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Italy As a Crucible for Immigration and Intercultural Mediation Nicole Patteuw Abetti SIT Graduate Institute

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Italy As a Crucible for Immigration and Intercultural Mediation Nicole Patteuw Abetti SIT Graduate Institute SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad SIT Digital Collections MA TESOL Collection SIT Graduate Institute Summer 4-1-2018 Mediation in the Mediterranean: Italy as a Crucible for Immigration and Intercultural Mediation Nicole Patteuw Abetti SIT Graduate Institute Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/ipp_collection Part of the Bilingual, Multilingual, and Multicultural Education Commons, Curriculum and Social Inquiry Commons, and the Educational Methods Commons Recommended Citation Abetti, Nicole Patteuw, "Mediation in the Mediterranean: Italy as a Crucible for Immigration and Intercultural Mediation" (2018). MA TESOL Collection. 734. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/ipp_collection/734 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the SIT Graduate Institute at SIT Digital Collections. It has been accepted for inclusion in MA TESOL Collection by an authorized administrator of SIT Digital Collections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Mediation in the Mediterranean: Italy as a Crucible for Immigration and Intercultural Mediation Nicole Patteuw Abetti Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts in TESOL degree at SIT Graduate Institute Brattleboro, Vermont USA April 1, 2018 IPP Advisor: Dr. Elka Todeva Mediation in the Mediterranean: Italy as a Crucible for Immigration and Intercultural Mediation 2 CONSENT TO USE OF INDEPENDENT PROFESSIONAL PROJECT (IPP) I hereby grant permission for World Learning to publish my IPP on its websites and in any of its digital/electronic collections, and to reproduce and transmit my IPP electronically. I understand that World Learning’s websites and digital collections are publicly available via the Internet. I agree that World Learning is NOT responsible for any unauthorized use of my Thesis by any third party who might access it on the Internet or otherwise. Nicole Abetti March 28, 2018 Mediation in the Mediterranean: Italy as a Crucible for Immigration and Intercultural Mediation 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I offer sincere appreciation to Grandpa, Pier Antonio Abetti who has been an inspiration to me since the first day I heard his voice. This work was made possible through his love and generosity. to my husband, Caleb Abetti for always pushing me to dig deeper and beautify the world around us. to Joshua and Cassandra Hagedorn and Elena Di Cristo for help in the editing process. to Happy Eborka for his example of leadership and faith in the immigrant community in Italy. to my professors at SIT, especially to Elka Todeva who inspires me to dream about the porous classroom, to Leslie Turpin who inspires me to rethink culture and to Steve Iams who inspires me to be a better teacher. to my beautiful children: Ariadne, Luke, Jude, Antony and Aaro…you are arrows flying through the night sky. to Silvana Celima, my sock sister, for telling me I could do more than one thing. to Veronica Penta whose friendship and superficial chatter brighten my days. to my dad, Bill Patteuw for instilling a curiosity about how things work and to my mom, Dawn Doyle for letting me find my own path without judgments. and finally, to my colleagues, The Gems, for becoming precious stones under pressure. With all my love and thanks, Nicki You have been told also that life is darkness and in your weariness you echo what was said by the weary. And I say that life is indeed darkness save when there is urge and all urge is blind save when there is knowledge and all knowledge is vain save when there is work and all work is empty save when there is love… (Khalil Gibran) Mediation in the Mediterranean: Italy as a Crucible for Immigration and Intercultural Mediation 4 ABSTRACT Europe is again in an intense state of migration influx. While some European countries have historical precedence for these types of population shifts, Italy has largely remained outside the modern phenomenon, since it did not experience the economic boom of post WW2 and the subsequent demand for migrant workers, nor did it experience the pull effect of language migrants after the decolonization of Africa. Italy therefore also missed the second surge of migration during the 70’s and 80’s when families of these immigrants began arriving in Europe. What Italy did experience throughout the 20th century, and continues to experience today, is the emigration of massive numbers of Italians due to economic instability and a lack of job creation. Italy is now witnessing a surge in immigration of asylum-seekers crossing the Mediterranean after the death of al- Gaddafi opened the Libyan border. Most of these migrants are moving from Sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East, particularly after the Arab Spring and successive civil wars. Their journey through the Sahara and Libya can take months or years and is often filled with abuse and torture. When migrants finally arrive to Italy, they are in need of services, such as psychotherapy treatment for trauma, but the rapid rate at which they are arriving and the sheer numbers make it difficult for Italians to meet these needs. The absence of effective language teaching is also a serious issue, as there has been little demand for teaching Italian to speakers of other languages before now. New agents for social change, people known as Intercultural Mediators, are providing not only linguistic intervention, but also orientation and psychosocial support. Intercultural Mediators bridge communication between Italians and immigrants as well as create space for new cultures to emerge. Despite the progress being made with the help of Intercultural Mediation, unemployment remains a constant threat to peace and integration. For this reason, the author includes a business proposal presenting “integration through job creation” in Socrates, a sock company where immigrants and Italians learn from one another in a collaborative environment of raising sheep and producing wool socks. Keywords: migration, population shifts, emigration, economic instability, Libyan border, integration, job creation, culture, intercultural mediator, communication, collaborative, Italian unemployment, linguistic intervention Mediation in the Mediterranean: Italy as a Crucible for Immigration and Intercultural Mediation 5 EDUCATIONAL RESOURCE INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) DESCRIPTORS Migration Transformative Language Teaching TESOL Intercultural Mediation Integration Job Creation Libya European Immigration Psychosocial and Sociocultural Support Asylum-seekers Psycholinguistics Cultural Mediation Cultural Capital Mediation in the Mediterranean: Italy as a Crucible for Immigration and Intercultural Mediation 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page…………………………………………………………………………………………...1 Consent to Use..……………………………………….………………...…………………….…....2 Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………..…………....…....…...3 Abstract…………………………………………………………………………..………………...4 Eric Descriptors……………………………………………………………..……………………..5 Table of Contents………………………………………………………………..………………....6 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………...………..….7 The Libyan border…………………………………………………………………………........8-10 Italian Emigration……………………………………………………………………………...10-11 Parallelism between Italian Emigration and Current Immigration……………………………...11-12 i) Abuses on the Journey………………………………………………………………12-16 ii) Anti-Italian Sentiment in the USA at the Turn of the Last Century…………………16-17 iii) Shifts in Political and Social Discourse concerning Immigration…………………....17-19 Differences between Italy and other European Countries………...……....………...…...……....19-23 Changes after Dublin Regulation………………………………………………………………23-24 Current Issues With Immigration in Italy…………………………………………...………….24-25 Introduction to Intercultural Mediation…………………………………………………………...26 Roots of Mediation in Vygotsky and Bourdieu………..………………………………………..26-28 Intercultural Mediation in Italy………………………………………………………….............28-30 Curriculum and Study for the Intercultural Mediator…………………………………………..30-31 Functions of Intercultural Mediation……………………………………………………………....31 i) Linguistic Support and Language Development………………………….….……….32-35 ii) Orientation and Information Support……………………………………….………….36 iii) Psychosocial and Sociocultural Support………………………………………..........37-38 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………...........38-39 Introduction to Business Proposal………………………………………………………………...39 Business Proposal: Socrates, Integration through Job Creation…………...……………..……….40-47 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………………...47-50 List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………………….51 Mediation in the Mediterranean: Italy as a Crucible for Immigration and Intercultural Mediation 7 Introduction Immigration to Italy soared to an all-time high the summer of 2014. The final number of sea arrivals came in at 170,000 compared to 42,000 the previous year. An Economist article from that July highlighted the crisis of “illegal immigrants” crossing the sea from Libya: “Tidal Wave: more horrific deaths in the Mediterranean.” The largest flow of modern African migration funnels through one country. “Some arrive by choice, others by force. But Libya is the purgatory where most migrants prepare to face the deadliest stretch of the Mediterranean Sea” (Sakuma 2016). The story of how Libya’s costal border broke open is one of gore and manipulation, of political agenda hiding behind humanitarian aid. The story leads to a country in chaos, bringing to pass the prophetic words of its former sadistic leader: If one seeks to destabilize [Libya], there will be chaos, Bin Laden, armed factions. That is what
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