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El Sistema Operativo Linux

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El Sistema Operativo Linux El Sistema Operativo Linux Javier Parapar Contenido El Sistema Operativo Linux Conceptos B´asicos Javier Parapar ([email protected]) Aula de Formaci´onInform´atica Universidade da Coru˜na Material base por Carlos Abalde 8 - 17 de enero de 2007 Javier Parapar (AFI) El Sistema Operativo Linux 8 - 17 de enero de 2007 1 / 159 Contenido El Sistema Operativo Linux Javier Parapar 1 El software libre y Linux. Distribuciones Contenido 2 Primeros pasos en Linux 3 Instalaci´onde distribuciones 4 Gesti´onde archivos (I) 5 Gesti´onde archivos (y II) 6 Edici´onde archivos de texto 7 Gesti´onde usuarios y procesos 8 Shell scripts 9 Arranque, reinicio y apagado del sistema 10 Logs del sistema 11 Sistema gr´aficoXwindow 12 Configuraci´onb´asicadel entorno 13 Sistemas de paquetes. Compilaci´onde software no empaquetado 14 Acceso y servicios de Internet 15 Paquetes ofim´aticos.Multimedia 16 Otros conceptos avanzados Javier Parapar (AFI) El Sistema Operativo Linux 8 - 17 de enero de 2007 2 / 159 Parte I El Sistema Operativo Linux Javier Parapar El software libre y Linux El software libre y Linux. Distribuciones Los inicios La licencia GPL GNU/Linux Linux hoy 1 El software libre y Linux Distribuciones Los inicios Slackware Debian GNU/Linux La licencia GPL Knoppix Ubuntu GNU/Linux Fedora Core Linux hoy SuSe Mandriva Gentoo Linux 2 Distribuciones Slackware Debian GNU/Linux Knoppix Ubuntu Fedora Core SuSe Mandriva Gentoo Linux Javier Parapar (AFI) El Sistema Operativo Linux 8 - 17 de enero de 2007 3 / 159 Parte I El Sistema Operativo Linux Javier Parapar El software libre y Linux El software libre y Linux. Distribuciones Los inicios La licencia GPL GNU/Linux Linux hoy 1 El software libre y Linux Distribuciones Los inicios Slackware Debian GNU/Linux La licencia GPL Knoppix Ubuntu GNU/Linux Fedora Core Linux hoy SuSe Mandriva Gentoo Linux 2 Distribuciones Slackware Debian GNU/Linux Knoppix Ubuntu Fedora Core SuSe Mandriva Gentoo Linux Javier Parapar (AFI) El Sistema Operativo Linux 8 - 17 de enero de 2007 4 / 159 Los inicios El Sistema Operativo Linux Javier Parapar Intercambio y difusi´onlibre del conocimiento El software libre y Linux Los inicios El movimiento hacker La licencia GPL GNU/Linux hacker 6= crackers Linux hoy Grupo de gente que se nutre de conocimiento, que trata de saber Distribuciones y ejercitar sus habilidades todo lo posible y adem´astrata de Slackware compartir su conocimiento con los dem´asy hacerlo lo m´as Debian GNU/Linux accesible y abierto posible, seguros de que esto har´amejorar al Knoppix Ubuntu resto de la comunidad Fedora Core No ce˜nidoal ´ambito de la inform´atica SuSe Mandriva Hackers famosos Gentoo Linux Tim Berners-Lee, Vinton Cerf y Robert Kahn Padres de la actual Internet Brian Kernighan y Dennis Ritchie Padres del lenguaje de programaci´onC Creadores del sistema operativo que sent´olas bases de Linux: Unix Richard M. Stallman Visionario que sienta las bases del “movimiento del software libre” Javier Parapar (AFI) El Sistema Operativo Linux 8 - 17 de enero de 2007 5 / 159 La licencia GPL El Sistema Operativo Linux Javier Parapar Laboratorio de inteligencia artificial del MIT, 1971 El software libre y Linux Richard M. Stallman Los inicios La licencia GPL Filosof´ıa hacker: compartici´onde software entre miembros del GNU/Linux laboratorio y otras universidades Linux hoy El mundo empresarial, 1971 Distribuciones Slackware Cierre del software y freno a la cultura hacker de intercambio libre Debian GNU/Linux de conocimiento Knoppix Ubuntu Restricciones a la compartici´on Fedora Core Restricciones a las modificaciones y mejoras por parte de terceros SuSe Mandriva Nacimiento del movimiento GNU (GNU is Not Unix), 1983 Gentoo Linux Richard M. Stallman Crear un conjunto de utilidades b´asicas como editores de texto, hojas de c´alculo, etc y un sistema operativo libre ¿C´omoevitar que alguien se apropie de esos programas que Stallman quer´ıaceder libremente a la comunidad? Licencia GPL: General Public License Fundamentos de la GPL Los programas han de ser distribuidos con su c´odigofuente Se puede realizar cualquier modificaci´onsobre el c´odigo, y esta a su vez ha de ser licenciada como GPL A d´ıa de hoy la GPL es el paradigma del software libre LGPL (Lesser General Public License), BSD, GNU Free Documentation License. Javier Parapar (AFI) El Sistema Operativo Linux 8 - 17 de enero de 2007 6 / 159 Ejemplos programas software libre El Sistema Operativo Linux Javier Parapar El software libre y Linux Los inicios La licencia GPL GNU/Linux Linux hoy Distribuciones Slackware Debian GNU/Linux Knoppix Ubuntu Fedora Core SuSe Mandriva Gentoo Linux Javier Parapar (AFI) El Sistema Operativo Linux 8 - 17 de enero de 2007 7 / 159 GNU/Linux El Sistema Operativo Linux Javier Parapar Programa de software libre (otro m´as) El software libre y Linux Linus Torvalds, 1991, estudiante de la universidad de Helsinki Los inicios La licencia GPL Desarrollo personal de un sistema operativo para explotar las GNU/Linux capacidades del 386 Linux hoy En un primer momento, se basado en el sistema operativo Minix, Distribuciones dise˜nado por Andrew Tanenbaum, un profesor de sistemas Slackware operativos de Berkeley Debian GNU/Linux Knoppix M´as tarde, reescrito desde cero, apoy´andose en grupos de noticias Ubuntu de Internet, para difundir el conocimiento y dar a conocer el Fedora Core SuSe proyecto al resto de programadores del mundo Mandriva Licenciado bajo la licencia GPL Gentoo Linux Torvalds y otros desarrolladores de los primeros d´ıasde Linux adaptaron los componentes de GNU disponibles en aquel momento para trabajar con el n´ucleo de Linux, creando un sistema operativo completamente funcional Para aquel momento, el proyecto GNU hab´ıa producido ya casi la totalidad de los componentes del sistema, incluyendo un int´erprete de comandos, una biblioteca C y un compilador. Sin embargo, el n´ucleo de GNU estaba a´un incompleto debido a su ambicioso dise˜noy por ende inesperada dificultad a la hora de implementar Linux llen´oel hueco final en el sistema operativo GNU A pesar de que el n´ucleo de Linux es liberado bajo los t´erminosde la licencia de GNU, no es parte oficial de ´esteproyecto (Hurd) Javier Parapar (AFI) El Sistema Operativo Linux 8 - 17 de enero de 2007 8 / 159 Linux hoy El Sistema Operativo Linux Javier Parapar System V, BSD, POSIX El software libre y Linux Los inicios La familia: http://www.levenez.com/unix La licencia GPL GNU/Linux Multitarea robusta y multiusuario. Trata los procesos de manera Linux hoy independiente, lo que previene que el sistema se caiga Distribuciones completamente si uno de ellos falla Slackware Debian GNU/Linux Gran robustez y fiabilidad. Los tiempos de uptime son realmente Knoppix Ubuntu altos Fedora Core SuSe Un gran parque de software libre, tanto para servidor como para Mandriva Gentoo Linux escritorio Aprovechamiento total de los recursos hardware. Corre tanto en equipos muy antiguos, como en equipos de ´ultima generaci´on Buenos sistemas de escritorio (desktops). Cada vez es m´as sencilla su instalaci´ony uso en este tipo de sistemas Enormes ventajas derivadas de que cualquiera puede usar y modificar el software (live CDs, CDs de bolsillo, Linux para PDAs, para relojes. ) Multiplataforma. Esta portado a todo tipo de plataformas, incluyendo PDAs o M´oviles Javier Parapar (AFI) El Sistema Operativo Linux 8 - 17 de enero de 2007 9 / 159 Parte I El Sistema Operativo Linux Javier Parapar El software libre y Linux El software libre y Linux. Distribuciones Los inicios La licencia GPL GNU/Linux Linux hoy 1 El software libre y Linux Distribuciones Los inicios Slackware Debian GNU/Linux La licencia GPL Knoppix Ubuntu GNU/Linux Fedora Core Linux hoy SuSe Mandriva Gentoo Linux 2 Distribuciones Slackware Debian GNU/Linux Knoppix Ubuntu Fedora Core SuSe Mandriva Gentoo Linux Javier Parapar (AFI) El Sistema Operativo Linux 8 - 17 de enero de 2007 10 / 159 Slackware El Sistema Operativo Linux Javier Parapar http://www.slackware.com El software libre y Linux Los inicios Una de las primeras distribuciones que surge La licencia GPL GNU/Linux Dise˜nadapor Patrick Volkerding a partir de SLS Linux Linux hoy Distribuciones Gran aceptaci´onal principio hasta llegar a ser la distribuci´onmas Slackware Debian GNU/Linux popular del mercado. Actualmente ha perdido terreno a favor de Knoppix distribuciones mas modernas, siendo relegada a aplicaciones Ubuntu Fedora Core especializadas SuSe Mandriva Sistema de instalaci´onde paquetes sin control de versiones ni Gentoo Linux dependencias Necesita un mayor conocimiento de Linux que la mayor´ıa de las otras distribuciones populares Javier Parapar (AFI) El Sistema Operativo Linux 8 - 17 de enero de 2007 11 / 159 Debian GNU/Linux El Sistema Operativo Linux Javier Parapar http://www.debian.org El software libre y Linux Los inicios Distribuci´onbastante popular que no est´adesarrollada por La licencia GPL ninguna compa˜n´ıacomercial sino que es fruto del trabajo de GNU/Linux diversos voluntarios en toda la comunidad de Internet Linux hoy Distribuciones Comprometida con los principios y valores involucrados en el Slackware movimiento del software libre Debian GNU/Linux Knoppix Creado por Debian Project el a˜no 1993 Ubuntu Fedora Core Debian GNU/Hurd SuSe Debian GNU/NetBSD Mandriva Gentoo Linux Distribuci´oncompletamente gratis, sin restricci´onde licencias en donde todo el software es GNU/GPL y no incluye software comercial Sistema de gesti´one instalaci´on de paquetes DEB apt No tiene marcado ning´unentorno gr´aficoen especial ya sea GNOME, KDE. Tres ramas Stable Testing Unstable Javier Parapar
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