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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00545-7 - Decoding Organization: Bletchley Park, Codebreaking and Organization Studies Christopher Grey Index More information

Index

Abernethy, Barbara 133 Bauman, Z. 6 Abwehr Enigma see Intelligence Enigma BBC 118 action nets 250 Beer, M. 42 Acton, Lord 26 Bellinger, James 126 Adler, P. 236 Bendix, R. 12 administration 55–57 Bennett, Ralph 66, 89, 210 staffing of 168 Beveridge Report 119 Admiralty 54, 63–65 billeting 55–56, 150–151, 155–156 Operational Intelligence Centre (OIC) 64 Birch, Frank 83, 162 age 161–163 classified documents 143 Air (Luftwaffe or GAF) Enigma 34, 63, 80, 84 on Intelligence Exchange (IE) 202, 203 Umkehrwalze D (UKD/Uncle Dick) on conflict 60, 65, 66–67 modification 201–202 on Denniston 93 air force (RAF) 54, 57–58 dispute with Saunders 66 Air Index 216–217, 232 on organization 54, 265 air intelligence 63 on pay 59 Air Ministry (AM), relations with Bletchley recruitment of 132 Park 63 on Travis 198 Aldrich, R. 44, 253–254 Bismarck, sinking of 115–116 Alexander, Hugh 84, 91, 159, 172, 189, Black, A. 221 230–231 Blacker, Carmen 196 friendship and cooperative working Blau, P. 7 184–185 Bletchley Park Recreational Club 138 and John Lewis experience 231 Bletchley Park Trust (BPT) 27 management ability 210 Bletchley Park Trust Archive (BPTA) 23 on morale 191 Blitz recruitment of 133 myth of 117 Uncle Dick Committee 201 spirit of 116 Allberry, Charles 207 Blunt, Antony 207 Alvesson, M. 261 bombe operations rooms American Academy of Management 42 factory methods in 188, 215 Andrew, C. 4, 207 working conditions 192 archives/archival sources 23–26 bombes 37 Army (Heer) Enigma 34, 63, 80, 84 building of 233–234 change to 223–224 cooperative working with 183–185 Green key 35 staffing of 135, 147–148 army, relations with GC & CS 54, 57–58 Bonsall, A. 104 Aston Studies 218 Borys, B. 236 Bowden, Philip 207 Barber’s Shop 174 Bradshaw, Commander Alan 56, 124, Baring, Sarah (The Hon) 134 200, 210 Barley, Steve 50, 100, 255 bricolage 17, 237–238, 247–248 Battle of the Bulge 239 Briggs, Ruth 133

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00545-7 - Decoding Organization: Bletchley Park, Codebreaking and Organization Studies Christopher Grey Index More information

314 index

British Tabulating Machine Company protection of 45 (BTMC) 60 weather 224–225 organizational techniques 232–234, see also Enigma; Fish; Hagelin C-38m 238–239 City of London School 180 Brunt, R. 216 Civil Service Commission (CSC) 136 Budiansky, S. 104 Clark, P. 12 Buildings and Works Committee 200 Clarke, Joan 133 Bulgarian ciphers 45 Clarke, W. E. (Nobby) 64, 132, 162 ‘bureaucratic dysfunctionalist’ literature 218 Clayton, A. 144 bureaucratic working procedures 215–221 Clegg, S. 237 bureaucratization 93–94 Colman, John 81 Burgess, Guy 207 Colombo outstation 230 business history (and organization studies) 14 Colossus 35, 176, 219, 223, 252 Butler, Colonel J. D. A. 61–62, 82–83 Combined Bureau Middle East (CBME) 229 common enemy 114–115 ‘C’ (Chief of SIS) 33, 52–53, 90, 96 common responsibility 118–120 dispute with Major-General Davidson 60 common purpose 114–117, 118 involvement in Hut 3 conflicts 90–91 Communications Committee 200 relations with Denniston 92–93 compartmentalization 124–126, 174, 229–231 referral of disputes to 66–67 conflicts 51–52, 186, 253 see also Menzies, Colonel Stewart; Sinclair, Hut 3 48, 65–69, 78, 85–88, 186, 253 Admiral Sir Hugh inter-service 57–65 Cairncross, John 128 Cooper, Josh 11, 80–81 Cairo 229 management skills 191 Calder, A. 117, 118, 120 recruitment of 132 Calhoun, C. 250 co-operative working 81, 201–202, 205, Calvocoressi, P. 29, 143, 229 225–226, 230–231 on conflict 71 co-ordination (of work) 174–175 on cultural distinctions 152, 156 informal 177–187 on shared background 182–183 formal mechanisms 177, 197–205 on Ultra community 160–161 internal 199, 202 Cambridge University 137 Coventry air raid, advance knowledge of 272 Canada, UK and US signit cooperation 243 cribs 224–225 ‘careless talk’, discouragement of 113, Critical Management Studies (CMS) 267 127–128, 139–140 Croucher, R. 116, 117 catchphrases 119 cryptanalysis (cryptography) 11, 33–34, 235, centralization (of work) 175, 214, 228–234, 251, 259 236, 240 cribs 224–225 Ceylon (Sri Lanka) 229, 230 and indexes 222–220 Chandler, Alfred 14 and intelligence analysis 85, 87 Chatham listening station 210 cryptanalysts 29, 252 Chicksands listening station 189 distinction between intelligence staff and Child, J. 98 151–153 Churchill College Archives Centre (CCAC) Polish 35 24 recruitment of 132–133 Churchill, Winston 48 training 226 appeal for resources to 78, 91–92, 162 women as 157 criticisms of 117 cryptograms 33–34 on recruitment of staff 136 Cryptographic Co-ordination and Records ciphers 34–36, 45, 143, 200, 230 (CCR) 199–200, 231, 238

index 315

Cullingham, Flying Officer Reginald ‘Cully’ replacement as head of BP 89–90, 95, 100, 232 161 cultural identities 147 personality 101–102 cultural studies 250 and recruitment 180, 181 culture 258–259 recruitment of 132 British wartime 108–109, 114–121, 258 retirement 96 ‘dons and debs’ 108, 132–135 success against Enigma 93 organizational 12–13, 107–110, 132, ‘Dilly’s Girls’ 134 138–139, 140, 165–167, 258–259 discontent 191–197 see also morale Oxbridge 113–114, 137–139, 140, 223, 258 Dollis Hill 154, 176, 234 structural accounts of 145–146, 153 Dönitz, Admiral Karl 215 see also sub-cultures ‘Dr. Wynn Williams’ section’ 174 Curtis, Major C. R. 66–68 Drucker, Peter, 190 Czarniawska, Barbara 250, 266–269, 271 Dunkirk cultural image of 118 Dad’s Army 116–117 spirit 116 Daily Telegraph crossword winners 136 Dakin, Alex 179 Eachus, Joseph 52 Dalton, Melville 15 Eastcote out station 151 Davidson, Major-General Francis Henry emendation 198 Norman, Director of Military Enigma (1995) (novel) 3, Intelligence (DMI) 60–61 170, 210 Davies, P. 4, 94–95 Enigma 34–36, 63, 252, 263 D-Day landings, indoctrination and 159–160 GAF modifications 201–202 de Grey, Nigel 1, 55, 58–60, 144, 161 keys 34–35, 79, 84, 196, 222–223 on age 162–163 and signals intelligence 79–89 on billeting 155 staff knowledge of 125, 131, 159–160 on conflicts 68 Uhr 223–224 on cover stories 141 see also Air Enigma; Army Enigma; disputes with MI8 81, 83 Intelligence Enigma; Naval Enigma; on handling of intelligence 79, 80 Railway Enigma and removal of Denniston 104 environmental conditions management skills 210 enwisement (indoctrination) 123–124, 125, on intellect of staff 152–153 131, 159–161, 233 meetings 197 Erskine, R. 133, 142, 231 on organization 54 ethnicity 164 on recruitment 136 Ettinghausen, Walter 172 recruitment of 132 Etzioni, A. 7 ‘debs’ stereotypes 133–134 European Group for Organization Studies 42 decoding (organization) 10–11, 251–254, 265 Evans, D. 38 de-familiarization 6–7, 15–16, 266–267 Eytan, W. 164, 179 de-naturalization 267 Denniston, Alastair 24, 33, 40, 52, 56, 89, 151, Far East Combined Bureau (FECB) 229 229 Filby, William 179–180 criticisms of 48, 64, 78, 210 Fish 35, 125, 171, 252 dispute with 90–91 Fletcher, Harold 210 on finance 53 Foreign Office (FO) 52–53 Hut 3 conflicts 66–67 Foss, Hugh 230 lack of confidence in 91–92, 101–102 Fox-Mail, Joyce 133 rejection of TA operations 82–83 Freeborn, Frederick 186, 232–233

316 index

Freebornery 186 Hanyok, R. 272 Freeman, Peter 44 Harding, Claire 133 French ciphers 45 Harris, Robert 170, 210 friendship connections (organization theory Hassard, J. 12–13 of) 184–185 Hayward, G. 123 friendship networks 205, 238 health 222 future perfect strategy 237 ‘Heath Robinson’ machine 176 Heer Enigma see Army Enigma Gabriel, Y. 237 Herman, Michael 4, 130–131, 143, 261 Gayhurst out station 151 hierarchy, importance of 215 gender, significance of 156–159 Hill, M. 131, 195 General Post Office (GPO) 60 Hinings, C. R. 7, 21 and building of bombes 234 Hinsley, Professor Sir Harry 2, 24, 29, 74, 129, civilian sub-culture 154 170 intercept stations 54 interpretation skills 227 recruitment from 136 rapid progression of 161 working methods 231 recruitment of 133 Germany, knowledge of military operations historical analysis 20–21 in 229 historical difference 16–17 Gibson, Gladys (Rebecca Simpson) 143 Hitler, Adolf 115, 224 Godfrey, Rear-Admiral John (Director of HMS Pembroke 193–194 Naval Intelligence) 61, 64, 203 Hofstede, G. 108 Golombek, Harry 172, 184–185 Hogarth, James 125 Google 261 Holden Agreement (1942) 242 Gouldner, A. 7 Hollerith machine room Government Code and Cypher School (GC & bureaucratic organization of 215–216, CS/GCCS) 32–34, 48, 135 232–233, 238–239 administration 55–57 training in 227 financing 53 Hollerith punch-card sorters 186, 192 and Foreign Office/Secret Intelligence Holocaust 271–272 Service control 52–54, 56–57 Home Guard 116–117 foundation of 40, 52–53 honeycomb model 174–175, 197, 234 generational divisions 161–163 Hong Kong 229 influence of past on organization 97 Howard, Bert 207 integration with ministries 80–81 Humphreys, Wing Commander Robert 66–68, inter-service conflicts 57–65 85 Naval Section (NS) 64 Hut 3 38, 58, 63, 263 Report on Military Intelligence at 48, 56, assessment of intelligence 80 62–63, 68, 81, 91 conflicts 48, 65–69, 78, 85–88, 186 splitting between ‘service’ and ‘civil’ cooperation in 183 operations 90 crisis in 90–91 War Office control 62–63 see also staff discipline 187 Government Communication Headquarters divided loyalties 59 (GCHQ) 26, 57, 96, 253–254 employment in 135 Granger, Elizabeth 133 Eric Jones’ management of 87, 88, 191 Greenwood, R. 7, 21 ethos 149–150 indexes 216–217, 232 Hagelin C-38m 35, 216, 252 pay inequalities 58 Hagelin Catalogue 216 relationship with Hut 6 83, 199, Hankey, Maurice 207 225–226

index 317

secrecy in 124, 131–132, 160 intelligence training watch 227 demands for 94–95 watch table 198, 205 exchange of 202–205 women’s roles in 157, 158–159 ‘hot’ 79 Hut 33 (radio comedy) 3 Intelligence (Abwehr) Enigma 34 Hut 4 38, 63, 84, 161 Intelligence Exchange (IE) 202–203, 238 Hut 6 38, 61, 63, 66, 81, 184, 263 intelligence staff, distinction between BTMC visit 233 cryptanalysts and 151–153 ‘factory-like’ work organization 94, 98 intelligence work 36 and Hut 3, sharing of information 225–226 requirements of 226 and Hut 8, co-operation with 199, 201–202, women in 157 205, 225–226, 230–231 intercept stations see Y stations informality in 197 intercept staff, training of 136 intellectual composition 152–153 intercept transfer 204–205 Intercept Control Room 81 interception 79–81 merging of Machine Room (MR) and Crib Inter-Service Distribution and Reference Room (CR) 153 section (D & R) 202 meritocracy in 158, 183, 238 isomorphism, normative and mimetic 145 morale boosting 224 Italian ciphers 35, 45 pay inequalities 58 Italian Naval Section 187 Registration Rooms, job rotation in 189, 190–191, 205, 235 Jackall, R. 7 secrecy and 132, 160 Japan 229 women’s roles in 159 Japanese ciphers 35, 143, 200, 230 see also Hut 8 38, 63, 84, 161, 184 JN-11; JN-25 ending of Shark blackout 225 Jeffreys, John 133 and Hut 6, co-operation with 199, 201–202, Jesus College (Cambridge) 180 205, 225–226, 230–231 JN-11 (Japanese cipher) 230 standardized working 217 JN-25 (Japanese cipher) 35, 171, 200, 227, 228, women’s roles in 159 230, 252 Hut 10, secrecy in 123 John Lewis (department store) 135, 189, 231 Hut 11a, number of staff 174 Joint Committee of Control 200 huts 38 Joint Intelligence Committee 60 HW identiﬁer 23 Joint Management Committee 56, 200 Jones, Eric 68–69, 74, 87, 88, 191 ICI 7 Journal of the Sandridge Radio Section ID8G 64–65 194–195 Imperial War Museum (IWM) Archive 24 indexes/indexing 36, 79, 192, 216–217, Kahn, D. 240 218–220, 227–228, 235, 259 Kanter, R. M. 7 development of procedures 231–232, 238 Keen, Harold ‘Doc’ 233 India 229 Kelly’s Directories 232, 238 indoctrination see enwisement Kieser, Alfred 12 Indsco 7 Kings College Archives Centre (KCAC) 24 industrial relations, wartime 117 Kitchen Front’, ‘The (satirical document) 61–62 information management 36, 79, 218–221 knowledge sharing 198 initiative 218 knowledge work 214, 220, 221–228, 259–260 instinct, use of 227–228, 261 knowledge-intensive organization (KIO) institutional entrepreneurship 256–257 220–221, 231 institutional theory 99–101 Knox, Dilly 45, 105, 132, 134, 162, 230

318 index

Knudsen, C. 9–10 Middle East, intercepts in 229 Kriegsmarine Enigma see Naval Enigma Millward, W. 210 Kunda, G. 7 Milner-Barry, Stuart 91, 92, 153, 196, 201, 215 friendship and cooperative working 184–185 labour process analysis 235 on management 190–191, 198, 261 language, gendering of 170 on meetings 197–198 Last, Professor Hugh 178 recruitment of 133 leadership, theories of 101–102 Ministry of Information (MOI) 118 Lever, Mavis 133 propaganda 119 Lewin, R. 174, 200, 208 Ministry of Works (MOW) 57 linguists, distinction between Mintzberg, H. mathematicians and 168 ‘professional bureaucracy’ model 217 listening stations 188–189 see also Y stations ‘structure in fives’ 213, 236 log reading 192, 225, 235 monotonous work 157, 158, 189, 192–195, Lucas, F. L. 67 217 Luftwaffe Enigma see GAF Enigma Moore, Miss 144 morale 177, 190–192, 215, 253 Machine Co-ordination Development popular 118 Section 200 Morgan, G. 264 Maclean, Donald 207 Morris, C. 196 management style 177, 205 motorbike dispatch riders 204–205 informal 187–190, 231, 238 Muddiman, D. 221 formal 188–190 Munich crisis 80 gendered pattern 188 Murray, Joan 170 and morale 190–192 myth 120 Manhattan Project 272 March, J. 236 National Archives of the United Kingdom Marchant, Herbert 210 (TNA) 23–24 Marlborough Public School 180 Natural History Museum 60 Marosszeky, M. 237 Naval (Kriegsmarine) Enigma 34, 63 Martin, J. 109, 259 keys 84, 222–223 Mass Observation Society (MOS) diaries 118 Naval Intelligence Division (NID) 64 mathematicians, distinction between navy and GC & CS 54, 57–58 linguists and 148 Nazis, defeat of 129 McKay, S. 138 neo-institutionalism 256–257 McVittie, George 225, 230 networks meetings 177, 197–198, 223, 259 heterogeneous 218 mental breakdown 192–193 personalized 177–187 Menzies, Colonel Stewart 33, 53, 90, 92–93, Newman, Professor Max 157, 187–188 95, 100 see also ‘C’ Newmanry 157 meritocracy 158, 183, 238 informal meetings 223 metaphors 263–265 management in 187–188 Meyer, J. 167 ‘tea parties’ 223 MI1b 33, 52 Nohria, N. 42 MI6 see Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) Norris, R. 272 MI8 67 Noskwith, Rolf 172 Army Traffic Analysis 82 disputes with 61–62, 81 ‘old boy’ network 180 MI14 62 Official Secrets Acts (OSA) 38, 122, 139, 154

index 319

operational watches, knowledge work propaganda 117, 119–120, 257 221–222 public information films 119–120, 257 oral history 26–30 organization Queen’s University Belfast 143 ambidextrous 236 Qwatch 223–224 and environment 50 types 213 railways (Reichsbahn) Enigma 34 of work 173 Ratcliff, R. 44, 142, 218, 228, 230 organization studies comparisons with German signit 239–240 references 248 Delusions on intelligence. Enigma, Ultra theoretical improvisations 247–248 and the end of secure ciphers (2006) 4 organizational charts 48–49, 52, 69, 70, 93, on the organization of signit 86–87 95–96 on recruitment and cooperation 185–186 organizational culture 12–13, 107–110, 132, recruitment 132–139, 140 138–139, 140, 165–167, 258–259 of academics 132–133 organizational design 213–214 background of employees 113–114 organizational learning 222–225 via personalized networks 177–187, 205 organizational structure 47, 97–101 sources of labour 135–136 and culture 145–146, 153 Reed, M. 8 and conflict 71 registration work 192 organizational charts and 48–49 Reichsbahn Enigma see Railway Enigma processual approaches 50, 255 reorganization Orwell, George 32 1942 89–95, 96 Oxbridge 1944 95 culture 113–114, 137–139, 140, 223, 258 research watches, knowledge work 221–222 image 253–254 resources, lack of 91–93 management style 187–190, 231, 238 Rhodes, R. 272 networks 238 Ridley, Captain SIS 56 Roberts, J. 261 Page, G. 144 Robinson, Tim 73 Page, S. E. 21 Rock, Margaret 133 Parker, M. 109, 258 Room 40 (Admiralty) 33, 52, 132 Pearl Harbour 239 ageism in 161–162 Peniston-Bird, C. 116 Rowan, B. 167 Persian ciphers 45 Rowlinson, M. 12–13 personalities 49–50, 66, 92–93 Rura-Polley, T. 237 personnel see staff Russell Clarke, Diana 133–134 Peters, T. 165 Pettigrew, A. 7 Salancik, G. 100 Pfeffer, J. 100 Sandridge Y Station 194–195 Philby, Kim 143, 207 Saunders, Lieutenant-Commander Malcolm Pitsis, T. 237 64, 65, 66–68 Plant, H. 221 liaison with British Tabulating Machine police, interception stations 54 Company 233–234 politics 78 on secrecy 131 and personalities 92–93 Sayer, Lieutenant-Colonel H. B. 200 Portuguese Navy ciphers 45 Schein, E. 171 post-bureaucratic organization (PBO) 220 School of Oriental and African Studies 143, Priestley, J. B., radio talks by 118 226 ‘professional bureaucracy’ model 217 Sebag-Montefiore, H. 240

320 index

secrecy 38–39, 79, 113, 121–132, 139–140, Source Boniface 88 166, 261–262 Soviet Union 128 and compartmentalization 230 ciphers 45 disclosure of BP secret 128–130 Spanish ciphers 45 excessive 131–132 Special Liaison Units (SLUs) 203–205 GPO staff 154 staff (at Bletchley Park) levels of enwisement (indoctrination) accommodation 55–56, 150–151, 155–156 159–161 age 161–163 organizational 130–131 ‘Chiefs and Indians’, distinction between post-war 128–130 156–165 Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) (MI6) 33, 40, civilian composition 55, 60 52, 92–93 civilian and military, distinction between and control of GC & CS 52–54, 56–57 147–156 human intelligence (humint) operations 95 core 132–133 security breaches 127–128 ethnic minorities 164 security checks 55, 122–123, 139, 181 growth in 36, 38, 55, 132, 135 security ofﬁcers 126–128 health of 192–193, 222 Selznick, P. 7, 248 Jewish 164 Sennett, R. 250 leisure activities 138 Senyard, Phoebe 133 pay discrepancies 58–59 sexuality 164 social composition of 136–139 policing of 171 tensions between service and civilian shared background 178–179, 182–183 58–60, 154–156 shared purpose 114–117, 118 transportation 55–56 Shark (key) 222–223 women 55, 156–159 shift work 192 see also recruitment; Wrens Sidney Sussex College (Cambridge) 180 standardization 175, 215–221 signals intelligence (sigint) 33–34, 125 state activity 120–121 Australian 229 ‘Station X’ 44 centralization of 86–87 Station X (TV documentary) 3 German 239–240 Steiner, George 2 making of 78, 85–86, 88, 93, 255–256 strategic choice theory 99–100 relations with US 229 Stratton, Professor F. J. H. 180 US 229, 239–240 stress, effects of 192–193 Simmel, Georg 130, 160 Stripp, A. 29, 140, 170 Simpson, Edward 143, 200, 227, 230 structural contingency theory 9, 47, 94–95, Simpson, Rebecca (Gladys Gibson) 143 98, 99–100, 235 Sinclair, Admiral Sir Hugh 32–33, 53, structuration theory 99 57 see also ‘C’ Sturdy, Andrew 4, 27, 30, 77 Singapore 229 Sturgeon 35 SIXTA 83, 161 sub-cultures 145–146, 258–259 centralization 228 civilian and military 147–156 knowledge sharing with Huts 3 and 6 Sugarman, M. 164 225–226 Summerﬁeld, P. 116 SLU network 66 see also Special Liaison Sunday Telegraph 129 Units Svengisson, S. 261 Smith, M. 66 Sydney Olympics (2000), organization of 237 Snow, C. P. 181–182 social discontent 117 Tandy, Geoffrey 207 Somerset House 60 Taunt, Derek 163, 180

index 321

Taylor, J. 168 community 160–161 Taylorist-style performance measurement exchange of 204 188–189 secret 129, 182, 233 Tech 7 security of 229 Teleprinter Room 59, 157 source of 63 temporality 15–16 volume of 80 Thatcher, Margaret 129 Umkehrwalze D (UKD) modification Theory X/ Theory Y management theories 201–202 189, 238 Uncle Dick Committee 201–202, 205 Thrasher 35 Uncle Dick threat 223 Tiltman, Colonel John 61, 132, 161 uniforms 148, 166 and recruitment 179–180 Union of Postal Workers (UPW), Wireless Traffic Analysis (TA) 36, 81–83, 135, 225 Branch 194–195 training 226–227 United States, sigint operations 229, translation work 36 239–240 initiative in 218, 235 US-Anglo sigint relations 229 requirements of 226 women in 157 van Cutsem, Brigadier W. E., 48, 56, 62–63, 68, Transport section 174 81, 91 Travis, Edward 68, 87, 90, 161, 225 Vincent, Professor Eric 199–200 on anonymous letters 195 appointment as head of GC & CS 40, 48, W/T Co-ordination section 200 89, 95 WAAF 59 dispute with Denniston 90–91, 104 Wall, Geoffrey, 230 management skills 210 War Office (WO) 54 meetings 197–198 Waterman, R. 165 recruitment of 132 Watkins, Gwen 195 support for 91 Watson, Tony 2, 250 Travis-Strong Agreement (BRUSA Wavendon out station 151 agreement) (1943) 242 weather ciphers, breaking of 224–225 trust 178 Weber, Max 12, 231, 245 and commonality of background 182–183 Weick, K. 17, 100, 261 and personal acquaintance 180 Welchman, Gordon 29, 44, 74, 182, 184–185, Tsoukas, H. 9–10 200, 204 ‘Tube Alloys’ project 181 on Alan Bradshaw 73 Tunny 35, 252 appeal to Churchill 91 Turing, Alan 3, 91, 170, 210, 217, 252 breaking of security rules 127 friendship connections 185 dispute with MI8 61–62 management ability 210 establishment of organizational recruitment of 133 infrastructure 83–85, 98, 100, 102, sexuality 164 237, 257 Twinn, Peter 133, 152 liaison with BTMC 233 Typex machine cipher 45, 144 on morale 190–191 operators 136, 226 recruitment of 133, 181 Typex Room, management of 188, 215, and recruitment 179, 185 260–261 on Traffic Analysis 82 ‘Wicked Uncles’ letter 91–93, 162 U-571 (2000) (film) 3 Whipp, R. 12 UKUSA Agreement 242 Whitehall 54 Ultra 35–36, 53, 81, 88, 95 Wilson, Angus 164

322 index

Winterbotham, Group Captain Frederick 103, work roles 157, 158 129–130, 203 see also WRNS Wireless Telegraphy Intelligence (WTI), and Wright Mills, Charles 7 cryptography 82–83 WRNS see also Trafﬁc Analysis culture 150–151 women 55 outstations, number of staff 174 division of labour and 3 see also Wrens promotion of 157–158 Wylie, Shaun 185, 225 recruitment of 133–135 roles of 156–159 Y Board 54, 60–61, 62, 90 see also Wrens Y stations 36, 80–81, 135, 194–195, Women’s Welfare Committee 160, 201 215 World War II, cultural effects 30–31 intercept staff 144 Wrens 135, 147–148 monotony in 192 accommodation and cultural experience Y sub-committee 48 150–151 ‘Y’ wars 60, 88 glass ceiling 158 management of 188 ZTC Ryland 7–8