les satellites m´et´eorologiquesg´eostationnaires . 63 4.1.2 Lessatellites `ad´efilementNOAA-POES. ............... 68 4.1.3 DMSP : Defense MeteorologicalSatellite Program . ................. 70 4.1.4 Lessatellites `ad´efilementMETOP-ESA. ............... 71 4.1.5 Les satellites `ad´efilement METEOR (URSS puis Russie).................. 72 4.1.6 LecapteurPOLDER ............................... ...... 73 4.1.7 SPOT-V´eg´etation. .......... 73 4.2 Les satellites imageurs grand champ en oc´eanographie . ...................... 74 4.2.1 Imagesr´egionales:NIMBUS7 . .......... 74 4.2.2 LamissionSeaWIFS.............................. ....... 74 4.2.3 LeprogrammesOkean .. .... ... .... .... .... ... .... ....... 75 4.2.4 Haiyang:lasurveillancedelamerenChine . .............. 75 4.2.5 LesprogrammesindiensOceanSat. ............ 75 4.3 Lessatellitesimageurs`achamplimit´e . ................... 76 4.3.1 Leprogrammeam´ericainLANDSAT . .......... 76 4.3.2 LeprogrammeNMP ................................ ..... 78 4.3.3 NASA’sEarthObservingSystems . ........... 78 4.3.4 LeprogrammeRESURS . .... ... .... .... .... ... .... .. ...... 80 4.3.5 Lessatelliteseurop´eensSPOT1`a7 . .............. 80 4.3.6 LeprogrammeindienIRS . ........ 83 4.3.7 Lesprogrammesjaponais . ......... 84 4.3.8 LeprogrammeSino-br´esilienCBERS . ............. 86 4.3.9 RapidEye...................................... ..... 86 4.3.10 RazakSAT : le satellite d’observation de la Terre de Malaisie................ 86 4.3.11 LeprogrammedelaTha¨ılande:Theos . ............. 87 4.3.12 Lesprogrammeschinois . .......... 87 4.4 Lessyst`emesimageurshauter´esolution . ................... 88 4.4.1 GeoEye:OrbviewetIkonos . ......... 88 4.4.2 DigitalGlobe:Quickbird,Worldview . .............. 89 4.4.3 OrfeoPl´eiades ................................ ........ 91 4.4.4 EROS.......................................... ... 92 4.4.5 Formosat-2(Taiwan)) . ......... 92 4.4.6 KOMPSAT-2(Cor´ee). ........ 92 4.4.7 Cartosat(Inde) ................................ ........ 93 4.4.8 Tianhui-1(Chine) .............................. ........ 93 4.4.9 LesprogrammesRESURS-F(ex-URSS)etSPIN-2 . ............. 93 4.5 Minietmicrosatellites . ............. 94 Jean Marie Nicolas <[email protected]> Cadre priv´e } sans modifications Voir page 128 2/128 Les Bases de l’Imagerie Satellitaire 4.5.1 SSTI(SmallSpacecraftTechnologyInitiative) . .................. 94 4.5.2 Proba-1....................................... ..... 94 4.5.3 DMC:DisasterMonitoringConstellation . ............... 95 4.5.4 Autresminietmicrosatellites . ............. 96 4.6 Capteurshyperspectraux . ............. 96 4.6.1 Modis......................................... .... 96 4.6.2 Hyperion ...................................... ..... 96 4.6.3 Meris(satelliteENVISAT) . ........... 96 4.6.4 Chris(satelliteProba-1) . ............ 97 4.7 Quelquesprogrammesmilitaires . ............... 97 4.7.1 France:programmeHelios. .......... 98 4.7.2 Japon ......................................... .... 98 4.7.3 Isra¨el ....................................... ...... 98 4.7.4 Chine......................................... .... 99 4.8 Utilisation de la navette spatiale et de Mir . ................... 99 4.8.1 Exp´erimentations sur les navettes am´ericaines . ..................... 99 4.8.2 Mir ........................................... 100 4.9 FutursProjetsd’observationdelaterre . ................... 100 4.9.1 Sentinel-2etSentinel-3. ............ 100 4.9.2 Divers........................................ ..... 101 5 Les satellites radar 102 5.1 LessatellitesRSOdepremi`ereg´en´eration . ..................... 103 5.1.1 Particularit´esd’ERS(1991-2011) . ............... 103 5.1.2 JERS(1992-1998) ............................... ....... 105 5.1.3 Particularit´esdeRadarsat(1995-.) . ................. 105 5.1.4 ENVISAT(2002-2012). ........ 106 5.1.5 Almaz......................................... .... 107 5.1.6 Autressyst`emes ............................... ........ 107 5.2 Utilisationdelanavettespatiale . ................. 108 5.2.1 Columbia:leprogrammeSIR-A(1982) . ........... 108 5.2.2 Challenger:leprogrammeSIR-B(1984) . ............. 108 5.2.3 Endeavour:leprogrammeSIR-C(1994) . ............ 108 5.2.4 Endeavour:leprogrammeSRTM(2000) . ........... 109 5.3 Les capteurs de seconde g´en´eration (2006-2008) . ...................... 109 5.3.1 ALOS.......................................... 109 5.3.2 Radarsat-2 .................................... ...... 109 5.3.3 Terrasar-X .................................... ...... 110 5.3.4 Cosmo-Skymed.................................. ...... 110 5.4 Lesprojetsencours............................... ........... 111 5.5 Lessyst`emesmilitaires . .............. 112 5.5.1 USA : Les Lacrosses/Onyx.................................. 112 5.5.2 Japon:IGS..................................... ..... 113 5.5.3 Allemagne:LaconstellationSarLupe. .............. 113 5.5.4 Chine:Yaogan.................................. ...... 113 5.5.5 Isra¨el:Tecsar................................ ......... 114 5.5.6 Inde:RISAT-2 .................................
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