DOCSLIB.ORG

Competing Nationalist Narratives and the Zimbabwe African People’S Union, 1961-1980

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Competing Nationalist Narratives and the Zimbabwe African People’S Union, 1961-1980 “Yesterday it was One Man One Vote, Today it is One Man One Gun:” Competing Nationalist Narratives and the Zimbabwe African People’s Union, 1961-1980 by Nicholas Baker Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia June 2018 © Copyright by Nicholas Baker, 2018 Table of Contents Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………….iii Acknowledgments…………………………………………………………………………….iv Chapter One: Introduction…………………………………………………………………....1 African Nationalism and Resistance in Zimbabwe……………………………………3 The Historiography of ZANU and ZAPU in Zimbabwe……………………………..10 Project Parameters and Methodology………………………………………………..14 Chapter Two: The Initial Stages of African Nationalism in Southern Rhodesia…………...20 Population Change and Government Responses……………………………………..22 Resuscitating the ANC and the Creation of the CYL………………………………..27 Laying the Foundations of ZAPU……………………………………………………36 State in Emergency: The End of the SRANC and the Start of the NDP……………..52 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………58 Chapter Three: ZAPU’s Early Years and the African Nationalist Fracture………………..61 Joining the Party: The Brief Legal Existence of ZAPU……………………………..62 The ZANU-ZAPU Split……………………………………………………………...77 The Impact of the Split on ZAPU……………………………………………………96 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….104 Chapter Four: ZAPU in the Struggle: Confronting the Regime and Internal Dissent….....107 Building a Military………………………………………………………………….109 Confronting UDI……………………………………………………………………123 The ZAPU-ANC Alliance…………………………………………………………..127 Breaking Up: The Second Fracture in ZAPU………………………………………135 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….145 Chapter Five: Settling Down: ZAPU in the Late Stages of the Liberation War and the Achievement of Independence……………………………………………………………...147 The Pearce Commission and a New ANC…………………………………………150 Enlarging the ANC, Détente, and (re)Restructuring ZAPU……………………….158 The ZIPA Experiment and ZIPRA Military Engagements………………………...167 ZAPU’S “Turning Point:” Military Escalation and Accounting for ZAPU’s Ndebele Character in the Latter Stages of the War………………………………...174 Negotiated Settlements, the Patriotic Front, and ZAPU’s electoral Defeat………..185 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….195 Chapter Six: Conclusion…………………………………………………………………...197 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………….203 ii Abstract This thesis is a political history of the Zimbabwe African People’s Union (ZAPU), a significant, yet neglected, African nationalist party active in Zimbabwe’s liberation war between 1961 and 1980. A political history of ZAPU offers an opportunity to challenge and problematize entrenched narratives which privilege the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) as the singular, legitimate expression of African nationalism during the struggle to end minority rule in Zimbabwe. ZAPU has been criticized by politicians, war veterans, and scholars as a toothless, opportunistic party. This study disrupts this strain of historiography by arguing that ZANU’s victory was far from inevitable. By incorporating ZAPU’s substantial political and military contributions, a clearer picture of African nationalism in Zimbabwe emerges: ZAPU provides historians of Zimbabwe with a discursive tool to explore how resistance to colonial authority involved complex, contested processes, rather than a teleological movement from oppression to independence through a single party. iii Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor, friend, and mentor, Dr. Gary Kynoch. As both an undergraduate and graduate student, I have benefitted enormously from Gary’s patience, support, guidance, and expertise, all of which were crucial to the production of this thesis and to my intellectual development. I would also like to extend my sincerest thanks and gratitude to Dr. Philip Zachernuk. Phil has been a tireless friend and second reader throughout this process, and has been equally tireless during my years at Dalhousie in teaching me new ways to engage and grapple with history. Most especially, I would like to thank Phil for teaching me to think deeply about the world that was, is, and might be. I owe a debt of gratitude and appreciation to my fellow students in the graduate history program at Dalhousie. The comradery, commiseration, and support of my peers and colleagues at Dalhousie have been invaluable sources of encouragement and intellectual stimulation. Ghazi Jarrar, Brenna MacPhee, Kylie Peacock, Brennan Dempsey, Katherine Crooks, and Mary Owusu in particular are all owed special thanks for special reasons I sincerely hope are known to them. Valerie Peck, an island of calm in a sea of madness, cannot be thanked enough. Each student in the graduate history program has the pleasure and good fortune to count Val as a friend from the moment they receive their acceptance letter. Val’s good humour and guidance helps and sustains graduate students in far too many ways to enumerate here, so in the interest of concision, I’ll leave it at this: Thank you for everything, Val. I also wish to thank my partner Ellen Fesseha, whose kindness and generosity of spirit is a source of constant, genuine wonder. One day I hope to emulate her patience, though I fear I lack the endurance. Finally, I’d like to thank my brother, Andrew Baker, sister in law, Kimberly Baker, and my mother and father, Judith and James Baker. Their love and support is immeasurable, and it is for them that this thesis is written. iv Chapter One: Introduction This thesis is a political history of the Zimbabwe African People’s Union (ZAPU), and seeks to explore the party’s critical, multifaceted contribution to the liberation of Zimbabwe from minority rule. After the first popular elections in Zimbabwe in February 1980, in which Robert Mugabe and his party, the Zimbabwe African National Union (Patriotic Front) (ZANU) (PF), won a resounding victory, historians, political scientists, and other writers have tended to marginalize ZAPU’s role in the liberation struggle. Indeed, in the decade following independence, numerous authors, such as Martin and Johnson, evinced narratives which collapsed the complexities of African nationalism in Zimbabwe, and erased or diminished contributions of other political and military fronts, privileging ZANU as the only legitimate expression of African resistance to settler rule.1 Furthermore, ZANU (PF)’s sustained hegemonic political dominance in Zimbabwe has excluded competing narratives that seek to incorporate the contributions of other groups which participated in the protracted, messy, bloody war to end minority rule. Indeed, ZANU (PF), which broke away from ZAPU in 1963 following an acrimonious leadership dispute, sought to cement its position as the legitimate inheritor of the liberation struggle in Zimbabwe’s postcolonial political order by eliminating threats posed to its social and political supremacy, most especially ZAPU and its predominately Ndebele base in the Matabeleland and Midlands provinces.2 1 David Martin and Phyllis Johnson, The Struggle for Zimbabwe (London: Faber and Faber, 1981). 2 Between 1982 and 1987, the Zimbabwe National Army’s (ZNA) Fifth Brigade, which was composed of former ZANU cadres trained by North Korean military elements and led by Zimbabwe’s current president, Emmerson Mnangagwa, conducted Operation Gukurhundi in a supposed effort to eliminate ZAPU “dissidents.” The operation, however, amounted to ethnic cleansing in an attempt to eradicate opposition to 1 Authors who privilege the role of ZANU in the process to liberate Zimbabwe from minority rule tend to view contributions by other political and military fronts with a great deal of suspicion, if not outright hostility. The concomitant effects of scholars sympathetic to ZANU (PF) and the party’s quasi-official narrative of even, relatively uninterrupted progress towards liberation, and ZANU (PF)’s post-independence efforts to create a de jure one-party state have obscured ZAPU’s role in the liberation struggle, and distorted the contested processes which ended minority rule at the negotiation table at Lancaster House in 1979. This work seeks to contribute to the historiography of Southern African liberation movements by interrogating ZAPU’s role in the liberation war, tracing the party’s origins in earlier Southern Rhodesian African nationalist groups, through to its defeat at the polls in 1980. A study of ZAPU sheds light on the contested, complex nature of Zimbabwean nationalism, and significantly disrupts historiographical strains which espouse uninterrupted progress towards liberation. Indeed, a political history of ZAPU affords scholars of Zimbabwe’s liberation war an innovative discursive and analytical approach that draws attention to the limitations, failures, and contested nature of African nationalism’s engagement with, and resistance to, settler colonial rule. Considering the privileged place enjoyed by ZANU (PF) in the historiography of Zimbabwe and its extraordinary presence in the current, lived experiences of Zimbabweans, a political history of ZAPU offers an opportunity to complicate and question the struggle against the colonial regime in Zimbabwe, and challenge ZANU ZANU hegemony, with an estimated 20,000 predominately Ndebele civilians killed by government forces. For greater elaboration on Gukurahundi, see especially Breaking the Silence, Building True Peace: A Report on the Disturbances in Matabeleland and the Midlands, 1980 to 1988 (Harare, The Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace
Load more

Recommended publications
  • What's at Stake in Zimbabwe
    What's At Stake In Zimbabwe By all accounts, the conference In Geneva on scheme, whose main purpose was to destroy • Zimbabwe Is bound to collapse In failure. And all the ZANU-ZANLA and negotiate "Black majority rule" ! participants know It. Why are they there, and what that would be under their economic and political are they going to do next? The reasons why all the control. They tried to get this through especially In different participants are at Geneva reveal the late 1974 and early 1975, before Mozambique could history of Zimbabwe In the last few years. become a sound base for ZAN LA. However, in spite of severe repression by Zambia(which until this time Why is the US Government at Geneva(even if had been the guerrilla fighters main base area), unofficially)? ZANU-ZANLA survived and moved all its forces to Mozambique by December 1975. Until recently, the US Corporations and govern­ ment have operated under a policy (spelled out in Responding to the betrayal by political leaders in National Security Study Memorandum 39) that was exile, ZANU-ZANLA' formed a' jOint military front based on the premise that Blacks in Southern Africa with ZAPU troops, under the name of the Zimbabwe 'could never'come' to power through armed struggle. People's Army(ZIPA). In January 1976, ZIPA stepped The white governments of South Africa Rhodesia up the armed struggle inside Zimbabwe, which had 'South West Africa, Mozambique and Angola wer~ ,ebbed during the pe'riod of massive attacks on and there to stay. The US Corporations and government conspiracies against ZANU-ZANLA.
    [Show full text]
  • Canada Sanctions Zimbabwe
    Canadian Sanctions and Canadian charities operating in Zimbabwe: Be Very Careful! By Mark Blumberg (January 7, 2009) Canadian charities operating in Zimbabwe need to be extremely careful. It is not the place for a new and inexperienced charity to begin foreign operations. In fact, only Canadian charities with substantial experience in difficult international operations should even consider operating in Zimbabwe. It is one of the most difficult countries to carry out charitable operations by virtue of the very difficult political, security, human rights and economic situation and the resultant Canadian and international sanctions. This article will set out some information on the Zimbabwe Sanctions including the full text of the Act and Regulations governing the sanctions. It is not a bad idea when dealing with difficult legal issues to consult knowledgeable legal advisors. Summary On September 4, 2008, the Special Economic Measures (Zimbabwe) Regulations (SOR/2008-248) (the “Regulations”) came into force pursuant to subsections 4(1) to (3) of the Special Economic Measures Act. The Canadian sanctions against Zimbabwe are targeted sanctions dealing with weapons, technical support for weapons, assets of designated persons, and Zimbabwean aircraft landing in Canada. There is no humanitarian exception to these targeted sanctions. There are tremendous practical difficulties working in Zimbabwe and if a Canadian charity decides to continue operating in Zimbabwe it is important that the Canadian charity and its intermediaries (eg. Agents, contractor, partners) avoid providing any benefits, “directly or indirectly”, to a “designated person”. Canadian charities need to undertake rigorous due diligence and risk management to ensure that a “designated person” does not financially benefit from the program.
    [Show full text]
  • From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe.Pdf
    THE S.A. ' "!T1!TE OF INTERNATIONAL AFi -! NOT "(C :.-_ .^ FROM RHODESIA TO ZIMBABWE Ah Analysis of the 1980 Elections and an Assessment of the Prospects Martyn Gregory OCCASIONAL. PAPER GELEEIMTHEIOSPUBUKASIE DIE SUID-AFRIKAANSE INSTITUUT MN INTERNASIONALE AANGELEENTHEDE THE SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS Martyn Gregory* the author of this report, is a postgraduate research student,at Leicester University in Britain, working on # : thesis, entitled "International Politics of the Conflict in Rhodesia". He recently spent two months in Rhodesia/Zimbabwe, : during the pre- and post-election period, as a Research Associate at the University of Rhodesia (now the University of Zimbabwe). He travelled widely throughout the country and interviewed many politicians, officials and military personnel. He also spent two weeks with the South African Institute of International Affairs at Smuts House in Johannesburg. The author would like to thank both, the University of Zimbabwe and the Institute for assistance in the preparation of this report, as well as the British Social Science Research Council which financed his visit to Rhodesia* The Institute wishes to express its appreciation to Martyn Gregory for his co-operation and his willingness to prepare this detailed report on the Zimbabwe elections and their implications for publication by the Institute. It should be noted that any opinions expressed in this report are the responsibility of the author and not of the Institute. FROM RHODESIA TO ZIMBABWE: an analysis of the 1980 elections and an assessment of the prospects Martyn Gregory Contents Introduction .'. Page 1 Paving the way to Lancaster House .... 1 The Ceasefire Arrangement 3 Organization of the Elections (i) Election Machinery 5 (i i) Voting Systems 6 The White Election 6 The Black Election (i) Contesting Parties 7 (ii) Manifestos and the Issues .
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of the Patriotic Front in the Independence of Zimbabwe, 1976
    Z THE ROLE OF THE PATRIOTIC FRONT IN THE INDEPENDENCE OF ZIMBABWE 1976-1980 by NTHATHEDZENI NICHOLAS DANGALE Presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MAGISTER ARTIUM in HISTORY in the FACULTY OF ARTS at the RAND AFRIKAANS UNIVERSITY JOHANNESBURG PROMOTER: 1996 PROFESSOR H J VAN ASWEGEN DEDICATION Dedicated to my mother, who spent every cent she had to put me through school. May God bless you. _____,,..-----D- .0G--6=■. ii. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks are due to my wife, Asnath Maano, and my two children, Urangani and Ipfi, who gave me unqualified support throughout my years of study; to Prof H J van Aswegen, who tirelessly made this mini-dissertation a success and to my friend Dr Deon Gouws, who always encouraged me to work hard. OPSOMMING (SUMMARY) Hierdie mini-verhandeling beskryf die rol van die Patriotiese Front in die bevryding van Zimbabwe tussen 1976 en 1980. Die presidente van die frontlinie-state het 'n beroep gedoen op die twee Zimbabwiese nasionalisteleiers, Joshua Nkomo van ZAPU en Robert Mugabe van ZANU, om 'n alliansie te vorm sodat hulle met 'n verenigde front die regime van Ian Smith kon pak. Hierdie alliansie het op 9 Oktober 1976 tot stand gekom, met die seen van die presidente van die frontlinie-state. Die alliansie het ekonomiese, militere en politieke steun geniet van die internasionale gemeenskap, die OAE en die frontlinie-state, en is beskou as die enigste mondstuk van die verdrukte massas Afrikane in Zimbabwe. Die leiers van die PF het, nieteenstaande verskille in ideologie, dieselfde oogmerke nagestreef. Hulle wou albei Zimbabwe bevry van die Ian Smith-regime.
    [Show full text]
  • CAP. 10:14 Names (Alteration) (Amendment Of
    Statutory Instrument 167 of 2020. Names (Alteration) (Amendment of Schedule) Notice, 2020 S.I. 167 of 2020 [CAP. 10:14 Names (Alteration) (Amendment of Schedule) Notice, 2020 City/Town Old Name New Name Hellet Street Shuvai Mahofa Street IT is hereby notifi ed that the Minister of Local Government, Hughes Street Emmerson Dambudzo Mnangagwa Public Works and National Housing has, in terms of section 4(1) of the Names (Alteration) Act [Chapter 10:14], made the following Mutare Aerodrome Road Kumbirai Kangai Road notice:— First Street Maurice Nyagumbo Street Edgar Peacock Road Emmerson Dambudzo Mnangagwa 1. This notice may Be cited as the Names (Alteration)(Amendment Second Street Moven Mahachi Street of Schedule) Notice, 2020. Jelf Road Edgar Tekere Road 2. The Schedule to the Names (Alteration) Act [Chapter 10:14] is amended in Part VII by the repeal of certain names of roads and substitution of the following— “PART VII ROADS, SQUARES, BUILDINGS, ETC., IN URBAN AREAS City/Town Old Name New Name Bulawayo 9th Avenue Simon Muzenda Avenue 12th Avenue Joseph Msika Avenue 6th Avenue up to end of Emmerson Dambudzo Mnangagwa 6th Avenue Extension Way 8th Avenue Liberation Legacy Avenue 3rd Avenue Nelson Kutshwekhaya (N.K.) Ndlovu Avenue 4th Avenue through to 7th John Landa Avenue Street up to King George 5th Avenue Maria Msika Avenue 1st Avenue Lazarus Nkala Avenue 10th Avenue Nikita Mangena Avenue 11th Avenue Daniel Madzimbamuto Avenue 13th Avenue to include Clement Muchachi Road Anthony Taylor Ave 14th Avenue George Nyandoro Avenue Connaught Avenue Cephas Cele Avenue Cecil Avenue continuing Albert Nxele Way up to Wellington Road Fife Street and Queens Queen Lozikeyi Street Supplement to the Zimbabwean Government Gazette dated the 17th July, 2020.
    [Show full text]
  • Central African Examiner, 1957-19651
    The African e-Journals Project has digitized full text of articles of eleven social science and humanities journals. This item is from the digital archive maintained by Michigan State University Library. Find more at: http://digital.lib.msu.edu/projects/africanjournals/ Available through a partnership with Scroll down to read the article. Zambezia (1996), XXIII (ii). THE CENTRAL AFRICAN EXAMINER, 1957-19651 ANTHONY KING2 St Antony's College, Oxford, UK Abstract The Central African Examiner is a well known source for the study of Zimbabwean history in the seminal period 1957-1965, although the story of its foundation and the backroom manoeuvrings which dogged its short life are relatively unknown. Its inception was the result of industry attempting to push the Federal Government into implementing partnership in a practical way. Up to 1960, the Examiner's internal politics mirrored this conflict, and it was during this time that the Examiner's position as a critical supporter of Government policy was at its most ambiguous. After 1960, the Examiner became a more forthright Government critic — indeed by 1964, it was the only medium left for the expression of nationalist opinion. INTRODUCTION IN THE WAKE of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) in Rhodesia on 11 November 1965, censorship was imposed on the press. Most newspapers and magazines appeared with a number of blank spaces which would have been filled with articles had they not fallen foul of the censors. One magazine had so much of its content for the December 1965 issue banned that it resorted to making it a 'Do-It-Yourself edition, urging readers to fill in the blanks themselves.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case for Imposing Targeted United Nations Sanctions Against Zimbabwean Officials
    Fordham Law Review Volume 76 Issue 1 Article 8 2007 Operation "Drive Out the Trash": The Case for Imposing Targeted United Nations Sanctions Against Zimbabwean Officials Katherine Hughes Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Katherine Hughes, Operation "Drive Out the Trash": The Case for Imposing Targeted United Nations Sanctions Against Zimbabwean Officials, 76 Fordham L. Rev. 323 (2007). Available at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol76/iss1/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by FLASH: The Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. It has been accepted for inclusion in Fordham Law Review by an authorized editor of FLASH: The Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Operation "Drive Out the Trash": The Case for Imposing Targeted United Nations Sanctions Against Zimbabwean Officials Cover Page Footnote J.D. Candidate, 2008, Fordham University School of Law; M.A. Candidate, 2008, International Political Economy and Development, Fordham University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. I extend my deepest gratitude to the many Zimbabweans who welcomed me into their country. I would also like to thank Jim Leitner; Professors Rachel Vorspan, Jeanmarie Fenrich, and Susanna Chung; and Alasdair Ferguson for their invaluable support and comments. This article is available in Fordham Law Review: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol76/iss1/8 OPERATION "DRIVE OUT THE TRASH": THE CASE FOR IMPOSING TARGETED UNITED NATIONS SANCTIONS AGAINST ZIMBABWEAN OFFICIALS KatherineHughes * In May 2005, representatives of PresidentRobert Mugabe's government initiated a slum-clearance campaign entitled Operation Murambatsvina, which displaced nearly one million Zimbabweans.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Zimbabwe, 1890-2000 and Postscript, Zimbabwe, 2001-2008
    A History of Zimbabwe, 1890-2000 and Postscript, Zimbabwe, 2001-2008 A History of Zimbabwe, 1890-2000 and Postscript, Zimbabwe, 2001-2008 By Chengetai J. M. Zvobgo A History of Zimbabwe, 1890-2000 and Postscript, Zimbabwe, 2001-2008, by Chengetai J. M. Zvobgo This book first published 2009 Cambridge Scholars Publishing 12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2009 by Chengetai J. M. Zvobgo All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-1360-5, ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-1360-0 To Kelebogile Clara and Ruvimbo Heather And to the memory of Eddison. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements .................................................................................. xiii Preface....................................................................................................... xv Summary ................................................................................................. xvii Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 Chapter One............................................................................................. 11 From the Occupation of Mashonaland to the Ndebele and Shona Risings,
    [Show full text]
  • The Mortal Remains: Succession and the Zanu Pf Body Politic
    THE MORTAL REMAINS: SUCCESSION AND THE ZANU PF BODY POLITIC Report produced for the Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum by the Research and Advocacy Unit [RAU] 14th July, 2014 1 CONTENTS Page No. Foreword 3 Succession and the Constitution 5 The New Constitution 5 The genealogy of the provisions 6 The presently effective law 7 Problems with the provisions 8 The ZANU PF Party Constitution 10 The Structure of ZANU PF 10 Elected Bodies 10 Administrative and Coordinating Bodies 13 Consultative For a 16 ZANU PF Succession Process in Practice 23 The Fault Lines 23 The Military Factor 24 Early Manoeuvring 25 The Tsholotsho Saga 26 The Dissolution of the DCCs 29 The Power of the Politburo 29 The Powers of the President 30 The Congress of 2009 32 The Provincial Executive Committee Elections of 2013 34 Conclusions 45 Annexures Annexure A: Provincial Co-ordinating Committee 47 Annexure B : History of the ZANU PF Presidium 51 2 Foreword* The somewhat provocative title of this report conceals an extremely serious issue with Zimbabwean politics. The theme of succession, both of the State Presidency and the leadership of ZANU PF, increasingly bedevils all matters relating to the political stability of Zimbabwe and any form of transition to democracy. The constitutional issues related to the death (or infirmity) of the President have been dealt with in several reports by the Research and Advocacy Unit (RAU). If ZANU PF is to select the nominee to replace Robert Mugabe, as the state constitution presently requires, several problems need to be considered. The ZANU PF nominee ought to be selected in terms of the ZANU PF constitution.
    [Show full text]
  • Zimbabwe News, Vol. 19, No. 12
    Zimbabwe News, Vol. 19, No. 12 http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.nuzn198812 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org Zimbabwe News, Vol. 19, No. 12 Alternative title Zimbabwe News Author/Creator Zimbabwe African National Union Publisher Zimbabwe African National Union (Harare, Zimbabwe) Date 1988-12-00 Resource type Magazines (Periodicals) Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) Zimbabwe, South Africa, U.S.S.R. Coverage (temporal) 1988 Source Northwestern University Libraries, L968.91005 Z711 v.19 Rights By kind permission of ZANU, the Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front. Description Editorial. Letter. An Account of the Nationalist Movement.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of the Chronicle's Coverage of the Gukurahundi Conflict in Zimbabwe Between 1983 and 1986
    Representing Conflict: An Analysis of The Chronicle's Coverage of the Gukurahundi conflict in Zimbabwe between 1983 and 1986 A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Master of Arts Degree in Journalism and Media Studies Rhodes University By Phillip Santos Supervisor: Professor Lynette Steenveld October 2011 Acknowledgements I am forever in the debt of my very critical, incisive, and insightful supervisor Professor Lynette Steenveld whose encyclopaedic knowledge of social theory, generous advice, and guidance gave me more tban a fair share of epiphanic moments. I certainly would not have made it this far without the love and unstinting support of my dear wife Ellen, and daughter, . Thandiswa. For unparalleled teamwork and dependable friendship, thank you Sharon. My friends Stanley, Jolly, Sthembiso, Ntombomzi and Carolyne, tbank you for all the critical conversations and for keeping me sane throughout those tumultuous moments. I also owe particular debt of gratitude to tbe Journalism Department and UNESCO for enabling my studies at Rhodes University. Abstract This research is premised on the understanding that media texts are discourses and that all discourses are functional, that is, they refer to things, issues and events, in meaningful and goal oriented ways. Nine articles are analysed to explicate the sorts of discourses that were promoted by The Chronicle during the Gukurahundi conflict in Zimbabwe between 1982 and 1986. It is argued that discourses in the news media are shaped by the role(s), the type(s) of journalism assumed by such media, and by the political environment in which the news media operate. The interplay between the ro les, types of journalism practised, and the effect the political environment has on news discourses is assessed within the context of conflictual situations.
    [Show full text]
  • A Biographical Study of Bishop Ralph Edward Dodge 1907 – 2008
    ABSTRACT Toward a New Church in a New Africa: A Biographical Study of Bishop Ralph Edward Dodge 1907 – 2008 This biography of a Methodist Bishop, Ralph Edward Dodge is an extensive look into how, as a missionary, mission board executive, and bishop, Dodge applied principles of indigenization he embraced as a young man preparing for missionary work to the complexities of ministry in Southern Africa when empires were withdrawing and new nations were forming. Written by an African, the dissertation examines Dodge’s impact upon the several countries in which he was involved as a churchman ‒ countries that would soon move from imperial subjugation to independence. Ralph Edward Dodge (1907–2008) was an American missionary and Bishop of the Methodist Church and United Methodist Church. He was born in Iowa and went to Africa in 1936 at age 29. He began his missionary career in the Portuguese colony of Angola. Except for four years during World War II, he would serve there until 1950. During the war, he continued his postgraduate work, obtaining two more degrees, including a PhD. Afterwards, Dodge and his family returned to Africa. In 1950, he was asked to serve as Executive Secretary for Africa and Europe at the Methodist Church’s Board of Missions in New York. Six years later, the Reverend Doctor Dodge would return to Africa as Bishop Dodge, the first Methodist Bishop elected by the Africa Central Conference, and the only American. His Episcopal Area included the colonial territories of Angola, Mozambique, and Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). When his twelve-year term was ended, he was elected “Bishop for Life.” Bishop Dodge remained in Africa until his “retirement” in 1968.
    [Show full text]