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Sanford Thesis Final.Pdf Abstract The process and impact of Greek colonisation in the Mediterranean have long been the subject of debate amongst classicists and archaeologists. The outcome of this debate remains a conflicting series of arguments for or against the level of organisation in the process of colonisation, as well as the interactions between colonists and native populations in the colonial environment. Theories of hybrid cultural interaction as opposed to the more traditional view of ‘hellenization’, or cultural dominance and subjugation are examined; along with arguments for and against evidence for the organization of colonial foundation and settlement. This study examines the process of Greek colonisation in two areas of the central Mediterranean (Magna Graecia and central Dalmatia) through the identification of Greek varieties of sheep and cattle and their movements with colonisation. This investigation into livestock translocation with colonisation takes the form of two themes: (a) the hypothesized identification of regional or cultural varieties of domesticated animals through their remains from archaeological sites; and (b) what the movement and changes of domesticate varieties can tell us about the process of Greek colonisation in the study areas. Several researchers of the last few decades in zooarchaeology have compared the size and shape of domesticated animals either from sites of a region, or between periods of a site to examine changes or similarity in the biometry of their remains. Few biometric studies have considered livestock varieties, their uniformity and their identification. Despite arguments for ‘enlarged’ Greek livestock, no such studies have been done for Greece. The study consists of three parts. The first part details the archaeological evidence for trade and the process of colonisation in the two study areas, followed by a discussion of changes in Greece between the Archaic (Magna Graecia) and Hellenistic (Dalmatia) periods of colonisation. Evidence for the existence of ancient livestock varieties is considered, along with examples of the means by which they may be distin- guished. The second part of this study identifies Greek varieties of sheep and cattle through a comparison of domesticate biometric data from sites in ancient Greece. Domesticate biometry is also examined from indigenous sites prior to and during the period of colonisation in both southern Italy and central Dalmatia to determine if domesticate varieties can be identified in these areas, and distinguished from Greek livestock. In the third part, these biometric data are compared with those of colony sites in the study areas to determine if livestock were translocated with Greek colonisation. These colony data were further examined to determine if all colony sites in an area or period demonstrated a uniform pattern of livestock translocation, and for any faunal/biometric evidence for interaction between Greek and indigenous sites in the colonial environment. The study determined that sheep (Ovis aries) from sites of Greece formed a discrete biometric cluster in both size and shape which could be clearly distinguished from those of indigenous (pre-colonisation) sites of both Magna Graecia and Dalmatia. The (less numerous) measures for cattle (Bos taurus) were similarly found to form a discrete biometric cluster for Greece distinct from those cattle of indigenous pre-colonisation sites. Indigenous sites in the colonisation areas contained their own discrete varieties of sheep and cattle. A statistically significant grouping was found for sites of Greece, as well as for indigenous sites of each study area. Biometric data for colonies of southern Italy displayed consistent (and statistically significant) evidence for the relocation of sheep and cattle, as well as evidence for mixing of Greek and indigenous live- stock varieties in both individual colony and indigenous (post-colonisation) sites. In the later (Hellenistic) and therefore putatively state-organized (in foundation) colonies of central Dalmatia, evidence for livestock translocation was found to be far less consistent, particularly in the early phases of colonisation. This study therefore shows not only that ancient domesticate varieties can be identified and distinguished between cul- tures/regions, but also that their movements can be used to identify colonisation and interactions between cultures. The arguments for state (polis) development and organization in Greece are of less importance in an understanding of colonisation than the individual local settings of the colonies themselves. Contents 1 Introduction: Zooarchaeology and the Quest for Colonisation 1 2 Historical Background 8 2.1 The Late Bronze Age: Collapse and Dark Ages . 10 2.1.1 Pre-Colonisation Italy: the Later Bronze Age . 13 2.1.2 The Eastern Adriatic Before Greek Colonization . 17 2.1.3 Pre-Colonisation Italy - 1100-800 BC . 21 2.2 New Neighbours: Greek Settlement . 22 2.2.1 Initial Greeks in Italy . 28 2.2.2 The Classical (600-400 BC) and Hellenistic (400-229 BC) Periods . 30 3 History, Identity and Being Greek 36 3.1 On Being ‘Greek’ . 36 3.2 Two Greeces: Changes from the Archaic to Hellenistic Periods . 46 4 Colonisation: Approach and Process 55 4.1 What is a Colony? . 55 4.1.1 Colonies: Origin of the Term and Theoretical Confusion with Roman Colo- niae ...................................... 59 4.2 The Colonial Environment: The Concept of ‘Hellenization’ . 60 4.3 Greek Settlement Abroad: a Theoretical Approach to Colonisation and Interactions 63 5 Bones of Clay: Animals as Material Culture 67 5.1 On the Importance of Biometry . 70 5.2 Metric Changes: ‘Improvements’ or Movements? . 75 5.3 Greek Farming and Stock Raising . 78 6 Site Descriptions and Methodology 81 6.1 The Approach . 81 6.2 Sample Requirements . 83 6.3 Recording Techniques and Criteria . 85 6.3.1 Identification . 85 6.3.2 Quantification . 87 6.3.3 Age Profiles . 88 6.3.4 Biometric Data . 89 i 6.4 The Sites . 90 6.4.1 Sites of Greece . 90 6.4.2 Colony Sites of Southern Italy and Sicily . 94 6.4.3 Indigenous Sites of Southern Italy and Sicily . 98 6.4.4 Colony and Indigenous Sites of Dalmatia . 102 7 Size Matters: The Quest for ‘Greek’ Taxa 106 7.1 Taxonomic Distributions of Greek and Indigenous Sites . 108 7.2 Herd Management: Age-at-Death Profiles . 111 7.3 Significance of Size and Shape: Biometric Data and ‘Greek’ taxa . 113 7.3.1 Teeth . 113 7.3.2 Comparisons of Height . 116 7.3.3 Univariate Comparisons of Proportions . 121 7.3.4 Dimensions of Measure: Bivariate Analysis of Greek Livestock . 126 8 The Shape of Things That Come: Greek Taxa and Colonisation 150 8.1 Domesticates, Translocation and Southern Italy . 151 8.2 Domesticates, Translocation and Central Dalmatia . 173 8.3 Summary of Findings . 185 9 Summary and Conclusions: A Zooarchaeology of Greek Colonisation 188 A Site Taxonomic and Age Distributions 220 B Univariate Analyses 229 B.1 Univariate Analyses for Bos taurus .......................... 231 B.2 Univariate Analyses of Ovis aries .......................... 240 B.3 Univariate Analyses for Capra hircus ........................ 250 B.4 Univariate Analyses for Sus domesticus ....................... 256 C Bivariate Analyses 264 C.1 Bivariate Graphs of Bos taurus ............................ 264 C.2 Bivariate Graphs of Ovis aries ............................ 271 C.3 Bivariate Graphs for Capra hircus .......................... 279 C.4 Bivariate Graphs for Sus domesticus ......................... 284 D Statistical Assessments 291 D.1 Statistical Test Results for Bos taurus ........................ 291 D.2 Statistical Test Results for Ovis aries ......................... 303 ii List of Figures 2.1 Overall map of the study area . .9 2.2 Principal regions of ancient Greece . 10 2.3 Map of Greece and Albania showing sites mentioned in this chapter. 11 2.4 Finds of Mycenaean pottery in the Adriatic and Ionian regions . 15 2.5 Map showing sites in Italy mentioned in this chapter. 16 2.6 Map showing sites in central Dalmatia mentioned in this chapter. 19 2.7 Distribution of amber beads in the Adriatic and Ionian regions . 20 2.8 Distribution of violin-bow fibulae in the Adriatic and Ionian regions . 21 2.9 Finds of coins from ‘Heraclea with a port’. 32 3.1 Principal regions of ancient Greece . 38 3.2 Map showing sites of Greece, Albania and Sicily relating to discussions in this chapter of the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars. 47 3.3 Poleis of the Delian League and the Peloponnesian League and their allies . 49 5.1 Height estimate examples for basenji and basset hound. 72 5.2 Location of the Lelantine War . 79 6.1 Sites of Greece in the study . 90 6.2 Sites of southern Italy and Sicily in the study . 95 6.3 Sites of central Dalmatia in the study . 102 7.1 Domesticate taxonomic distribution of sites in the study . 110 7.2 Culling profiles of Ovis aries from Greek sites . 111 7.3 Bos taurus M3 length comparison . 115 7.4 Ovis aries M3 length comparison . 115 7.5 Sus domesticus M3 length comparison . 116 7.6 Height estimates for Bos taurus ............................ 117 7.7 Height estimates for Ovis aries ............................ 118 7.8 Height estimates for Capra hircus .......................... 119 7.9 Height estimates for Sus domesticus ......................... 120 7.10 Astragali length from Bos taurus of all sites . 122 7.11 Astragali length from Ovis aries of all sites . 123 7.12 Radius proximal breadth from Capra hircus of all sites . 124 7.13 Tibia distal breadth from Sus domesticus of all sites . 125 7.14 Astragali length and breadth from Bos taurus of Greek (with Kastanas) and indige- nous pre-colonisation sites . 128 iii 7.15 Astragali length and breadth from Bos taurus of Greek (without Kastanas) and indigenous pre-colonisation sites . 129 7.16 Astragali length, breadth and depth from Bos taurus of Greek and indigenous south- ern Italian sites . 130 7.17 Bivariate shape analysis of LSI length and proximal breadth of Bos taurus ..... 133 7.18 Bivariate shape analysis of LSI of length and proximal breadth of Bos taurus, ex- cepting Kastanas .
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