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Geological Report envisaged by the Project on “Development of climate resilient flood and flash flood and geological disaster management practices for Rioni river basin”. prohibitio1 garemos erovnuli saagento Content 1. Topicality of the problem (E.M. Tsereteli, M. Gaprindashvili) 3 2. Overview of state of affairs in Georgia from the standpoint of geological disasters (E.M. Tsereteli, M. Gaprindashvili) 5 3. Key factors causing development of natural disasters and assessment methodology (E.M. Tsereteli, M. Gaprindashvili) 18 3.1 Impact of geological composition and properties of stratum on development-reactivation of geological processes (E.M. Tsereteli, M. Gaprindashvili) 20 3.2 The role of geomorphological factors in development of exogenic and geological processes and preparation of forecasts (E.M. Tsereteli, M. Gaprindashvili) 28 3.3 The role of climatic-meteorological factors in development of landslide-gravitational and mudslide processes (E.M. Tsereteli, M. Gaprindashvili) 32 4. Principles of development of mudslide and landslide risk assessment map for Rioni river basin (E.M. Tsereteli, M. Gaprindashvili) 44 5. Mudslide and landslide prevention measures (I. Chkeidze) 49 6. The risk of development of landslides and mudslides by municipalities 55 6.1 Oni Municipality (O. Abutidze, O. Kurtsikidze) 55 6.2 Ambrolauri Municipality (O. Abutidze, O. Kurtsikidze) 84 6.3 Forecasts on development of disastrous geological processes on the territories of Oni and Ambrolauri Municipalities (O. Abutidze, O. Kurtsikidze) 121 6.4 Lentekhi Municipality (Z. Dolidze, Z. Maisuradze) 122 6.5 Tsageri Municipality (Z. Dolidze, Z. Maisuradze) 147 6.6Forecasts on development of disastrous geological processes on the territories of Lentekhi and Tsageri Municipalities (Z. Dolidze, Z. Maisuradze) 171 prohibitio2 garemos erovnuli saagento 6.7 Tskaltubo Municipality (O. Gogrichiani, G. Kunchulia) 173 6.8 Samtredia Municipality(O. Gogrichiani, G. Kunchulia) 186 6.9 Forecasts on development of disastrous geological processes on the territories of Tskaltubo and Samtredia Municipalities (O. Gogrichiani, G. Kunchulia) 200 7. Bibliography 201 Geological Report envisaged by the Project on “Development of climate resilient flood and flash flood and geological disaster management practices for Rioni river basin”. 1. Topicality of the problem In last decades of 20th century protection of population from natural disasters, maintenance of lands and in general sustainable eco system, as well as safe operation of engineering sites became the most important social economic, demographic, ecologic and political problem of the most of countries in the world. In World Bank report on natural disasters of 2005, it is stated that more than half of the population of planet lives in high risk areas. Economic losses caused by natural disasters have reached almost tens billion dollars. Just in 1999-2003 economic losses caused by disasters compiled 212692 billion USD. According to the report prepared by the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters in 2007, the losses caused by disasters compiled 34 billion USD just in 2006. Natural disaster processes develop in two absolutely different manner and have different consequences: these are dangerous meteorological events formed in the atmosphere and natural geological processes developed on earth‟s surface and in its crust. However, often despite the conditions causing formation of these two diametrically different occurrences, connection between them is synergetic and determines the level of development and re-activation of particular event. Natural disasters became even more topical in the beginning of 20th century; when the scale of disasters increased enormously on the background of human pressure on the environment and global climate changes, as a result of which the risks, related to such disasters become unmanageable. Due to the above mentioned the decisions reached onJohannesburg (South Africa) Summit, held under the auspices of the United Nations in 2002 and international conference of Hyogo (Japan) of 2005 dedicated to disaster risk reduction and mitigation of results were accepted as guiding principles by many countries. Consequently, national programmes for risk management were elaborated in many developed countries. The year 2002 was announced as the international year of mountains, many countries elaborated national programmes for development of mountains prohibitio3 garemos erovnuli saagento and disaster risk prevention, and certain European countries became parties to the “Alpine Convention”. Due to the fact that South Caucasus region, and most especially Georgia, belongs to the most complex regions of the world highland areas by the scale of development, recurrence, frequency and negative impact of geological disasters on the population, engineering and industrial sites, the government of Georgia initiated regulation of these events in 1995 (decree # 36) and established national committee for mitigation of disaster risks. Earlier (1993) special decree was adopted (#967) on Development of unified system for environmental monitoring in Georgia. The Ministry of Environment and Natural resources was assigned with the authority of coordination of the abovementioned system. In 1997 was issued a special order (# 66) of the President of Georgia on Development of disastrous geological processes in Georgia and measures for protecting lands and underground hydrospherefrom thenegative impact of disastrousprocesses. In 1999 the government of Georgia adopted the law on “Socio-economic and cultural development of high-mountainous regions of Georgia” and the laws on “Environmental Protection” and “Soil Protection”, which among other issues dwelt on negative impact of natural disasters. In 2007 the President of Georgia issued special order (#542) on “Protection of population and territory form natural and technogenic threats in Georgia”. Laterthe Security Council revised the law and elaborated new version of natural and technogenic disaster risks. In 2012 natural disasters management problems were included among priorities of the second action programme (NEAP-2) of the Ministry of Environment and Natural resources. Thus, normative base adopted in Georgia in the sphere of disaster management, which is based on the UN framework programmes on disaster management and mitigation, in general responds to the problems in given sphere and requirements of the legislative framework are implemented within the scope of financial and technical resources of the country. 2. Overview of State of Affairs in Georgia from the Standpoint of Geological Disasters In Georgia landslide and mudslide processes and water erosion are at the top of problems due to related exogeological disaster risks and negative impact. By the scale of development of these events and their negative impact onthe population and economy of the country, Georgia occupies leading position among high land countries of the world. Besides, almost whole territory of the country is under the risk of earthquakes, the magnitude of which is 7-9. Impact of such earthquakes is directly stimulating and provoking gravitational landslideand mudslide processes. Earthquakes occurred in Rioni river basins of the magnitude over 4.0 Table 1 # Year Geographical location (settlements) prohibitio4 garemos erovnuli saagento X Coordinate Y Coordinate magnitude Oni municipality, 700 meters away to the 1 453 376750 4706383 4.7 south from village Bajikhevi Ambrolauri municipality, upper reach of 2 1350 344380 4729251 7 river Ritseuli Oni municipality, 700 meters away to the 3 1902 368742 4717638 4.5 north-east of village Chalebi Samtredia municipality, territory 4 1915 285004 4664151 4.3 adjoining to village Dabla Gomi Tsageri municipality, territory adjoining 5 1923 311315 4718961 4 to village Tsiperchi 6 1931 Oni municipality, village Usholta 368533 4706533 4.1 Tsageri municipality, 500 meters to the 7 1953 319519 4718743 4 north of village Ustkheri Ambrolauri municipality, 5,5 km to the 8 1953 360762 4728902 4,7 north of village Uravi 9 1971 Oni municipality, village Tskhmori 374933 4710525 4 Oni municipality, 600 meters to the west 10 1971 373075 4712225 4 from village Zhashkva Oni municipality, 1,2 km to the south- 11 1972 368575 4708754 4 east of village Bokva Oni municipality, 900 meters to north- 12 1987 365742 4711030 4.2 west of village Zvareti Oni municipality, 800 meters to south- 13 1991 369253 4705520 4 west of village Shkmeri Oni municipality, river Jejora gorge, 4,8 14 1991 399148 4703691 4.1 km to south-east of village Shuachala Oni municipality, 5,0 km to south-east of 15 1991 375129 4703080 4.1 village Kharistvali Oni municipality, upper reach of river 16 1991 403432 4710294 4 Jejora Oni municipality, 2,0 km south-east of 17 1991 371187 4703374 4 village Kharistvali Oni municipality, 7,5 km south-east of 18 1991 village Mtsikalta (near mountain 367205 4701560 4 Khikhata) Oni municipality, 1,0 km to south-west 19 1991 391494 4708470 5.5 of village Nadarbazevi 20 1991 Oni municipality, village Gadamshi 363698 4719846 4.5 Oni municipality, 2,5 km south-west of 21 1991 378333 4702912 6 village Lesora (near Phkoni mountain) Oni municipality, 750 meters to south of 22 1991 356513 4709659 5.3 village Samtisi Oni municipality, 500 meters to south of 23 1994 381029 4716306 4.3 village Kcazhe Tskaltubo municipality, 2,0 km to south 24 2004 304573 4665471 4 of village Tkachiri prohibitio5 garemos erovnuli saagento Oni municipality, 1,5 km to south-east of 25 2006 373118 4714557
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  • GEORGIA Handbook on Transparency and Citizen Participation

    GEORGIA Handbook on Transparency and Citizen Participation

    GEORGIA Handbook on Transparency and Citizen Participation Council of Europe Original: Handbook on Transparency and Citizen Participation in Georgia (English version) The opinions expressed in this work are the responsibility of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the Council of Europe. The reproduction of extracts (up to 500 words) is authorised, except for commercial purposes as long as the integrity of the text is preserved, the excerpt is not used out of context, does not provide incomplete information or does not otherwise mislead the reader as to the nature, scope or content of the text. The source text must always be acknowledged as follows All other requests concerning the reproduction/translation of all or part of the document, should be addressed to the Directorate of Communications, Council of Europe (F-67075 Strasbourg Cedex or [email protected]). All other requests concerning this publication should be addressed to the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of the Council of Europe. Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of the Council of Europe Cover design and layout: RGOLI F-67075 Strasbourg Cedex France © Council of Europe, December 2020 E-mail: [email protected] (2nd edition) Acknowledgements This Handbook on Transparency and Citizen Participation in Georgia was developed by the (2015-2017) in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, the Republic of Moldova, Ukraine and Belarus. It was implemented as part of the Partnership for Good Governance 2015-2017 between the Council of Europe and the European Union. The research work and writing of this updated edition was carried out by the Institute for Development of Freedom of Information (IDFI), a Georgian non-governmental organisation.