Reescritura Y Reciclaje De La Ciencia Ficción Socialista En Hollywood

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Reescritura Y Reciclaje De La Ciencia Ficción Socialista En Hollywood REESCRITURA Y RECICLAJE DE LA CIENCIA FICCIÓN SOCIALISTA EN HOLLYWOODRUBÉN HIGUERAS FLORES1 Difícilmente habrían imaginado los cineastas y teóricos de la escuela soviética que sus reflexiones en torno al montaje cinematográfico, enunciadas durante los años veinte, terminarían siendo rentabilizadas décadas más tarde por la muy ca- pitalista inteligencia de un productor estadounidense con la finalidad de sacar provecho de las obras de varios de sus compatriotas. Sin pretender ahondar en este fértil objeto de investigación que constituiría las conexiones entre los ex- perimentos y teorías sobre montaje fílmico llevadas a cabo por directores como Sergei M. Eisenstein o Vsévolod Pudovkin y el reciclaje (cuando no remontaje) del metraje de producciones provenientes de la URSS inscritas dentro de la ciencia ficción por parte del pope de la serie B Roger Corman, sí resulta imperativo des- tacar el rol desempeñado en ello por el denominado “efecto Kuleshov”. Sobra- 1. Personal Investigador en Formación de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid y el Banco Santander. Miembro del Grupo Complutense de Estudios Cinematográficos. 3 4 damente conocido por todo cinéfilo maquetas para paliar el paupérrimo di- (condición que nos excusa de relatarlo seño de producción de sus filmes, de por enésima vez, ahorrando al lector la manera que las imágenes de las pelí- engorrosa labor de leer nuevamente su culas soviéticas se intercalasen en el descripción), el experimento orques- metraje de sus producciones. En “Pla- tado por el realizador de “El rayo de la neta sangriento” (Queen of Blood, Cur- muerte” (Luch smerti, 1925), y docente tis Harrington, 1966) encontramos un de la Escuela Estatal de Cine de Moscú representativo ejemplo de ello: en la demostró que la comprensión semán- secuencia de la rueda de prensa con- tica de un plano está determinada por vocada por el científico interpretado su ubicación dentro de la cadena sin- por Basil Rathbone, el plano general tagmática; es decir, su significado para (que muestra una sala de futurista y es- el espectador se encuentra en relación pectacular diseño arquitectónico) y las directa con el plano al que sucede, de- imágenes de la reacción de los perio- pendiendo en gran medida de su yux- distas pertenecen al largometraje “En- taposición (ayudándose, eso sí, de la cuentro en el espacio” (Mechte navs- tendencia del público a la producción trechu, Mikhail Karzhukov y Otar de sentido narrativo). Como aseveró Koberidze, 1963), de manera que úni- Pudovkin, «el montaje es la fuerza cre- camente fue necesaria la filmación de adora de la realidad fílmica, y [...] la na- los primeros planos de Rathbone, con turaleza solo aporta el material con que la consabida reducción de gasto. Asi- formarla2». Será basándose (si bien de mismo, habituales eran las repeticiones manera inconsciente, muy probable- de planos a lo largo del metraje de es- mente) en este principio como Corman tas producciones norteamericanas, de y allegados efectúen su estrategia de manera que las mismas imágenes del apropiación y reciclaje de metraje fíl- despegue de una nave también servían mico ajeno. para representar su alunizaje con solo La adquisición por parte de Ameri- invertir su proyección. can International Pictures de una serie Una segunda modalidad de apro- de largometrajes soviéticos de presu- piación del material soviético consistía puesto holgado tenía como finalidad el en perpetrar una suerte de remontaje aprovechamiento de sus imágenes más de la película original, alterando sus espectaculares para dar lustre a sus diálogos sirviéndose del doblaje al in- modestas producciones. La idea con- glés e insertando alguna secuencia sistía en utilizar aquellos planos dota- nueva que posibilitase el añadido de dos de espectaculares efectos especia- los elementos clave del cine exploita- les, decorados suntuosos y verosímiles tion made in Corman (generalmente, 2. REISZ, Karel, MILLAR, Gavin: “The Technique of Film Editing”, London and New York: Focal Press, 1953, p. 15. 5 criaturas monstruosas y/o féminas ex- mos en casos concretos más adelante, hibiendo una cantidad considerable de anticipamos que las operaciones des- epidermis)3. critas conllevan un proceso de rese- Ante lo expuesto, una duda clave mantización del significante en el que emerge: ¿permanece intacto (o, cuando unas mismas imágenes sirven para en- menos, subsiste) el discurso socialista hebrar una narración y un discurso dis- de los títulos cuyo metraje fue reutili- tinto a aquel del que proceden. Los me- zado e insertado dentro de filmes nor- canismos que permitían erigir esta teamericanos? Aunque nos detendre- suerte de palimpsestos fílmicos eran el 3. Estas cuestionables prácticas contaban con no pocos antecedentes dentro de la tradición del cine exploitation. Asimismo, hemos de hacer constar que el cine soviético no fue su única víctima: al lector deseoso de ahondar en este submundo le recomendamos que se familiarice con la obra de Jerry Warren y sus lisérgicos remontajes de pe- lículas de nacionalidad mexicana. 6 empleo del montaje como elemento «El film soviético del espacio era configurador de la narración y del dis- muy ideológico y simbólico en sus curso fílmico y su combinación con conflictos. Roger propugnaba que una banda de sonido capaz de encajar había una fortuna en los efectos diálogos nuevos, acompañados de una especiales, y que él podía orques- voice over que recontextualizaba las tarlos para el público estadouni- imágenes, las revestía de nuevo signi- dense. Tuve que traducir las imá- ficado e, incluso, se ocupaba de col- genes a una línea argumental en mar los vacíos que las imágenes deja- inglés que se circunscribiera a los ban en el relato4. movimientos de los labios. […] En- tretanto, también me había de- A comienzos de la década de los se- signado como supervisor de diá- senta, Corman compró a muy bajo logos de “El palacio de los coste los derechos de la epopeya es- espíritus”6. De día retocaba frases pacial “Nebo zovyot” (Mikhail Karz- hukov y Aleksandr Kozyr, 1959) para su explotación en EE.UU., Canadá e Inglaterra con el título de “Batalla más allá del Sol”(Battle Beyond the Sun, 1962), encomendando al por enton- ces desconocido Francis Ford Coppola su labor de “adaptación” al gusto del público norteamericano5. Según re- cuerda el después firmante de “Apo- calypse Now” (1979), 4. No olvidemos el poder del doblaje como herra- mienta de censura y de control de discursos fílmicos, de ahí que el régimen franquista impusiera la obliga- ción del doblaje en la exhibición cinematográfica a partir de 1941. 5. Ese mismo año, Coppola también se ocupó de re- montar y añadir secuencias al filme alemán de corte erótico “Mit Eva fing die Sünde an” (Fritz Umgelter, 1958), dando como resultado “El botones y las Play- girls” (The Bellboy and the Playgirls, 1962), además de filmar el nudie “Tonight for Sure” (1962). 6. “The Haunted Palace” (Roger Corman, 1963) 7 para Vincent y los otros; luego pa- saba casi toda la noche en vela, puliendo la cinta de ciencia-fic- ción. Me parece recordar que no llegué a ver la versión definitiva de “Battle Beyond the Sun”7.» El proceso de “aclimatación” de “Nebo zovyot” al mercado anglosajón con- llevó el necesario vaciado ideológico de su discurso (ferozmente anti-ameri- cano, con una caracterización poco fa- vorecedora de los personajes estadou- nidenses, amén de un epílogo que celebraba el triunfo de la misión so- viética)8: los dos bloques en pugna en la diegésis del largometraje de Karz- hukov y Kozyr, soviético y americano, pasaron a representar cada uno de los hemisferios de la superficie terráquea, invalidando el sustrato ideológico pri- mario, que se encontraba en plena con- sonancia con la carrera espacial entre 7. CORMAN, Roger, JEROME, Jim: “Cómo hice cien films en Hollywood y nunca perdí ni un céntimo”. Barcelona: Laertes, 1992, p. 129. 8. La URSS siempre tuvo muy presente el potencial pro- pagandístico que el cinematógrafo atesoraba: baste re- cordar filmes como “El acorazado Potemkin” (Bronenosets Potyomkin, Sergei M. Eisenstein, 1925) o la célebre frase que Lenin pronunció poco después de la revolución de 1917, en la que aseguraba que «de todas las artes, el cine es para nosotros la más importante». No debe extrañarnos, por tanto, que el cine volviera a erigirse en medio de propaganda durante la carrera es- pacial entre EE.UU. y la URSS, puesto que constituía un medio idóneo para estimular el imaginario y los ánimos de la población. 9 ambos bloques que estaba teniendo lu- miento entre ambos, suerte de coito gar por entonces9. La banalización del violento que solo puede terminar con la discurso original no quedó aquí: Cor- fagocitación de uno de los partenaires man consideró necesario aligerar el por parte del otro. ritmo del filme (podando parte de su El espectador atento puede perci- metraje: la duración de “Battle Beyond bir otros cambios de menor enverga- the Sun” es de unos escuetos 64 minu- dura, como el recubrimiento del nom- tos, frente a los 75 del filme original) e bre de la nave espacial soviética introducir una secuencia que saciase el (bautizada “Patria”, en ruso) por un apetito de criaturas alienígenas que su recuadro con el dibujo de un cohete, público habitual (consumidor de pala- dibujado manualmente en cada uno dar acostumbrado a la ciencia ficción de los fotogramas. estadounidense de serie B) esperaría de una película ambientada en el espacio. Sin embargo, “Nebo zovyot” no fue el En consecuencia, confió a Coppola el di- único filme soviético de ciencia ficción seño de dos criaturas de clara simbo- del que Corman se nutrió. Es más, “El logía sexual (el macho, poseedor de dos planeta de las tormentas” (Planeta Bur, apéndices fálicos; la hembra, dotada de una prominente vagina dentata), que el 9. La segunda contiene mayor metraje rodado ex pro- pupilo construyó con la ayuda de algu- feso, mientras que la primera es un remontaje de la pe- nos antiguos compañeros de la UCLA, y lícula soviética con unas breves secuencias el rodaje de la secuencia del enfrenta- protagonizadas por Rathbone intercaladas.
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