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Is Tourism the Beginning Or the End? Livelihoods of Georgian Mountain People at Stake

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Is Tourism the Beginning Or the End? Livelihoods of Georgian Mountain People at Stake Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2020 Is tourism the beginning or the end? Livelihoods of Georgian mountain people at stake Salukvadze, Gvantsa ; Backhaus, Norman Abstract: This study is an attempt toempirically understand thetransformation of rootedlivelihoods after the arrival oftourism in the GreaterCaucasus. A case-specificmethodology combiningqualitative and geographicinformation methods enabled us to identify 4 types of tourism-ledlivelihood change: (1) expanding nonagricultural activities;(2) reducing agricultural activities; (3) developing agritourismactiv- ities; and (4) increasing agricultural activities. Broad spatialcoverage ensured that the data collected were representative. Thefindings indicate that although tourism growth has increased theneed forsup- plementary services, only a few local residents havemanaged to develop tourism-related nonagricultural activities. Weargue that mountain residents see opportunities from tourismmainly in agriculture and hosting tourists. However, relatively fewof them actually expanded their agricultural activities in respon- seto tourism’s increased demand for agricultural products, as severalbarriers (lack of human resources, modern technology, andfinances) hindered other residents from taking this opportunity. Asour study reveals, households with traditional livelihoods mostoften replaced their agricultural activities, investing all theirresources in developing tourism-related livelihoods instead. Otherscreated added value from their integrated agriculture- and tourism-based livelihoods by providing visitors with locally made products.In addition to these findings on trends in livelihood changes, thestudy also provides an understanding of households’ economicpriorities. We hope the new insights surrounding tourism-ledlivelihood shifts will spark a debate on how people cope with therapid spread of tourism in the Georgian mountains. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1659/mrd-journal-d-19-00078.1 Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-193340 Journal Article Published Version The following work is licensed under a Creative Commons: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License. Originally published at: Salukvadze, Gvantsa; Backhaus, Norman (2020). Is tourism the beginning or the end? Livelihoods of Georgian mountain people at stake. Mountain Research and Development, 40(1):R28-R36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1659/mrd-journal-d-19-00078.1 Is Tourism the Beginning or the End? Livelihoods of Georgian Mountain People at Stake Authors: Salukvadze, Gvantsa, and Backhaus, Norman Source: Mountain Research and Development, 40(1) Published By: International Mountain Society URL: https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-19-00078.1 BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Complete website, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/terms-of-use. Usage of BioOne Complete content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non - commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Mountain-Research-and-Development on 10 Dec 2020 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Mountain Research and Development (MRD) MountainResearch An international, peer-reviewed open access journal Systems knowledge published by the International Mountain Society (IMS) www.mrd-journal.org Is Tourism the Beginning or the End? Livelihoods of Georgian Mountain People at Stake Gvantsa Salukvadze1* and Norman Backhaus2 * Corresponding author: [email protected] 1 Department of Human Geography, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, 8 Chavchavadze Avenue, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia 2 Department of Geography and University Priority Program Global Change and Biodiversity, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland Ó 2020 Salukvadze and Backhaus. This open access article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Please credit the authors and the full source. This study is an attempt to to tourism’s increased demand for agricultural products, as several empirically understand the barriers (lack of human resources, modern technology, and transformation of rooted finances) hindered other residents from taking this opportunity. As livelihoods after the arrival of our study reveals, households with traditional livelihoods most tourism in the Greater often replaced their agricultural activities, investing all their Caucasus. A case-specific resources in developing tourism-related livelihoods instead. Others methodology combining created added value from their integrated agriculture- and tourism- qualitative and geographic based livelihoods by providing visitors with locally made products. information methods enabled us to identify 4 types of tourism-led In addition to these findings on trends in livelihood changes, the livelihood change: (1) expanding nonagricultural activities; study also provides an understanding of households’ economic (2) reducing agricultural activities; (3) developing agritourism priorities. We hope the new insights surrounding tourism-led activities; and (4) increasing agricultural activities. Broad spatial livelihood shifts will spark a debate on how people cope with the coverage ensured that the data collected were representative. The rapid spread of tourism in the Georgian mountains. findings indicate that although tourism growth has increased the need for supplementary services, only a few local residents have Keywords: livelihood strategies; tourism-led transformation; managed to develop tourism-related nonagricultural activities. We mountain farming; nonagricultural livelihoods; mountainous argue that mountain residents see opportunities from tourism Georgia; Greater Caucasus. mainly in agriculture and hosting tourists. However, relatively few of them actually expanded their agricultural activities in response Peer-reviewed: March 2020 Accepted: May 2020 Introduction: trends of post-Soviet transformations production resulted in the prevalence of a subsistence in the Georgian Caucasus household economy (Salukvadze 2008). If the share of agriculture was around 25% of Georgia’s Georgia is a mountainous country in the South Caucasus gross domestic product before the collapse of the Soviet region and, due to its complex topography, agricultural land Union, the first years of independent statehood drastically resources are limited to approximately 3 million hectares, increased the significance of this sector (Plachter and Hampicke 2010). According to the United Nations Food and which comprise only 43% of the total area (Urushadze and Agriculture Organization (FAO 2016), transformations in Ghambashidze 2013). Even during the course of Soviet the Georgian economy took place between 1990 and 2000. industrialization, Georgia’s economy retained a While in 1994 the agricultural sector contributed a peak predominantly agricultural profile. The disintegration of the share of 69.6% to the country’s gross value added, the Soviet Union and the economic transition since the 1990s services sector contributed only 20.9%. However, the trend triggered drastic social and economic changes in almost all changed dramatically in the 2000s, with the agricultural post-Soviet republics (Jandieri 2014; Salukvadze 2018). The sector’s contribution dropping to 9% by 2008. At the same transition following the formation of an independent time, the services sector reached its highest level ever at over Georgian state was accompanied by far-reaching economic 60% (National Statistics Office of Georgia 2017). reforms and transformations in people’s livelihoods. These While tourism in the European Alps and the Carpathian changes were not limited to urban areas and profoundly Mountains began in the 19th century, it entered the affected the Caucasus mountains as well (Schmidt 2017). In Caucasus only in the mid-20th century. Tourism, which was the 1990s, in rural areas, the state monopoly of land strictly planned by the state, was among the most reliable property was transformed by the privatization of collectively economic sectors during Soviet times (Schmidt 2017); held agricultural land and of agricultural production. Land however, it shrank significantly in the transition years. fragmentation (usually around 1 ha per household) and Georgia’s mountain areas had already experienced a difficulties with the marketization of local agricultural significant population decrease in late Soviet times; however, Mountain Research and Development Vol 40 No 1 Feb 2020: R28–R36 R28 https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-19-00078.1 Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Mountain-Research-and-Development on 10 Dec 2020 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use MountainResearch
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