The Resiliency Compass: Navigating Global Value Chain Disruption in an Age of Uncertainty
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Botnets, Cybercrime, and Cyberterrorism: Vulnerabilities and Policy Issues for Congress
Order Code RL32114 Botnets, Cybercrime, and Cyberterrorism: Vulnerabilities and Policy Issues for Congress Updated January 29, 2008 Clay Wilson Specialist in Technology and National Security Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Botnets, Cybercrime, and Cyberterrorism: Vulnerabilities and Policy Issues for Congress Summary Cybercrime is becoming more organized and established as a transnational business. High technology online skills are now available for rent to a variety of customers, possibly including nation states, or individuals and groups that could secretly represent terrorist groups. The increased use of automated attack tools by cybercriminals has overwhelmed some current methodologies used for tracking Internet cyberattacks, and vulnerabilities of the U.S. critical infrastructure, which are acknowledged openly in publications, could possibly attract cyberattacks to extort money, or damage the U.S. economy to affect national security. In April and May 2007, NATO and the United States sent computer security experts to Estonia to help that nation recover from cyberattacks directed against government computer systems, and to analyze the methods used and determine the source of the attacks.1 Some security experts suspect that political protestors may have rented the services of cybercriminals, possibly a large network of infected PCs, called a “botnet,” to help disrupt the computer systems of the Estonian government. DOD officials have also indicated that similar cyberattacks from individuals and countries targeting economic, -
Attribution and Response to Cybercrime/Terrorism/Warfare Susan W
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Volume 97 Article 2 Issue 2 Winter Winter 2007 At Light Speed: Attribution and Response to Cybercrime/Terrorism/Warfare Susan W. Brenner Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons Recommended Citation Susan W. Brenner, At Light Speed: Attribution and Response to Cybercrime/Terrorism/Warfare, 97 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 379 (2006-2007) This Symposium is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology by an authorized editor of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. 0091-4169/07/9702-0379 THE JOURNALOF CRIMINAL LAW & CRIMINOLOGY Vol. 97. No. 2 Copyright 0 2007 by NorthwesternUniversity. Schoolof Low Printedin U.S.A. "AT LIGHT SPEED": ATTRIBUTION AND RESPONSE TO CYBERCRIME/TERRORISM/WARFARE SUSAN W. BRENNER* This Article explains why and how computer technology complicates the related processes of identifying internal (crime and terrorism) and external (war) threats to social order of respondingto those threats. First, it divides the process-attribution-intotwo categories: what-attribution (what kind of attack is this?) and who-attribution (who is responsiblefor this attack?). Then, it analyzes, in detail, how and why our adversaries' use of computer technology blurs the distinctions between what is now cybercrime, cyberterrorism, and cyberwarfare. The Article goes on to analyze how and why computer technology and the blurring of these distinctions erode our ability to mount an effective response to threats of either type. -
Deterrence Theory in the Cyber-Century Lessons from a State-Of-The-Art Literature Review
Working Paper Research Division EU/Europe Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Annegret Bendiek, Tobias Metzger Deterrence theory in the cyber-century Lessons from a state-of-the-art literature review SWP Working Papers are online publications of SWP’s research divisions which have not been formally reviewed by the Institute. Ludwigkirchplatz 3−4 10719 Berlin Phone +49 30 880 07-0 Fax +49 30 880 07-100 www.swp-berlin.org Working Paper RD EU/Europe, 2015/ 02, May 2015 [email protected] SWP Berlin Table of Contents List of Figures 1 List of Abbreviations 2 Introduction 3 In theory – Deterrence theory and cyberspace 4 Deterrence-by-retaliation and deterrence-by-denial 6 In practice – Suitability of cyber: lessons and implications 7 Key challenges: Credibility and capability to display and use force 7 How to deter? Deterrence-by-denial and deterrence-by- retaliation 9 Determining the type of defence 9 Adding offence to the equation 10 When and whom to deter? Immediate vs. general deterrence and the challenge of attribution 10 What to deter? Narrow vs. broad deterrence 12 For whom? Central vs. extended deterrence 13 Conclusion and outlook 14 Annex 16 Glossary 16 List of References 17 List of Figures Figure 1: Limits to retaliation in cyberspace .................. 9 Figure 2: A possible model of escalation ....................... 11 Figure 3: EEAS figure on a possible inter-ministry division of labour ................................................................. 15 Figure 4: Risk assessment -
Q2 2010 Half-Year Financial Report Worldreginfo - C49e8129-Cd51-43E5-Af66-E15ec3c851f8 2
Q2 2010 Half-Year Financial Report WorldReginfo - c49e8129-cd51-43e5-af66-e15ec3c851f8 2 CONTENTS 3 Half-Year Management Report of the Merck Group as of June 30, 2010 3 At a glance | Highlights 4 Merck Group 8 Merck shares 9 Business sectors 11 Divisions 11 Merck Serono 13 Consumer Health Care 15 Liquid Crystals 16 Performance & Life Science Chemicals 17 Merck Millipore 18 Corporate and Other 18 Risk Report 19 Report on Expected Developments 20 Half-Year Consolidated Financial Statements as of June 30, 2010 31 Responsibility Statement 32 Executive Board | Supervisory Board | Capital structure 33 Financial calendar for 2010 | Publication contributors Cover photo: Automated distribution of miniscule particles onto microtiter plates. These are used to synthesize compound libraries for ultra-high-throughput screening in drug discovery research. WorldReginfo - c49e8129-cd51-43e5-af66-e15ec3c851f8 Half-Year Management Report of the Merck Group as of June 30, 2010 3 At a glance | Highlights AT A glaNCE Key figures – 2nd quarter 2010 Pharma Corporate Change EUR million ceuticals Chemicals and Other Total in % Total revenues 1,564.4 643.6 – 2,208.0 15.6 Gross margin 1,297.2 393.5 – 1,690.8 21.5 Research and development –302.2 –36.5 –0.1 –338.8 –0.5 Operating result 158.2 166.0 2.0 326.2 76.8 Exceptional items – – –1.2 –1.2 – Earnings before interest and tax (EBIT) 158.2 166.0 0.8 325.0 76.2 EBIT before depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) 350.0 208.6 1.3 559.9 38.4 Return on sales in % (ROS: operating result/total revenues) 10.1 25.8 – 14.8 -
Cyberattack Attribution
CYBERATTACK ATTRIBUTION A BLUEPRINT FOR PRIVATE SECTOR LEADERSHIP RESEARCH FELLOWS SENIOR RESEARCH FELLOWS Justin Collins Allison Anderson Cameron Evans Stacia Lee Chris Kim Kayley Knopf FACULTY LEAD Selma Sadzak Jessica Beyer Nicholas Steele Julia Summers Alison Wendler This report is a product of the Applied Research Program in the Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies at the University of Washington. The Applied Research Program matches teams of top-achieving Jackson School students with private and public sector organizations seeking dynamic, impactful, and internationally-minded analyses to support their strategic and operational objectives. For more information about the Applied Research Program please contact us at [email protected]. Executive Summary After three decades of development, adoption, and innovation, the Internet stands at the core of modern society. The same network that connects family and friends across the world similarly ties together all aspects of daily life, from the functioning of the global economy to the operation of governments. The digitization of daily life is the defining feature of the 21st century. While the pervasiveness of Internet-enabled technology brings significant benefits, it also brings serious threats—not only to our economy and safety, but also to our trust in computer systems.1 The Internet is central to modern life, yet major state-sponsored cyberattacks persist in disrupting Internet access and function. These attacks undermine faith in government and public trust in democratic institutions. Attribution attempts to date have been unable to deter states from building malicious code for even greater destructive capabilities. In response, we propose the formation of an attribution organization based on international private sector coordination. -
Unity: Concern Over Patent Licensing Draft .•.....• 1 Proposal on Cancelling Door-To-Door Sales Deals •....•
• Issue No. 421 Report No. 311, February 11, 1977 IN THIS ISSUE page Connnunity: Concern over Patent Licensing Draft .•.....• 1 Proposal on Cancelling Door-to-Door Sales Deals •....•. 2 Briefs: Court of Auditors; Fishing Licenses .•...•....• 3 Italy: 'Social Pact' Skirts Wage Cost Issue •........•. 3 Ireland: Budget Raises Speculation on Elections ....... 4 Britain: Modest Upturn Inspires Hopes, Caution ........ S France: Employers Want Shift in Social Cost Burden ..•. 6 Germany: Labor Costs Now Higher Than in USA .•.•••••••• 7 Euro Company Scene •••......•.....•.••..•.•..•....•. , •. 7 &unity: The European Connnission is going to great lengths to alle Business Fears viate the concern of the European business connnunity, es over Patent pecially in Germany and the U.K., over a preliminary draft Licensing Draft regulation that would exempt en bloc from the Article 85(1) ban any licensing agreements containing certain restrictive clauses. The Connnission and national experts were sched uled to discuss the document again this month, before in viting connnents from national business associations. In the meantime, however, Brussels has been taken by surprise by the publication of the confidential preliminary draft in a respected German financial newspaper. Connnission offi cials are now trying to counter criticism of business rep resentatives, who have described the draft as being "too narrowly conceived, contradictory, and impractical." The regulation would relieve the parties both from no tifying the Connnission and from applying for an exemption for a restrictive licensing agreement (as they are required to do now) if the latter meets the criteria set out in the draft regulation. A block exemption would greatly ease the Connnission's work load because the applications for exemp tions have been piling up by the tens of thousands. -
International Security in Cyberspace: New Models for Reducing Risk Write a Description
Arms Control and International Security Papers Volume I I Number 20 October 20, 2020 International Security in Cyberspace: New Models for Reducing Risk by Christopher A. Ford The Arms Control and International Security Papers are produced by the Office of the Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security in order to make U.S. State Department policy analysis available in an electronically-accessible format compatible with "social distancing" during the COVID-19 crisis. Arms Control and International Security Papers Volume I, Number 20 I October 20, 2020 International Security in Cyberspace: New Models for Reducing Risk International Security in Cyberspace: New Models for Reducing Risk by Christopher A. Ford1 In this ACIS Paper, Assistant Secretary Ford recounts the evolution of U.S. cyberspace security diplomacy over the last several years, describing the difficulty of making traditional "arms control" concepts work in this novel domain, but emphasizing the valuable contributions nonetheless already being made through the articulation of voluntary, nonbinding norms of responsible state behavior and a shift to a more explicitly deterrence-focused cyberspace security policy. In this ever more Internet-connected age, it is no challenge of enormous magnitude, and one to which surprise that cyber threats continue to increase. The the non-authoritarian world is still only in the early more indispensable such connectivity is for commerce, stages of mounting effective responses. communications, and innumerable aspects of daily life, the more that malicious actors see opportunities to Success in meeting these challenges requires a steal (or hold hostage) the information lifeblood of our whole-of-government response, and such a broad contemporary economy, or otherwise to profit response is indeed underway pursuant to the broad malevolently from modern dependencies. -
Disclaimerthis Is a Publication of a Third Party
DisclaimerThis is a publication of a third party. Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany is not responsible for its content. Whenever this document refers to Merck it refers to Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany or the group of companies affiliated with Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany. In the United States and Canada the group of companies affiliated with Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany operates under individual business names (EMD Serono, MilliporeSigma, EMD Performance Materials). 2 November 2018 Corporates Merck KGaA Merck KGaAGermany, Chemicals/Pharmaceuticals STABLE Germany, Chemicals/Pharmaceuticals A- Corporate profile Ratings & Outlook Merck KGaA is a diversified chemicals/pharmaceuticals group that was founded in 1668 Corporate Ratings A-/Stable with the opening of a Merck pharmacy in Darmstadt, Germany, where the group is still Short Term Rating S-1/Stable based. The Merck family holds 70% of the voting rights with the remainder in public ownership. After several acquisitions and divestments, the group now consists of three divisions: healthcare (pharmaceuticals and consumer healthcare), life science and Analysts performance materials (centred on its global market leadership in liquid crystals). In 2015, Olaf Tölke Merck acquired the US-based life science company Sigma Aldrich for a price of +49 69 6677389 11 USD 17bn and became one of the consolidators in that industry. In pharmaceuticals, it is [email protected] a specialised, mid-sized producer of drugs, relying on two blockbuster products, Erbitux and Rebif, but has developed a new focus on immuno-oncological products, mainly Related methodology represented by its antibody avelumab. At the end of 2014, US-based big pharma Corporate Rating Methodology, company Pfizer acquired partial ownership of the molecule as well as US distribution January 2018 rights for USD 850m. -
The Ethics of Cyberwarfare Randall R
This article was downloaded by: [University of Pennsylvania] On: 28 February 2013, At: 08:22 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Journal of Military Ethics Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/smil20 The Ethics of Cyberwarfare Randall R. Dipert a a SUNY (State University of New York) at Buffalo, NY, USA Version of record first published: 16 Dec 2010. To cite this article: Randall R. Dipert (2010): The Ethics of Cyberwarfare, Journal of Military Ethics, 9:4, 384-410 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15027570.2010.536404 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and- conditions This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Journal of Military Ethics, Vol. 9, No. 4, 384Á410, 2010 The Ethics of Cyberwarfare RANDALL R. -
Dr. Holger Hofmeister
Dr. Holger Hofmeister Partner, Frankfurt Mergers and Acquisitions Dr. Holger Hofmeister advises corporate clients and private equity firms in connection with acquisitions, divestitures, public takeovers, joint ventures, and other M&A and corporate matters, including capital markets-related issues. In addition, he advises on corporate governance-related matters and corporate restructurings. Dr. Hofmeister was named in WirtschaftsWoche as one of the best corporate lawyers in Germany. In addition, he has been named by both Handelsblatt and WirtschaftsWoche as one of Germany’s top M&A advisors. He also is listed as recommended lawyer in JUVE and was listed in Best Lawyers in Germany 2021. Dr. Hofmeister’s representative matters include advising, among others: - Adevinta ASA in its US$9.2 billion acquisition of eBay Classifieds Group from eBay Inc.; T: 49.69.74220.117 - Airbnb, Inc. in its acquisition of Germany-based fewoVista S.L. & Co. KG and Vacaleo GmbH; F: 49.69.74220.417 - Apax Partners in connection with: [email protected] • its proposed US$8.5 billion bid for ISS/AS, a facilities management provider, from Goldman Sachs Capital Partners and EQT Partners AB; and Education • the US$420 million sale of Versatel AG, a provider of telecommunications and informa- Second State Exam, Appellate Court tion technology services, to Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co., a private equity firm; of Duesseldorf, 2001 - Black Diamond Capital Management, L.L.C., along with InvestIndustrial, in their Dr. jur., University of Regensburg, 1999 US$425 million acquisition of the phenolic specialty resin, hexamine and European forest products resins businesses of Hexion Inc.; First State Exam, University of Regensburg, 1998 - Braskem S.A. -
Last Name First Name Job Title Company A
Last Name First Name Job Title Company A. Jürgensen Jonas Undergrad Synapse Abel Gernot Science Manager Novozymes Abele Julia M.Sc. Julia Abele, Leibniz Institut Aiach Karen CEO Lysogene Aichinger Eric Head of Business Develop. Biotype Airey Raj Ability Pharma Ability Pharma Aldag Joern CEO Hookipa Alistar Miriam - Bioflux Ameniero Anton Pharma & Biotech Recruiter Seuss Recruitment Ameri JacQueline CEO & Co-founder PanCryos Antil Jasbir Student HTW Berlin Ateh Davidson CEO BioMoti Bach Matthias Marketing Manager BIO Deutschland Baghdassarian Sylviane Segment Marketing Manager Merck Group Bancroft Dani Freelance Journalist SynBioBeta Barthel Peter CFO Vertical Media Basu Somsuvro Post Doctoral Research Philipps-Universität Marburg Batchelor Alex CEO Orbit Discovery Ltd Belichard Pierre Co-founder & CEO Enterome Benedict Nicholas Co-Founder & CEO Allecra Therapeutics GmbH Bensimon Aaron BensimonCEO Genomic Vision Bensimon Aaron President & CEO Genomic Vision Berry David General Partner Flagship Pioneering Berti Davide Business Develop. Manager Clarivate Analytics Besse Joël Co Founder Momentum Biotech Bidani Aroussi Medical Consultant CarthaGenetics Birkegaard Hansted Alfred Collaborative Innovation Specialist Novozymes Birner Hubert General Partner TVM Capital Bit-Avragim Nana Head Digital Health & LS SingularityU Germany Summit Boglioli Elsy Partner & MD BCG Boissel François-Henri CEO & Co-founder Novadiscovery Bongartz André Associate Director Business QuintilesIMS Borghei Golnaz Associate Partner Ventac Partners Bosch Assela Business Development Manager Specipig Bothe Martin Geschäftsführer Smarterials Technology GmbH Bouchard Nico CEO Sex Positive Brand Cornelius Managing Partner INSTINCTIF Partners Braun Claire Family Labiotech.eu Bravo Marcelo CEO Oxford PharmaScience Group Plc Bruno Tiago Business Development Manager GenIbet Bungers Tobias Dipl.-Ing. BV Bungers Simon Founder & CEO labfolder Buth Ines-Regina Managing Partner akampion Cailleteau Sandrine Managing Director Reminisciences Calvo Daniel Marketing & Commun. -
2.2.2. List of Corporate Offices and Directorships of the Directors Exercised at 31 December 2020
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Composition of the Board of Directors 2.2.2. List of corporate offices and directorships of the Directors exercised at 31 December 2020 JEAN-PAUL AGON Chairman and Chief Executive Officer French Age: 64 Joined the L’Oréal Group in 1978. Following an international career as Chief Executive Officer of the Consumer Products 2 Division in Greece and of L’Oréal Paris in France, International Managing Director of Biotherm, Chief Executive Officer of L’Oréal Germany, Chief Executive Officer of the Asia Zone, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of L’Oréal USA, Jean-Paul Agon was appointed as Deputy Chief Executive Officer of L’Oréal in 2005, and then Chief Executive Officer in April 2006 and finally Chairman and Chief Executive Officer in 2011. A Director of L’Oréal since 2006, he is also the Chairman of the Strategy and Sustainability Committee. Jean-Paul Agon is also the Chairman of the L’Oréal Corporate Foundation and Director of Air Liquide. By decision of the Board of Directors following the 2021 Annual General Meeting, Jean-Paul Agon will hold the office of Chairman of the Board of Directors without assuming the office of Chief Executive Officer as from 1 May 2021. EXPIRY DATE OF TERM OF OFFICE: 2022 ● Professional address: L’Oréal – 41, rue Martre – 92117 Clichy Cedex – France ● Holds 1,365,432 L’Oréal shares OTHER CORPORATE OFFICES AND DIRECTORSHIPS HELD French companies Air Liquide S.A.* Director Other L’Oréal Corporate Foundation Chairman of the Board L’Oréal Fund for Women Chairman of the Board Raisesherpas Director French Association of Private Enterprises (AFEP) Director French Institute of International Relations (IFRI) Director CORPORATE OFFICES AND DIRECTORSHIPS HELD OVER THE LAST FIVE YEARS AND EXPIRED None * Listed company.