Friends of Australian Rock Art Inc. (WA) – Affidavit Submitted by Judith Hugo, FARA Co-convenor 14 October 2020 Background:

FARA is an independent non-profit voluntary organisation established in 2006 to protect, preserve and promote Australia’s Aboriginal rock art, particularly the ancient petroglyphs of the Dampier Archipelago, including the Burrup Peninsula.

Although the Conservation Council of WA, the Environmental Defenders’ Office (WA) and the National Trust have supported our cause through advice and submissions, they have a broader focus on the environment and built heritage and so we remain the leading independent body in WA solely focussed on protecting the rock art of the Dampier Archipelago from industrial damage.

All FARA’s activities are undertaken by voluntary members who are passionate about the protection, preservation and promotion of the ancient rock art, particularly that threatened by increasing infrastructure development and acidic industrial emissions on the Burrup.

We are governed by a constitution (recently revised, attached) and a committee which meets on the first Tuesday of each month. Of our current 11 committee members (comprising, among others, a doctor, an anthropologist, 2 teachers, an entomologist, an architect, a physicist, a geologist/ environmental scientist and an art curator) 6 are founder members dating back to 2006.

Until 2010 FARA was a political lobby group running an awareness campaign known as Stand Up for the Burrup, whereby supporters around the world either held letters or wore t-shirts which spelled out Stand Up for the Burrup in front of iconic monuments or sites that had long been granted World Heritage status, like the Eiffel Tower, the Taj Mahal, the Great Wall of China, Stonehenge, the Pyramids – none of which were nearly as old as the c50,000 year old rock engravings on the Burrup! These e-photos were then sent to major industrial and government stakeholders until we got the attention of Federal Environment Ministers Peter Garrett and then Malcolm Turnbull, who granted NHL to the Dampier Archipelago in 2007.

In his press release on 3/7/2007 Turnbull acknowledged FARA for raising awareness of the Burrup peninsula’s unique heritage, as had Malcolm Fraser on 3/6/2007 when he congratulated us for the success of our global Stand up for the Burrup campaign and its efforts to ‘prevent any further destruction and desecration of the irreplaceable art on the Burrup/Murujuga. (Both press releases attached.)

But we still witnessed the application and granting of more industrial leases on the Burrup and the steady increase of vandalism and graffiti by the FiFo workforce – we needed a more direct interface with those in authority! Then in 2010 Prof John Black (JB) from Sydney came on our annual tour to the Burrup – and has been our chief supporter, strategic advisor and FARA Life Member ever since! Thanks to his guidance we became better focussed and directly lobbied the Federal and WA governments and industry on the Burrup (Woodside and Yara Pilbara) through meetings and submissions in order to – 1) prevent further industrialisation of the Burrup 2) appeal to industry to respect the heritage values of the rock art by seriously reducing their industrial emissions 3) propose the Dampier Archipelago for Tentative nomination on UNESCO’s World Heritage List – which was finally done by the WA Govt on 23/1/2020

On 26/5/2017 Friends of Australian Rock Art won the ‘Contribution by a Community- based Organisation’ Award at the WA Heritage Awards, for its commitment to cultural heritage and/or heritage related work, services or programs in .

FARA ACTIVITIES OVER THE LAST 10 YEARS

Engagement with Governments and Industry via letter/email:

7/12/2010 – to WA Premier Colin Barnett urging no more industry on the Burrup 21/1/2011 – to Sam Walsh, ex Rio Tinto chair, then Chairman of WA Chamber of Arts & Culture (written by June M) 4/2/2011 – to all WA politicians to raise awareness of the endangered rock art 11/2/2011 – to WA Dept of Water & Environmental Regulation (DWER), as above Feb 2011 – letters to Directors & Board Members of Wesfarmers, Incitec Pivot, Orica and Yara International asking them to reconsider their Burrup plans 21/6/2011 – to Federal Environment Minister Tony Burke re preservation of Burrup rock art 15/8/2011 - to Federal Environment Minister Malcolm Turnbull re above 21/12/2011 – to CEOs of Apache Energy, Orica & Yara International re industrial impact on the Burrup rock art 6/2/2012 – emails to Colin Barnett & Yara International re publication stating their purchase of an interest in Burrup Fertilisers 13/2/2012 – to Prof Ben Boer of Sydney University requesting legal advice on the differences between World Heritage and National Heritage listings 23/3/2012 – to Chairman of Yara International by Sue Boyd (ex-diplomat) on behalf of FARA asking company to review its plans to build an ammonium nitrate plant amongst the rock art – to consider its international responsibility re heritage 10/7/2012 - to Hon Brendan Grylls, Deputy Premier, re issues concerning the rock art and possible meeting 19/11/2012 – to DWER’s Burrup Rock Art Monitoring Committee asking that John Black represent them on this committee 5/2/2013 – to Colin Barnett requesting the above 9/9/2013 – to Nigel Routh, Federal Assistant Manager of the Heritage Branch, Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Populations and Community 10/3 & 19/5/2014 – to Colin Barnett requesting access to data from CSIRO report 15/4 & 20/9/2014 – to Greg Hunt, new Federal Environment Minister, pleading for protection of the rock art 28/9/2016 – to Yara International advising against adding TAN plant to Fertiliser plant licence Sept 2016 – JB to Geoffrey Cousins, President of the Australian Conservation Foundation and Bob Brown Foundation seeking help with processes to change the minds of governments. Bob Brown agreed to match FARA with an equal $20,000 to employ Christine Milne, former Greens leader, to help lobby for the reduction of industrial emissions on the Burrup. 6/2/2017 – to Norwegian Prime Minister re Yara pollution of Murujuga and destruction of rock art 11/11/2017 - Letter from JB on behalf of FARA to WA Environment Minister signed by 13 prominent Australians requesting a Ministerial Review of clause 5.1 of the Works Approval for the TANPF – see subsequent meeting 28/11/2017 below Dec 2017 – Feb 2018: ongoing correspondence with EPA over terms of the review of ‘best-practice’ and its conduct until the Minister requested EPA to undertake a formal review of MS 870 5-1: the impact of air quality on rock art. This review would not have occurred without the perseverance of FARA. Early 2018 - the Yara TANPF Commissions Report to the Government was provided to FARA with a full list of 15-minute emissions from the nitric acid stack. An analysis of the emissions and a photograph of a release into the atmosphere of a cloud of nitrogen dioxide provided evidence that over 70 emissions had occurred that were potentially dangerous for human health. Feb 2018 – JB wrote and sent report to Govt, which led to Govt commissioning an independent review of the evidence. The independent reviewer agreed with the arguments, but said there was no proof that the cloud would have existed for the10 minutes needed for an effect on health… 20/7/18 – to Vikas Ramal, CEO Perdaman, re proposed new urea plant on Burrup

FARA Engagement with Government and Industry via direct meetings:

11/3/2011 – meeting with National Trust re support for FARA April 2011 - with WA Premier, Ministers for Environment (Minchin), Indigenous Affairs (Collier), Chair of EPA (Paul Vogel), State Development (Marmion) and indigenous representatives (Custodian Wilfred Hicks, Ian Viner and Stephen Walker, lawyers) 9/6/2011 – with Australian Heritage Council 12/7/2011 – with Dr John Avery, consultant anthropologist re Aboriginal Heritage Act 13/9/2011 – with Melissa Parke, Federal Member for Fremantle, to arrange a meeting with Tony Burke, Federal Environment Minister 29/12/2011 – with Apache Energy, advising they reconsider developing on the Burrup – and they did! 1/3/2012 – JB with Assoc Prof Frank Murray, Chairman of Burrup Rock Art Monitoring Management committee, re limitations of CSIRO research 14/3/2012 – with Allisdair MacDonald, DEC Manager for the Pilbara region re FARA proposed management plan for Murujuga 21/3/2012 – JB & J Hugo meet Tony Burke in Canberra (with Heritage advisors Madeline Fletcher & Brian Prince) re antiquity of Murujuga petroglyphs and necessary conditions for EPBC granting of a Works Approval for the Yara TAN plant In 2011 we persuaded Environment Minister Tony Burke to call for an emergency Australian Heritage Commission review on The Potential Outstanding Universal Values of the Dampier Archipelago Site and Threats to that Site. Its 2012 report found that: - There is adequate existing research and data to justify that the heritage values of the Dampier Archipelago meet the threshold of Outstanding Universal Value against World Heritage criterion (i) i.e. The Dampier Archipelago represents a masterpiece of human creative genius. - The heritage values of the Dampier Archipelago may also meet criterion (iii) i.e. The Dampier Archipelago bears a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilisation which is living. 24/4/2012 – with Yara International representatives, urging them to apply their ‘best practice’ scrubber technology to TAN plant 26/6/2012 – with Premier Colin Barnett to discuss science and FARA concerns about industry and rock art 21/8/2012 – with Tony Burke in Canberra, to which FARA flew two Murujuga senior custodians and their carers 14/10/2012 – with Christine Gibney, Director of Industrial Lands and Infrastructure, WA Department of State Development to express concerns about future developments on the Burrup Peninsula 15/10/2012 – with Mark Loquan, new Yara Pilbara Managing Director 15/10/2012 – with Andrew Mann, Assistant General Manager for the Pilbara in Department of Regional Development and Lands 16/10/2012 – with Robert Atkins, WA Deputy Director for the Environment, to discuss danger to rock art from further industrial development 16/10/2012 – with Dr Ian MacLeod, Director of the WA Maritime Museum re his research into changes in acidity of rock surfaces on Burrup peninsula 16/10/2012 - with Bob Freeth from Freeth Computer Consultants Pty Ltd re developing 3D images of the Burrup rock art 30/8/2013 – again with Yara Pilbara CEO, Mark Loquan 27/7/2015 – with Yara Pilbara in Perth 1/12/2015 – Invited by Yara for a site visit to their Yara Pilbara Fertiliser and TANPF under construction 6/12/2015 – with Mark McGowan, leader of WA Labor Opposition in Rockingham 7/12/2015 – with Shadow Ministers , Bill Johnston and David Templeman in WA Parliamentary office 16/2/2016 – JB met with the Norwegian, Australian Ambassador Ms Unni Kløvstad in Canberra re Yara’s threat to cultural heritage 13/10/2016 – JB presentation at Orica head office in Melbourne re Burrup Mid Aug – mid Oct 2016 – several urgent meetings with WA Environment Minister, D-G of DWER, Chief Licencing Officer and staff requesting that the emission conditions of the Works Approval for the TANPF be revised to lower emission levels to near zero to save the rock art Oct 2016 - After visiting the Burrup, meeting with MAC and then main stakeholders in Perth, Christine Milne representing FARA lobbied current Federal senators to set up a Senate Inquiry into the impact of industry on the rock art on the Burrup Peninsula. 30/11/2016 - the Federal Senate referred a range of matters relating to the protection of Aboriginal rock art of the Burrup Peninsula for inquiry and report by 21 March 2017 21/3/2017 – JB presented evidence in person at the Senate Inquiry and FARA (J Hugo) presented evidence by phone 11/3/2017 – WA Labor Govt came into office and FARA continued to lobby with new Ministers and Govt Dept staff to set licence conditions for the Yara Pilbara TANPF to near zero 24/3/2017 – requests to meet Norwegian Prime Minister and Yara CEO in Norway 12/4/2017 – Christine Milne on behalf of FARA met with the Sami Parliament representatives of the indigenous race in Norway to gain support for protection of Murujuga rock art and lobby Norwegian Ministers Mar-April 2017 - JB & other scientists met with Environment Minister’s Chief Scientific Advisor to explain the science leading to damage of the rock art, and the inadequacies of the previous CSIRO research 24/5/2017 – meeting at Yara Pilbara office in Perth 24/10/17 – JB discussions with DWER Ed Schuller, Executive Director Regulatory Services (Licencing) and Jonathan Bailes responsible for licencing conditions for Yara TANPF 28/11/2017 - Meeting with Minister Dawson and members of his Department to discuss letter of 11/11/17 and agree on a review of ‘best-practice’ emissions control for the TANPF 1/12/2017 – meeting JB and Christine Milne with then Federal Minister for the Environment, Josh Frydenberg, at is electoral office in Melbourne 6/8/2018 – JB presentation at the World Heritage Summit, Karratha entitled “Current Assessment of the Impact of Pollution on Murujuga Rock Art” 11/9/2018 – JB met with CEO Coogee Chemicals, Grant Lukey and Michael Macdonald re proposal with Wesfarmers for a methanol/plastics plant on Murujuga 11/9/2018 – JB met with Perdaman CEO Vikas Rambal to discuss his proposal for a new urea plant on Murujuga 11/9/2018 – JB, Melissa Parke and J Hugo met with Craig Huxtable, principle policy advisor to Allanah McTiernan, Minister for State Development, re restricting further development on Murujuga Sep 2018 - JB invited by the Minister for the Environment to be a member of the Murujuga Rock Art Stakeholder Reference Group Sep 2018 – present – JB contributes to discussions and evaluation of the Murujuga Rock Art Strategy research program 23/10/2018 – to Hon David Templeman MLA Minister for Local Government, Heritage, Culture and the Arts 18/10/2018 – to Dr Tom Hatton Chair EPA re recently announced Section 46 inquiry on Condition 5-1 Air Quality in Ministerial Statement MS870 re Yara TANPF 26/9/2019 – to Environment Minister Dawson re inadequacy of the EPA report 1648 relating to the Section 46 inquiry into the impact of emissions on rock art 14/10/2019 – to Dr Tom Hatton, EPA Chair, expressing disappointment and surprise that no scientific publications were considered in his Report 1648 re the Section 46 inquiry

FARA Submissions and Appeals:

24/1/2011 – Appeal of EPA recommendations for TANPF on the Burrup peninsula: Report 1379 2/2/2011 – Appeal to EPA re Dampier Nitrogen Pty Ltd Ammonium Nitrate Project, requesting Public Environmental Review, Dec 2010 – Feb 2011 15/3/2011 – Appeal to World Monuments Fund to keep Murujuga on their list of the World’s Ten Most Endangered Heritage Sites April 2011 - Submission to Pilbara Development Committee emphasising need for education of workers re vandalism 16/5/2001 - Submission to ACCC re Incitec Pivot’s proposed acquisition of Burrup Fertilisers 6/6/2012 - Submission to the WA Department of Aboriginal Affairs re changes needed to the Aboriginal Heritage Act 1972 Oct 2012 – Submission of questions to the Senate Estimates hearing into Heritage Funding, National Heritage Strategy, the Burrup – to be held 14-16 October 2012 8/9/2015 – FARA response to EPBC Amendment Bill 11/8/2016 – FARA submission to WA government re the proposed Amendment to the Yara Fertiliser plant licence to include the TANPF + numerous submissions by FARA members and associates, as encouraged by FARA Jan 2017 – FARA & JB submissions to the Senate Inquiry + many more from FARA members and associates Sep 2017 – FARA’s published response to WA Govt’s draft Burrup Rock Art Strategy for Research: states on Page 7 “A number of shortcomings in the design, data collection and analysis elements of the monitoring program were raised by Dr John Black on behalf of the Friends of Australian Rock Art.” Friends of Australian Rock Art are listed as Stakeholders on page 15 20/7/2018 – FARA submits a Merits Appeal to the Appeals Convenor re the WA Govt’s granting of an Amended Licence for the Yara Fertiliser Plant to include operation of the TANPF 21/9/2018 – FARA receives a trivialised, inadequate response from DWER to Merit Appeal 21/1/2019 – FARA legally challenges the Amended Licence 6/3/2019 – State Solicitor agrees Licence Amendment not legal, DWER issues new separate licences for the Fertiliser & TAN plants 20/4/2020 11/5/2020 - FARA Appeals to Appeals Convenor against leniency of Yara’s emissions conditions in Fertiliser and TANPF licences – still awaiting response… During 2020 FARA and its members have submitted three appeals for Public Environmental Reviews for the proposed Woodside Burrup Hub, the Perdaman Urea project and the proposed Yara Hydrogen project 17/4/2020 - Submissions made by FARA and its members to the Commonwealth review of the EPBC Act 9/10/2020 – FARA submission re draft bill for reform of the WA Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Act

FARA Cultural engagement:

Since 2006 FARA has made regular contact with Murujuga Aboriginal custodians, especially elder Wilfred Hicks July 2007 - first FARA tour invited Wilfred Hicks, Tootsie Daniels, Josie Samson, Loreen Samson and others to meet with the tourers. Subsequent tours till 2019 have invited Elders (eg. Pansy Hicks, Violet Samson) to speak with the tourers, after they have undergone a Cultural Induction at MAC and Welcome to Country. 7/6/2012 – with Ron Critchley, CEO OF Murujuga Aboriginal Corporation (MAC) re management of Murujuga and steps for World Heritage listing 21/8/2012 –FARA flew two Murujuga senior custodians and their carers to meet with Tony Burke in Canberra and request protection of their cultural heritage 1/12/2015 – J Hugo & JB visited MAC headquarters, met new CEO Craig Bonney and Sean McNair, Head Ranger July 2016 & July 2017 - Judith Hugo and John Black met the MAC Board and Circle of Elders to outline the level of emissions, the increase in acidity of rock surfaces and the likely detrimental impacts on the rock art. They explained that the CSIRO research had been useless for helping to determine the impacts of emissions on rock art and outlined a research proposal to evaluate the impacts. The Aboriginal groups agreed to collaborate in such a research program. 8/6/2018 – FARA met new CEO Murujuga, Peter Jeffries, in Perth 5/8/2018 - JH & JB met with Aboriginal custodians Wilfred Hicks, Josie Samson, filmmaker Tyson Mowerin in Roebourne JB maintains direct contact with CEO of MAC Peter Jeffries at meetings of the Murujuga Stakeholders Reference Group and has been given his permission to remove rocks from the Burrup for UWA research into the breakdown of the patina due to industrial emissions – see Research below.

FARA Public/community engagement:

Annual Tours to the Burrup Peninsula 2007 – 2019 (2020 cancelled due to Covid) with expert guides, resulting in hundreds of people spreading the word to others and helping our campaign by writing submissions against further industrialisation of the Burrup peninsula.

Lectures & seminars:

2008 – 2011 3 series of lectures on the Burrup rock art for University of the Third Age (U3A) at State Library

22/11/2011 UWA Seminar outlining the plight of the Burrup rock art and potential destruction by industrial development. JB = keynote speaker

22/3/2012 – John Black lecture on Burrup rock art at National Gallery of Australia, Canberra

2015/6 Lecture on Burrup rock art by archaeologist Ken Mulvaney at Peppermint Grove library and South Perth Community Centre

2018 Series of lectures on the Burrup rock art for Mature Age Learning Association (MALA) at Manning Community Centre

2019 Lecture on Burrup rock art by Marie Ferland, FARA co-convenor at Geraldton Public Library

Films:

2015 FARA fundraiser: showing of Spider Snell movie ‘The Rainmakers’

2017 FARA facilitated showing of Tyson Mowerin film on Burrup ‘Connection to Country’ at National Trust launch of Heritage week at AGWA theatrette. Tyson also spoke briefly about his concerns about industrial encroachment.

Fairs: FARA has set up a stall almost annually at Community Fairs – UWA’s Eco Fair, ZigZag Festival in Kalamunda, May Day Fair in Fremantle – a perfect way to interact with the public and raise awareness of the plight of the rock art Newsletter: FARA frequently puts out an e-newsletter to members and associates, who have signed up after tours or community engagements, updating them on Burrup affairs and asking them to help with official submissions against further industrial development

Public protests: FARA still stages occasional protests in collaboration with other environmental groups – eg. Burrup protest near Eliza sculpture on Crawley foreshore, School Strike for Climate Change, opening of Fringe Festival (sponsored by Chevron), at Convention Centre during Woodside’s address of oil & gas representatives

FARA Interviews and press releases/coverage:

19/1/2011 FARA press release ‘Who is Pulling EPA’s Strings?’ 2-/1/2011 FARA press release ‘Oswal’s latest Burrup Proposal Gets Big Tick from WA State Government’ 3/2/2012 Judith Hugo ABC interview with Geraldine Doogue 29/4/2015 FARA press release ‘Barnett kowtows to industry – yet again 19/8/2016 John Black article published in Fremantle Herald 1/12/2016 JB interview with Claire Moodie for ABC radio, Canberra ABC, Karratha ABC on implications of the Senate Inquiry Feb-Mar 2017 Christine Milne orchestrated unprecedented press coverage of the Burrup rock art in the Sydney Morning Herald, The Age, Canberra Times, WA-online 25/10/2017 JB collaborative article in The Conversation 26/10/2017 JB interview with Philip Adams on ABC Late Night Live 26/3/2018 NITV News ‘The World’s largest rock art collection could be destroyed within this century’ 29/3/2018 Pilbara News ‘Disappointment over Burrup rock art probe result’ 13/6/2018 Pilbara News ‘FARA starts campaign to re-locate Burrup projects’ 15/6/2018 Business News, The Australian ‘More industry risks Burrup heritage listing’ 4/7/2018 Pilbara News ‘Study could shed light on Burrup rock art damage’ 2/8/2018 FARA press release ‘Crawley’s Eliza sculpture to be focus for Burrup rock art protest’ 13/12/2018 The Guardian ‘Two new chemical plants under consideration near WA’s Burrup rock art’ 30/12/2018 Canberra Times ‘Murujuga’s engravings under threat from industrial fumes (letter to Editor from Frank McKone, FARA member) 18/2/2019 FARA press release ‘Burrup Rock Art Strategy lofty on principle, low on substance’ 8/3/2019 WA Premier McGowan attacks EPA guidelines aimed at cutting carbon emissions’ 15/3/2019 Weekend Australian Magazine, Vicki Laurie ‘Rock art and a hard place’ – profile on Burrup and John Black 12/7/2019 FARA press release ‘Web of deception continues to plague the Burrup’ 20/7/2019 ‘Rock art may be gone in a generation’, The Post 19/9/2019 The West Australian ‘Fertiliser maker must tread carefully near ancient rock art’ 7/8/2020 FARA press release ‘Beirut disaster a dire warning for Australian chemical projects, particularly on the Burrup’ 12/10/2020 FARA press release ‘WA government again bows to industry at the expense of Aboriginal cultural heritage 14/10 2020 ABC Pilbara Radio interview with Marie Ferland, FARA co-convenor, on our submission for the draft WA Aboriginal Heritage Bill 2020 (NB: most newspaper articles quoted were attributable either directly or indirectly to interviews with FARA)

Research activities:

Feb 2012 First released scientific evidence publication by JL Black. “Science inadequate to prove industrial emissions on the Burrup Peninsula will not damage rock art” 16/10/2012 – meeting with Dr Ian MacLeod, Director of the WA Maritime Museum re his research into changes in acidity of rock surfaces on Burrup peninsula 16/10/2012 – meeting with Bob Freeth from Freeth Computer Consultants Pty Ltd re developing 3D images of the Burrup rock art 27/7/2014 - John Black and Simon Diffey sign Agreement with the WA government to obtain the CSIRO results for reanalysis. CSIRO had claimed that there were no changes to colour of the petroglyphs or background rock from the period 2004-2014. These claims were made without statistical analyses, but close look at the reports to Government showed this statement to be unlikely to be true. To obtain the CSIRO data which was owned by the WA government, John Black had to sign a confidentiality agreement to not disclose the data, results of the reanalysis or publish the results without the permission of the Minister for Environment. The reanalysis of the CSIRO provided data showed that 70% of the stops measured had become significantly lighter over time. A paper was written on these results for the Journal Archaeology Australia, but the Minister refused it to be published. 9/2/2017 JB Ian MacLeod and Ben Smith paper published. Theoretical effects of industrial emissions on colour change at rock art sites on Burrup Peninsula, Western Australia. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 12, 457-462. 11/11/2017 JB, Ilona Box, Simon Diffey paper published. ‘Inadequacies of Research used to monitor change to rock art and regulate industry on Burrup Peninsula’ Rock Art Research 34, 130-148. 6/8/2018 JB, Ian MacLeod, Andrew Thorne, Ron Watkins and Stephane Hoerlé ‘Current Assessment of the Impact of Pollution on Murujuga Rock Art’ – power point presentation delivered at Murujuga World Heritage Summit, Karratha and publication Sep 2018 - JB invited by the Minister for the Environment to be a member of the Murujuga Rock Art Stakeholder Reference Group Sep 2018 – present – JB contributes to discussions and evaluation of the Murujuga Rock Art Strategy research program

UWA research project: A research project ‘Murujuga (Burrup) Rock Art Conservation Project’ was established at the University of WA and is directed by John Black and Professor Ben Smith. It is funded by monies raised by a FARA initiated Chuffed crowdfunding action and other tax-deductible donations which are all held in trust by UWA’s Alumni branch. The project has five components:  Comparison of photographs taken pre-industry significant development (mid-1980s) with recent photographs of particularly significant petroglyphs  Identifications of changes from 1987 to present in Landsat image spectra at a range of distances from main industrial air emissions sites  Detailed laboratory studies into the impacts of individual industrial emissions and their combinations on dissolution of patina from granophyre and gabbro rocks  Detailed microscopic and chemical changes to the patina or rocks subjected to long-term combinations of Murujuga pollutants  Identification of microbes present on Murujuga rocks and the impacts of pollutants on the growth of natural patina forming and non-natural adventitious microbial species including bacteria, fungi and lichens

The project has almost completed item 1 and is well advanced in all others except the microbial studies which were interrupted by Covid-19.