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Larval Parasitoids and Larval Diseases of Malacosoma Neustria L. (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) Detected in Erzurum Province, Turkey

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Larval Parasitoids and Larval Diseases of Malacosoma Neustria L. (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) Detected in Erzurum Province, Turkey H. ÖZBEK, S. ÇORUH Turk J Zool 2012; 36(4): 447-459 © TÜBİTAK Research Article doi:10.3906/zoo-1104-12 Larval parasitoids and larval diseases of Malacosoma neustria L. (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) detected in Erzurum Province, Turkey Hikmet ÖZBEK*, Saliha ÇORUH Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Atatürk University, Erzurum - TURKEY Received: 12.04.2011 Abstract: Th e larval parasitoids and larval diseases of Malacosoma neustria (L.) ( Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) in various host plants were investigated in Erzurum Province, Turkey, during 2004 and 2005. Th e larval parasitoids were reared in a laboratory, and a total of 29 parasitoid species were established in association with the larvae of M. neustria in the families Tachinidae (Diptera), Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, and Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Of the 6 tachinid parasitoids, Pales pavida (Meigen) was the most prevalent species and accounted for 25% of the tachinid records. Among the tachinids, there were 2 new records for the Turkish fauna: Exorista amoena Mesnil and Palesisa nudioculata Villeneuve. Exorista amoena was reared from M. neustria for the fi rst time. Th e braconid species Meteorus lionotus Th omson and Cotesia vanessa (Reinhard) were also reared from M. neustria for the fi rst time. Among the 10 chalcidoid species reared, Monodontomerus aereus Walker and Brachymeria secundaria (Rusc.) were the most prevalent species. Five chalcidoid species, Asaphes suspensus (Nees), A. vulgaris Walker (Pteromalidae), Brachymeria secundaria (Ruschka) (Chalcididae), Eupelmus urozonus Dalman (Eupelmidae), and Eurytoma verticillata (F.) (Eurytomidae), were reared from M. neustria for the fi rst time. Of the 10 species of ichneumonids reared, Exeristes roborator F. was the most abundant and accounted for 35% of the total ichneumonid records. Th e total parasitism rate of all parasitoids was 33.7%. As disease agents of M. neustria, the nuclear polyhedrosis virus and 4 pathogenic bacteria, Brevibacillus agri, Alcaligenes xylosoxydans xylosoxydans (Achromobacter xylosoxidans), Bacillus lentimorbus, and Serratia fonticola, were diagnosed. All of the bacteria from M. neustria were recorded for the fi rst time. Th e percentage of diseased larvae was low, about 3%. Key words: Lepidoptera, Lasiocampidae, Malacosoma neustria, parasitoids, disease, bacteria, virus, Erzurum, Turkey Erzurum İli’nde (Türkiye) Malacosoma neustria L. (Lasiocampidae: Lepidoptera)’nın larva parazitoitleri ve hastalıkları Özet: Değişik konukçularda beslenen Malacosoma neustria (L.) (Yüzükkelebeği) (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)’nın larva parazitoitleri ve larva hastalıkları 2004 ve 2005 yıllarında Erzurum İli’nde araştırılmıştır. Laboratuar koşullarında, Tachinidae (Diptera), Braconidae, Ichneumonidae ve Chalcidoidae (Hymenoptera)’ye ait toplam 29 parazitoid türü elde edilmiştir. Saptanan altı tachinid türünden Pales pavida (Meigen) ve Tachina praeceps Meigen en fazla yoğunluk oluşturmuşlardır. Exorista amoena Mesnil ve Palesisa nudioculata Villeneuve Türkiye faunası için yeni türlerdir. Exorista amoena ilk d efa bu çalışma ile M. neustria’dan elde edilmiştir. İki braconid türü olan Meteorus lionotus Th omson ve * E-mail: [email protected] 447 Larval parasitoids and larval diseases of Malacosoma neustria L. (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) detected in Erzurum Province, Turkey Cotesia vanessa (Reinhard)’nın M. neustria larvalarını parazitlediği ilk defa belirlenmiştir. Topam 10 chalcidoid türü arasında, Monodontomerus aereus Walker ve Brachymeria secundaria (Rusc.) en yaygın olanlardır ve tüm chalcidoidlerin sırasıyla % 35 ve % 32’ini oluşturmaktadırlar. Asaphes suspensus (Nees), A. vulgaris Walker (Pteromalidae), Brachymeria secundaria (Ruschka) (Chalcididae), Eupelmus urozonus Dalman (Eupelmidae) ve Eurytoma verticillata (F.) (Eurytomidae) türleri ilk kez M. neustria’dan elde edilmiştir. Tolam 10 tür olan ichneumonidler içerisinde, Exeristes roborator F. en yaygın olanıdır ve ichneumonidlerin % 35’ini oluşturmaktadır. Tüm parazitoitlerin toplam parazitleme oranı % 33,7 olarak belirlenmiştir. M. neustria larvalrında hastalık etmeni olarak nükleer polyhedrosis virüsü (NPD) ve Brevibacillus agri, Alcaligenes xylosoxydans xylosoxydans (Achromobacter xylosoxidans), Bacillus lentimorbus ve Serratia fonticola olmak üzere dört bakteri türü, tespit edilmiştir. Bu türler, M. neustria’dan ilk defa elde edilmişlerdir. Hastalıklara bağlı olarak saptanan larvalardaki ölüm oranı yaklaşık % 3 düzeyindedir. Anahtar sözcükler: Lepidoptera, Lasiocampidae, Malacosoma neustria, parasitoitler, hastalıklar, bakteri, virüs, Erzurum, Türkiye Introduction more abundant and destructive, particularly in sea Th e European tent caterpillar or lackey moth, buckthorn, barberry, and some rose species (Çoruh Malacosoma neustria (L.) (Lepidoptera: and Özbek, 2002). Lasiocampidae), known as “yüzükkelebeği” or M. neustria is univoltine and overwinters in the “yüksükkelebeği” in Turkish, is one of the most form of egg masses on twigs of the host plants. Newly widely distributed species, particularly in the eastern emerged larvae crawl to the crown, feed gregariously, and central Anatolian parts of Turkey (İren, 1977; and gather at major branch forks to construct Çoruh and Özbek, 2002). Its distribution range in the webbing (tents), which are white in color and easily world is wide: Europe, northern Africa, Iran, Syria, recognized. Larvae (caterpillars) feed both in the tent Siberia, China, Mongolia, Taiwan, North Korea, and as well as outside the crown. As the larvae develop, Japan (Dobesberger, 2002). It has been recognized they become solitary and eventually seek sheltered as an important defoliator of a wide variety of locations to pupate. Th e cocoons are yellowish-white, deciduous hardwood trees and shrubs throughout loose, and usually occur in clusters (Çoruh and its range for many years (Bodenheimer, 1958; İren, Özbek, 2002). 1977; Çanakçıoğlu and Mol, 1998; Özbek et al., 1998; Populations of M. neustria periodically attain Çoruh and Özbek, 2002; Özbek and Çalmaşur, 2005). outbreak proportions in eastern Anatolia. During Malacosoma species are widespread and are outbreaks, a large number of caterpillars cause important defoliators of various types of cultivated widespread and extensive defoliation of host plants and wild plants (Costa, 1997). M. neustria has a and may create an overwhelming nuisance to people wide host range that includes many fruit trees such encountering them. Severe and repeated defoliation as apple (Malus communis L.), pear (Pyrus communis can lead to dieback and/or reduced growth in the L.), plum (Prunus spp.), and mulberry (Morus aff ected plants, which in some instances may be sp.), and wild and ornamental trees and shrubs serious. Although the outbreak periods reported are including oak (Quercus spp.), rose (Rosa spp.), irregular, since 1970 the outbreaks have been reported oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.), sea buckthorn at 3-7 year intervals in the province of Erzurum. (Hippophae rhamnoides L.), barberry (Berberis Following several consecutive years of defoliation spp.), and elm (Ulmus spp.). Other deciduous trees in any locality, leaves of the susceptible host plants, and shrubs such as willow (Salix spp.), poplar and especially Rosa canina L., Berberis vulgaris L., and aspen (Populus spp.), birch (Betula spp.), ash tree Hippophae rhamnoides L., were completely defoliated (Fraxinus spp.), currant (Ribes spp.), and bramble and the damaged twigs were very oft en dry. At bushes (Rubus spp.) are also damaged occasionally times, the whole plant dries up (Çoruh and Özbek, (Bodenheimer, 1958; İren, 1977; Özbek et al., 1998; 2002). Traditionally, fruits of these plants have been Çoruh and Özbek, 2002; Özbek and Çalmaşur, 2005; consumed by people living in rural areas. However, in Özbek and Çoruh, 2010). In eastern Anatolia it is recent years, these plants have attracted considerable 448 H. ÖZBEK, S. ÇORUH international attention from horticulturists, Çoruh (2010) recorded egg parasitoids of M. neustria biochemists, and pharmacologists because of the in Erzurum Province. Although some researchers fragrance of the fl owers (Rosa spp.) and the high have obtained various parasitoid species in the content of biologically active substances in their fruits families Tachinidae (Diptera) and Ichneumonidae and other organs, such as vitamin C, carotenoids, (Hymenoptera) from larvae of M. neustria during fl avonoids, minerals, and certain enzymes, as well their parasitoidal studies on various groups of insects as vitamins B1, B2, E, and K. Th e above mentioned (Doğanlar, 1975; Uğur, 1985; Kansu et al., 1986; plant species are increasingly important because of Özdemir and Kılınçer, 1990), there has been no in- this high antioxidant capacity (Li and Schroeder, depth study of the larval parasitoids of M. neustria 1996; Küpeli et al., 2002; Melnicova et al., 2002; in Turkey. Demir, 2005a , 2005b; Tiitinen et al., 2005; Ercişli et al., 2007; Özbek, 2009). It would also be worthwhile Th e objectives of the present study were to to mention that these plants may be very valuable for determine the identities of the parasitoids and disease promoting wildlife, especially in their native range agents attacking larvae of M. neustria in Erzurum where many animals use their leaves and fruits for Province, Turkey; to determine natural parasitism food and shelter. rates; and to show the potential of parasitoid(s) and disease agent(s) for classical biological control of M. Climatic conditions, natural enemies, and other neustria
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