Mr. Hyde As Dr. Jekyll's Defense Mechanism In

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MR. HYDE AS DR. JEKYLL’S DEFENSE MECHANISM IN ROBERT STEVENSON’S THE STRANGE CASE OF DR. JEKYLL AND MR. HYDE

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Satra in English Letters

By Rr. STEPHANIE WARSITA PERMATASARI BUI Student Number: 154214141

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2019 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

MR. HYDE AS DR. JEKYLL’S DEFENSE MECHANISM IN ROBERT STEVENSON’S THE STRANGE CASE OF DR. JEKYLL AND MR. HYDE

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Satra in English Letters

By Rr. STEPHANIE WARSITA PERMATASARI BUI Student Number: 154214141

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2019

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

“You are my refuge and my shield; I have put my hope in your word”

*Psalm 119:114

STUDY while others are sleeping WORK while others are loafing PREPARE while others are playing And DREAM while others are wishing *William Arthur Ward

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FOR

MY NEVER ENDING LOVE Papah Mamah Rio Wiro Deden

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My deepest gratitude firstly goes to God Father, Jesus His Son, Holy

Spirit, and Mother Mary for the abundant blessings and guidances which are more than enough for me. I am fully loved and blessed.

Then, I send my gratitude to my thesis advisor Dr. G. Fajar Sasmita Aji,

M. Hum. that he is willing to guide and also give advices which are really helpful for me in writing and revising my thesis. Also I would like to thank my co-advisor

Dr. Tatang Iskarna for his constructive assessment in improving my thesis. My gratitude is also dedicated to my academic advisor Dr. B. Ria Lestari, M. Sc., and the previous one F. X. Risang Baskara, S. S., M. Hum., the English Letters

Department staff and lecturers for their support and help.

I am forever grateful to my beloved parents; Papah and Mamah, for their never ending love and pray. I also thank my brothers; Rio, Wiro, and Deden for they are my muse, my motivator, and my strength. My special gratitude goes to my beloved kaki kereta squad: Ici, Lenny, Ari, and Yopy. My halu girls: Vita,

Ayu, Oriza, Yudea, and Bertha for accompanying me through my ups and downs.

My another special Io for always makes me laugh happily and recommends the best song to rise my mood so that I am passionate about writing my thesis. The last but not least, I dedicate my gratitude to all my friends in English Letters

Sanata Dharma batch 2015 and those who have been colouring and giving tune to my campus life.

~Sita Permatasari~

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ...... ii APPROVAL PAGE ...... iii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...... iv LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH...v STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ...... vi MOTTO PAGE ...... vii DEDICATION PAGE ...... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... x ABSTRACT ...... xii ABSTRAK ...... xiii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A. Background of the Study ...... 1 B. Problem Formulation...... 3 C. Objectives of the Study ...... 4 D. Definition of Terms ...... 4 CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...... 5 A. Review of Related Studies ...... 5 B. Review of Related Theories ...... 9 1. Theory of Character and Characterization ...... 9 2. Theory of Multiple Personality Disorder ...... 11 3. Theory of the Id, Ego, and Superego...... 12 4. Theory of Defense Mechanism ...... 13 C. Theoretical Framework ...... 16 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...... 18 A. Object of the Study...... 18 B. Approach of the Study ...... 19 C. Method of the Study ...... 20

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CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ...... 22

A. The Characterization of Dr. Jekyll ...... 22 B. The Characterization of Mr. Hyde ...... 28 C. Mr. Hyde as Dr. Jekyll’s Defense Mechanism ...... 33 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ...... 42 REFERENCES ...... 45 APPENDIX ...... 47

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ABSTRACT

BUI, Rr. STEPHANIE WARSITA PERMATASARI. (2019). Mr. Hyde as Dr. Jekyll’s Defense Mechanism in Robert Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma. This undergraduate thesis aims to analyze defense mechanism which occurs in the character Dr. Jekyll in the novel by Robert Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. In this novel, the main character is so obsessed with the idea to split the good side and bad side of human nature. He made an experiment and used the drug for himself. The researcher used a psychoanalytic approach to answer the questions that have been formulated into three main objectives of the study. The first objective is to describe the characteristics of Dr. Jekyll as the main character in the novel. The second objective is to identify the characteristics of Mr. Hyde as Dr. Jekyll’s other personality. The last objective is to analyze how defense mechanism happens in Dr. Jekyll’s case. In order to answer those questions, the researcher applied library research method. Firstly, the researcher used the main resource which is the printed book of the novel The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Secondly, the researcher formulated three main questions as problem formulation and used the psychoanalytic theory as the guideline. Thirdly, the researcher applied some theories to analyze the problem formulations. The theories are Character and Characterization, Multiple Personality Disorder, Id, Ego, and Superego, and last the theory of Defense Mechanism. Fourthly, the researcher drew the conclusion. Based on the analysis, Dr. Jekyll is depicted as a perfectionist, handsome, and rich middle-aged man respected by everyone in his society. He is also a hypocrite because he wants to look perfect in the eyes of the society. However, he is longing for freedom to find happiness. Whereas, Mr. Hyde is someone who is very disliked by the people around him. He has very bad physical characteristics. He is short and untidy. He is also very evil and cruel. There are three types of defense mechanism that Jekyll uses. First is denial which is he refuses to obey the values of society that makes him uncomfortable. The next is rationalization which is the reason for making his mistakes to be accepted. The third is dissociation which is using other character (Mr. Hyde) to help him cope with the problems he cannot face. Keywords: defense mechanism, Freudian psychoanalysis, Robert Stevenson, Jekyll and Hyde

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ABSTRAK

BUI, Rr. STEPHANIE WARSITA PERMATASARI. (2019). Mr. Hyde as Dr. Jekyll Defense Mechanism in Robert Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis mekanisme pertahanan yang terjadi pada karakter Dr. Jekyll dalam sebuah novel The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde karya Robert Stevenson. Dalam novel ini, tokoh utama begitu terobsesi dengan ide untuk memisahkan sisi baik dan sisi buruk sifat manusia. Dia melakukan percobaan dan menggunakan obat itu untuk dirinya sendiri.

Peneliti menggunakan pendekatan psikoanalitik untuk menjawab pertanyaan yang telah dirumuskan kedalam tiga tujuan utama penelitian. Tujuan pertama adalah untuk menggambarkan karakteristik Dr. Jekyll sebagai karakter utama dalam novel. Tujuan kedua adalah untuk mengidentifikasi karakteristik Mr. Hyde sebagai kepribadian lain Dr. Jekyll. Tujuan terakhir adalah untuk menganalisa bagaimana dan jenis mekanisme pertahanan apa yang terjadi dalam kasus Dr. Jekyll. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan itu, peneliti menerapkan metode penelitian kepustakaan. Pertama, peneliti menggunakan sumber utama yang merupakan buku cetak dari novel The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Kedua, peneliti merumuskan tiga pertanyaan utama sebagai rumusan masalah dan menggunakan teori psikoanalitik sebagai pedoman. Ketiga, peneliti menerapkan beberapa teori untuk menganalisis rumusan masalah. Teorinya adalah Karakter dan Karakterisasi, Gangguan Kepribadian Ganda, Id, Ego, dan Superego, dan terakhir teori Mekanisme Pertahanan. Keempat, peneliti menarik kesimpulan. Berdasarkan analisis, Dr. Jekyll adalah seorang pria paruh baya yang perfeksionis, tampan, dan sangat kaya yang dihormati oleh semua orang di lingkungannya. Dia juga seorang yang munafik karena dia ingin dipandang sebagai pria yang sempurna di mata masyarakat. Sementara itu, Mr. Hyde adalah seseorang yang sangat tidak disukai oleh orang-orang di sekitarnya. Ia memiliki ciri fisik yang sangat jelek. Dia pendek dan penampilannya tidak rapi. Ia juga sangat jahat dan kejam. Ada tiga jenis mekanisme pertahanan yang Dr. Jekyll gunakan. Pertama adalah penolakan yang ia gunakan untuk menolak nilai-nilai masyarakat yang membuatnya tidak nyaman. Yang berikutnya adalah rasionalisasi yang merupakan alasan untuk membuat kesalahannya diterima. Yang ketiga adalah disosiasi yang menggunakan karakter lain (Mr. Hyde) untuk membantunya mengatasi masalah yang tidak dapat dia hadapi. Kata-kata kunci: defense mechanism, Freudian psychoanalysis, Robert Stevenson, Jekyll and Hyde

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

As human being people must fight and strive to cope with all the problems and challenges in life. Sometimes in dealing with those matters, people feel anxious and fearful. Schultz & Schultz (2005) said, “Anxiety is a signal that impending danger, a threat to the ego, must be counteracted or avoided” (p. 58).

To overcome the anxiety provoked by conflicts of everyday life, people may use defense mechanism. Defense mechanism is a person’s self-defense method to face or against something he/ she does not want to experience.

Defense mechanism used by each human will bring out a unique personality. Unique personality means every human being is different from one another. The unique personality can be shown when a person is faced with various life experiences, which are very beautiful and funny, or otherwise bad and frightening. Life experiences make a person has choice in shaping his/ her own personality. It makes someone has a unique personality. When dealing with various life experiences, sometimes a person acts as they do and sometimes they act in unpredictable ways. Every human has a different way in facing the emergency situation in his/her life. Some people might handle it calmly while others have concerns about the problems. In supporting the point, Horton (1982) said that:

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Personality is the attitude, feeling, expression, and temperament of a person. Attitudes, feelings, expressions, and temperaments will manifest in one’s actions when faced with certain situations. Everyone has a tendency to behave in a standard, or patterned and consistent manner, so that it becomes his personal characteristic (p.12). The unique personality is the problem faced by the character in the novel

The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, written by Scottish writer, Robert

Louis Stevenson (1850-1894) and published in 1886. As quoted from the article

Willy Wonka’s Narsistic Personality in Roald Dahl’s Charlie and the Chcolate

Factory, Pratama and Aji said that “Character would undertake actions, they would experience problems, and they too would overcome the problems they face” (2007, p. 36). In the story, Dr. Jekyll, the main character who is known a generous and respected person, carried out a scientific experiment. The purpose is to separate his personality into “good” and “bad” sides from himself. The result is he created ‘Mr. Hyde’ as his other personality who is described very evil and creepy. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, representing the main character, Dr. Jekyll shows two basic traits possessed by a human, those are good and bad. Humans have “good” and “bad” sides as stated in the story, “Man is not truly one, but truly two” (Sauer, 1963, p.125). Dr. Jekyll wants to separate the two sides and form another personality to represent the other side.

Meanwhile Mr. Hyde which is the bad side created by Dr. Jekyll is a very cruel person. Not many people know him, but some people who know him really hate him. Mr. Hyde has a desire to control and dominate Dr. Jekyll. This case is related to the psychological aspects of a person. The behaviors and personalities of Dr. Jekyll can be the objects that can be discussed using Freud psychoanalysis PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

approach. Dr. Jekyll’s behaviors and personalities that he does consciously and unconsciously through his actions is the main point that deals with the defense mechanism and is related to Mr. Hyde’s role for Dr. Jekyll.

The story in the novel The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is set in the Victorian Era, which has very strict rules and ethics. Dr. Jekyll, as the main character is known as a reputable, highly admired, and respected person. He tries to be loyal to the rules, ethics, moral certitudes, and religious forms, and it makes him always look ‘perfect’ in front of people. If he has a slight defect in his behavior, it will greatly affect his reputation. Indirectly Dr. Jekyll feels that he is required to have good morals and personality without a flaw. Dr. Jekyll uses defense mechanism to cope with his anxiety toward the society strict rules and ethics. This underlies Dr. Jekyll for ‘issuing’ Hyde to subtitute himself for doing whatever he wants.

The researcher chooses this topic in order to reveal how Dr. Jekyll as the central character is depicted in the story; what characteristics does he have in order to discover that he applies defense mechanism. By doing so, then the readers of this study would more knowing about this unique character.

B. Problem Formulation

There are three questions that formulated to be discussed. Those questions are:

1) What are the characteristics of Dr. Jekyll?

2) What are the characteristics of Mr. Hyde? PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

3) How could Mr. Hyde be the defense mechanism of Dr. Jekyll?

C. Objectives of the Study

Based on the problem formulation, there are three purposes of this study.

The first is to describe the characteristics of the main character Dr. Jekyll. The second is also to describe the main character’s split personality; Mr. Hyde. Third, the purpose is to discuss what happen in Dr. Jekyll’s life and triggering the factors which cause him to create his other personality and to explain what kind of defense mechanisms that is used by Dr. Jekyll in the story The Strange Case of

Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.

D. Definition of Terms

In this study, there are some terms used by the researcher. In order to avoid misleading or misunderstanding, here is the definition of terms. First is defense mechanism. According to Freud, when anxiety is acute and there appears to be no reasonable way of dealing with it, the ego resorts to what are called defense mechanism (Bootzin et al, 1983, p.417). Second is split personality. As stated by Ashraf et al (2016) that:

According to modern science, DID also known as multiple personality disorder or split personality disorder is a chronic psychopathological condition which commonly manifests after trauma or childhood abuse. It includes disruption in memory and identity of a person (p.1).

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A. Review of Related Studies

There are some studies that are related to this study. They consist of Anne

Stiles (2006) on her journal article entitle “Jekyll and Hyde, and the Double

Brain,” the article written by Ben D. Fuller (2016) in the title “The Anxiety of the

Unforseen in Stevenson’s Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde,” Kumbara’s (2018) undergraduate thesis “Batman as Wayne’s Defense Mechanism in Goyer’s

Batman Begins,” and Perwira’s (2011) undergaduate thesis “Frank’s Defense

Mechanism seen in Bernard Malamud’s The Assistant”.

First, Anne Stiles on her journal article entitle “Jekyll and Hyde, and the

Double Brain” discussed the dual personality exists because of human double brain. Stiles (2006) states that [M]an is not truly one but truly two. Jekyll relates, apparently supporting themes suggesting that each brain hemisphere might house a separate personality, indeed, a separate soul (p.882).

One personality that creates the other one has its own personality and characteristic. Anne Harrington, in Medicine, Mind, and the Double Brain: A

Study in Nineteenth-Century Thought (1987), briefly mentions the relevance of brain duality to Jekyll and hyde:

“[O]ne would have to argue that Jekyll would tend to focus his personality in civilized, rational left hemisphere, while Hyde would give rent to his criminal instincts from somewhere in the races of the uneducated, evolutionarily backward right hemisphere (Stiles, 2006, p.882).

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The theory of dual-brain, explained that the left and right hemispheres of the brain could function independently; according to this theory, everyone has two perfectly formed brains, each of which can substitute for the other in cases of unilateral brain injury. The right hemisphere supposedly dominated in brains of women, savages, children, criminals, and the insane. Jekyll exhibits left hemisphere attributes (masculinity, whiteness, logic, intelligence, humanness), while Hyde embodies right hemisphere (femininity, racial indeterminacy, madness, emotion, and animality).

Second, the researcher reviews the article written by Ben D. Fuller in the title “The Anxiety of the Unforseen in Stevenson’s Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde”. In this article said that Robert Stevenson typifies an anxiety shared by many prolific

Victorian writers: that God will disappear as human psychology is readily researched and understood (2016, para 1). For the example, Stevenson created a character, Mr. Hyde, who exemplifies the concentrated evil present in not some, but all people. In the novel The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde,

Stevenson potrays Jekyll’s experiment as a failed attempt at reconciliation of faith and science in regards to questions of human nature and character. Therefore, through allusions to and inversions of past Romantics notions of nature and morality, he presents Mr. Hyde as a paradigm of the unforeseen and unwanted horrors that intriguing, yet uncertain discoveries may entail.

In this case, Stevenson custom the idea of harming God’s creation into the contex of scientific ardency. In contrast to Frankenstein, The Strange Case of Dr.

Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, in that it is not about the consequences that come with PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

creating life, but with revealing life: life, whose natural mechanism are tantalizingly curious, yet incomprehensively hideous, like Mr. Hyde (Ben D.

Fuller, 2016, para 18).

Thus, throughout The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Stevenson expresses an awareness of the consequences that are sure to arise should psychology be able to incontrovertibly define the origins of human character. If it is true that evil is inherent in all people or at least the result of people’s experience rather than divine providence, then it becomes more difficult to say with certainity that God had any role in forming the hearts and minds of human beings. Using his own experience with religious, hypocrites as well as flawed but good people,

Stevenson crafts a story that represents the world as both horrofic and curious in the way it affects humans (Ben D. Fuller, 2016, para 19).

In the first two related studies; journal and article, the similarity to reseracher’s study is about the same subject The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and

Mr. Hyde, but the differences are first the journal talk about the dual brain that makes people have dual personality and theory that is used is the theory of dual brain. The second, in the article it discusses about the unexpected personality that appears in one’s character and it used the theory of double personality, while in researcher’s study the focuses on defense mechanisms.

Third, Kumbara’s (2018) undergraduate thesis entitled “Batman as

Wayne’s Defense Mechanism in Goyer’s Batman Begins.” In this undergraduate thesis, there are two problem formulation that he discusses, first is about to PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

elaborate the characteristics of the characters and second is about to reveal the defense mechanism represented by characters’ attitudes.

The similarity between he and his father is they have some good traits like saving his city and sparing his enemies by not killing them, even though his true nature is actually kind of brutal, is a form of defense mechanism named identification. Bruce also employes some types of defense mechanisms. They are repression, sublimation, and the last one is reaction-formation.

The researcher finds that Kumbara’s undergraduate thesis and this present thesis are similar in terms of the topic and the used of approach but, it different from Kumbara’s in the way the researcher formulates the problem formulation and the theories that are used.

Fourth, the researcher collects also from the undergraduate thesis written by Perwira (2011), “Frank’s Defense Mechanism seen in Bernard Malamud’s The

Assistant.” In this thesis, Perwira focuses on the relationship between the characters Frank Alpine and Morris Bober. After that, he tries to find the defense mechanism that revealed seen through Frank Alpine being an assistant of Morris

Bober.

Perwira applies the theory of character, theory of characterization, theory of defense mechanism and interpersonal communication, and relationship theory.

He also uses the psychoalalytical approach to analyze the defense mechanism of

Frank Alpine. Based on the analysis, the result that the writer conclude shows that there are two kinds of relationships between Frank Alpine and Moris Bober which are as a friend and as a worker and a boss. Then, there are three kinds of defense PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

mechanism that seen through Frank which are represion, reaction-formation, and sublimation. Frank’s defense mechanisms were revealed by hiding his past and his true feeling and doing something good to fulfil his desire.

In this study, Perwira uses the theory of relationship to focus on the relationship between Frank Alpine and Moris Bober. Meanwhile, the researcher focuses on the characters of the story. But the similarity is Perwira and the reseracher have the same purpose to reveal the defense mechanism in the story and use the psychoanalitic approach.

B. Review of Related Theories

In this study, the researcher applies four theories and one approach to analyze the story The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Those are theory of character and characterization, theory of multiple personality disorder, theory of the id, ego, and superego, theory of defense mechanism, and psychoanalytic approach.

1. Theory of Character and Characterization

Character is one of the important factor in a literary work. A character occupies a strategic position to bring and convey message, moral or something that is purposely conveyed to the readers. As Abrams (1981) says that character is people that are presented in narrative work, or drama, interpreted by the readers having moral quality and certain tendency as being expressed in what they say and what they do (p.20). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Character cannot be separated from characterization. Lee A. Jacobus

(1996) states that character is a person presented in a dramatic narative work, and characterization is the process by which a writer makes that character seems real to the readers (p.69). There are some ways to describe the characters according to

Murphy (1972): a. Personal Description

A character from the novel can be described by the author from a person’s appereance and clothes. The readers are given the details: the face, skin, the build, and the extraordinary clothing. b. Character as seen by another

The author describes a character through the eyes and opinions of others.

In this way, a character’s personality can be found from another character’s thought. c. Speech

The author gives an insight into a character in the novel through what character says. Whenever the character speaks, having a conversation with another, or has an opinion, the person is giving clues to his or her characteristic. d. Past life

Past life is using by the author to give clues on a person’s character. This can be done by the person’s thought, person’s conversation, or direct comment by the author. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

e. Conversation of others

The author gives clues to a person’s character through the conversations of other. In the story of the novel, people do talk about other peole and the things they say often give as clues to the person’s character. f. Reaction

A person’s character can be seen through his or her reaction. How a person reacts to various situations and events reflect his or her characteristic. g. Direct comment

In direct comments, the author provides the reader the description or comments on a person’s character. To be noted, the direct comment comes from the author not from other characters. h. Thoughts

Thoughts can describe a person’s character. A character will show what he/she is thinking about in the story. In this way, a character is able to do what the human cannot do in real life and also tell us what different people are thinking. i. Mannerisms

The last one is mannerisms. Through a person’s habits and manners in the story, the author tells the reader of a person’s character.

2. Theory of Multiple Personality Disorder

There are several definitions of Multiple Personality Disorder or

Dissociative Identity Disorder. Even so, they have the same idea, that is “two or more personalities exist in one individual.” PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

In the book entitled Psychology in Action (1997), Karen Huffman, Mark and Judith Vernoy define Multiple Personality Disorder as:

A person who has two or more distinct personality systems that becomes dominat at different times. Each personality has unique memories, behaviors, and social relationships. Transition from one personality to other personality occurs suddenly and often associates with psychological stress (p. 506). However, in the book entitled Understanding Abnormal Behavior, David,

Derald and Stanley Sue delineate the brief definition of Multiple Personality

Disorder. It is stated that:

Multiple Personality Disorder is a dramatic disorder in which two or more relatively independent personalities exist in one individual. Each ego state has its characteristics attitudes, perceptions, memories, associations, and behavior (1986, p. 194). For an illustration, there is a girl who is very shy, she is a writer. She works in a print media company. She rarely gets along with her friends at work.

She prefers to be alone and busy with her work. On the other hand, when she is outside the company where she works, she is a person who likes to socialize with her neighbors and talk a lot to them. This case shows that the girl has two personalities which are live in one person.

3. Theory of the Id, Ego, and Superego

In Schultz & Schultz’s book The Theory of Personality, as quoted by

Schultz & Schultz, Freud introduced three basic structures in the anatomy of personality: the id, the ego, and the superego (2005, p. 54). The first one is the id.

Every human born with the id. The id is the aspect of personality allied with the instincts; the source of psychic energy, the id operates according to the pleasure PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

principle (2005, p. 54). The id is the part of our personality that is primitve, illogical, lacking contact with reality. The id is looking for pleasure to be fulfilled.

It serves as the most basic instinct which needs to be satisfied.

The second is the Ego. The ego is the rational aspect of the personality, responsible for directing and controlling the instinct according to the reality principle (2005, p. 55).

The third is the superego. The superego is the moral aspect of personality; the internalization of parental and societal values and standards (2005, p. 56). The superego is driven by the society rules or values.

4. Theory of Defense Mechanisms

Freud proposed the structural hypothesis, which divides the mind into three forces - id, ego, and superego. He believed that both normal and abnormal behavior result from interactions among the id, ego, and super ego, among which the ego tends to distort or simply deny a reality that would arouse unbearable anxiety. Freud called this tactic a defense mechanism, and as long as it works, the anxiety will be experienced unconsciously. As states by Passer and Smith (2005, p.445), there are eight kinds of defense mechanism according to Freud: a. Repression

Repression is an active defensive process pushes anxiety-arousing impulses or memories into unconscious mind. For example: a person who was sexually abused in childhood develops amnesia for the event. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

b. Denial

Denial happens when a person refuses to acknowledge anxiety-arousing aspects of the environment. The denial may involve either the emotions connected with the event or the event itself. In this case, for example it happens when a man who is told he has terminal cancer refuses to consider the possibility that he will not recover. c. Displacement

Displacement is an unacepptable or dangerous impulse is repressed, then directed at a safer subtitute target. Example: a man who is harassed by his boss experiences no anger at work but then goes home and abuses his wife and children. d. Intellectualization

Intellectualization occurs when the emotion connected with an upsetting event is repressed, and the situation is dealt with as an intellectually interesting event. For example: a person who has been rejected in an important relationship talks in highly rational manner about the “interesting unpredictability of love relationship.” e. Projection

Projection happens when an unaccpetable impulse is repressed, then attributed to (projected onto) other people. Example: a woman with strong repressed desires to have an affair continually accuses her husband of being unfaithful to her. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

f. Rationalization

Rationalization happens when a person constructs a false but plausible explanation or excuse for an anxiety-araousing behaviour or event that has already occured. It happens for example when a student is caught cheating on an exam justifies the act by pointing out that the professor’s test are unfair and besides, everybody else was cheating too. g. Reaction Formation

Reaction formation happens when an anxiety-araousing impulse is repressed in an exaggerated expression of the opposite behavior. Example: a mother who harbors felling of resentment toward her child represses them and become overprotective of the child. h. Sublimation

Sublimation occurs when a repressed impulse is released in the form of a socially acceptable or even admired behaviour. For example: a man with strong hostile impulses becomes an investigative reporter who ruins political careers with his stories.

The researcher also adds one kind of defense mechanisms from Sullivan that is suitable for this case. i. Dissociation

In Sullivan theory of dynamisms that refer to a typical pattern of behavior, he states that the most inclusive of all dynamisms is the self-system, or that pattern of behaviors that protects us against anxiety and maintains our PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

interpersonal security. Dissociation is the part of self-system, and it includes all those experiences that we can block from awareness. Dissociation usually stems from a trauma, intense pain, or a serious identity crisis. It may manifest itself in disorders such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, memory loss, Multiple

Personality Disorder, Dissociative Amnesia, as well as the more common phenomena of flashbacks, and forgetting something embarrassing (Goldberg,

2018).

C. Theoretical Framework

The researcher uses the theories above to help to answer the questions that formulated in problem formulations. The theory of character and characteristics by Murphy can help to understand a character in a work. Pratama and Aji state that “Character is one of the most important elements because character, in a story, is uasually the most disscused aspect by the readers” (2007, p. 36). Theory from Murphy is used to find out the intrinsic element in this work which is the characteristics of Dr. Jekill and Mr. Hyde. This theory explains about the way to see a character from many point of views and to see about how a character was characterized.

After the characters were characterized, the researcher uses the theory of defense mechanism which consist of the theory of multiple personality disorder, the theory of the id, ego, and superego and the kinds of defense mechanism to answer the third question in the problem formulations. It is about how Dr. Jekyll uses Mr. Hyde as his defense mechanism, and what kind of defense mechanism that he uses. This theory is used to see how the characters cope with their PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

problems and hard situations and from that the result will be revealed whether or not the characters could deal with those cases.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

The object of the study that the researcher uses in this thesis is a novel by

Robert Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. This novel was published in 1886 at United Kingdom by Longmans, Green & Co. Publisher with the original title Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. The work is also known as Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde or simply Jekyll & Hyde. The researcher uses the novel that is published by Planet eBook. This novel contains of nine sub-title or parts in 96 pages.

Strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde was published as a “shiling shocker,” was an instantaneous success and become one of Stevenson’s best- selling works. This novel was also adapted over 120 stage and film alone. Stage adaptations began in Boston and London and soon moved all across England and the towards Scotland. There have also been many audio recordings of the novella, with the famous readers including Tom Baker, Roger Rees, Martin Jarvis, and

Richard Armitage. A musical was created by Frank Wildhorn, Steve Cuden, and

Leslie Bricusse: “Jekyll & Hyde: The Gothic Musical Thriller – The Complete

Work” (1994).

The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde main story is about Dr Jekyll that becomes a mysterious figure which is named Mr. Hyde. Dr. Jekyll who is known as well-educated, presposterous man, agitated person, well established in the community, and known for his decency and charitable works. Dr Jekyll life

18 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

was so highly regarded that made him become not comfortable if he did mistakes or something not exalted. Then, Dr. Jekyll made a concoction that can change his personality. He become Mr. Hyde who is a cruel and rough man diverges from his true personality.

B. Approach of the Study

In this study, the researcher uses Psychoanalytic criticism. Psychoanalytic criticism is a form of literary criticism which uses some of techniques of psychoanalysis in the interpretation of literarure ( Barry, 2002, p.96). This theory is developed by Australian, Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). He explains how the mind, the instincts, and sexuality work.

According to Eagleton, psychoanalitical literary criticism can be broadly divided into four kinds, depending on what it takes as its object of attention. It can attend to the author of the work; to the work’s contents; to its formal construction; or to the reader. Most of psychoanalytical criticism has been of first and two kinds, which are in fact the most limited and probematical (1996, p. 155).

The researcher uses this approach in this study because this approach is aim to understand the aspects of human mind in the literary work, or in this case is to understand the character’s behavior and the reason behind the character’s action. This approach is used to comment on the unconscious motivations of characters, or on the psychoanalytical significance of objects or events in the text. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

C. Method of the Study

In order to support this study, the researcher conducts library research as

the method of the study. Hence, the primary source of the study was a novel

written by Robert Stevenson entitle The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.

The Secondary sources to support this study were taken from books, journals, and

articles on internet. Some of the most important sources are Understanding

Unseens: An Introduction to English Poetry and the English Novel for Overseas

Students by Murphy, Abrams’s A Glossary of Literary Terms, Petter Barry’s

Beginning theory: An Introduction to literary and cultural theory (2nd ed & 3rd

ed), Anna Feud’s The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense, journal from Anne

Stiles entitle Jekyll and Hyde, and the Double Brain, and the article written by

Ben D. Fuller in the title The Anxiety of the Unforseen in Stevenson’s Dr.

Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.

To analyze this study, there were several steps done by the reseracher. The first step was reading the novel that become the object of this study. It used to understand the story and the characters of the novel. The second step was to find other data that related to the novel and the topic of this study. After that, the researcher formulated the problem formulations. Then, the researcher collected some sources associated with the theories; character and characterization, multiple personality disorder, the id, ego, and superego, and defense mechanisms. The researcher read from books and internet. Next step was to find the appropriate approach to discover the text. The researcher found that the best approach for this study is psychoanalitic approach. After that, the researcher answered the questions PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

in problem formulation one by one by applying the theories used in the study. The last step was drawing the conclusion from the previous study.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

In this chapter, the researcher will analyze the questions in problem formulation. This chapter is divided into three sections. First section is to analyze the characteristics of Dr. Jekyll, the main character in the story. Second section is to analyze the characteristics of Mr. Hyde, the other personality of Dr. Jekyll. The last section is to analyze how Mr. Hyde represents the defense mechanism of Dr.

Jekyll.

A. Characterization of Dr. Jekyll

1. Perfectionist

Dr. Jekyll was born in a prosperous family and grew up in a reputable society. He is really wealthy. The wealth he has will greatly help him to have a guaranteed future and he will be respected by many people.

“I was born in the year 18 – to a large fortune, endowed besides with excellent parts, inclined by nature to industry, fond of the respect of the wise and good among my fellowmen, and thus, as might have been supposed, with every guarantee of an honourable and distinguished future” (Sauer, 1963, p. 124).

Dr. Jekyll proved it with the properties he has. He has 2 houses that have laboratories and parks in it. He has many servants. This is can be seen from the evidence that said, “One house, however, second from the corner, was still occupied entire; and at the door of this, which wore a great air of wealth and comfort,... A well-dressed, elderly servant opened the door” (p. 94). He also bought a house in Soho as Mr. Hyde’s (his other personality) hiding place. In

Soho, Mr. Hyde has several rooms and the rooms have very luxurious and nice

22 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

furniture. Mr. Utterson predicted it as something prepared by Dr. Jekyll. “Mr.

Hyde only used a couple of rooms; but these were furnished with luxury and good taste. A closet was filled with wine; the plate was of silver, the napery elegant; a good picture hung upon the walls...” (p. 100).

Dr. Jekyll also has a lot of money. One day when Mr. Hyde his other personality made a problem, the victim’s family asked for a hundred pounds.

Without protest, Mr. Hyde went to his house to take a cheque and give it to them.

“The next thing was to get the money; ... and presently came back with the matter of ten pounds in gold and a cheque for the balance on Coutts’s,..” (p. 87). Mr.

Enfield was very surprised because Mr. Hyde provides cheque on behalf of people who are very famous in society and whose names are often in print. The person of course is Dr. Jekyll.

Dr. Jekyll is also known a middle-aged doctor. He has a handsome face, a sturdy and tall body. He is very physically perfect. He is dressed very neatly and clean because he is a respected person. His style and manner show where he comes from. He is a doctor that shows courtesy in his society. His presence gives a sense of comfort for the people around him. This personality can be seen through the personal description by the author.

“To this rule, Dr. Jekyll was no exception; and as he now sat on the opposite side of the fire – a large, well-made, smooth-faced man of fifty, with something of a slyish cast perhaps, but every mark of capacity and kindness – you could see by his looks that cherished for Mr. Utterson a sincere and warm affection” (Sauer, 1963, p. 96).

However, Dr. Jekyll is also very good in acting and behaving. Dr. Jekyll is very obsessed with the idea of perfection. So he only shows the good side to the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

people around him and his society. He doesn’t want to make any mistakes in front of other people. Dr. Jekyll wants to be seen as a respectable and good person.

In order to look good and perfect in the eyes of society, Dr. Jekyll organizes charity events and offers health services, so that the people around him knew him as a very kind and generous person. No one would think that Dr. Jekyll will do bad things. Everyone thinks good about him because he also wants to be around his society. The wealth and the good-looking face that he has, it doesn’t make him become an arrogant, stingy, and greedy person, otherwise, he is really nice to people around him. He does charity events to help other people who need.

He also gives service and acts of kindness.

“... and whilst he had always been known for charities, he was now no less distinguished for religion. He was busy, he was much in the open air, he did good; his face seemed to open and brighten, as if with an inward consciousness of service; and for more than two months, the doctor was at peace” (p. 105).

Dr. Jekyll likes to be around his friends. He held a dinner at his residence to gather with them and talk about things that happened. “A fortnight later, by excellent good fortune, the doctor gave one of his pleasent dinners to some five or six old cronies, all intelligent, reputable men and all judges wine;...”(p. 96). He is very cheerful in entertaining and welcoming every conversation in the gathering with them.

He also spoke very patiently and kindly when he was faced with questions that made him uncomfortable and unpleasant to discuss. He tried to respond politely and sometimes he looked for a new topic of conversation so he did not show his irritation towards his friend. “I have been wanting to speak to you, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Jekyll,” began the latter. “You know that will of yours?” A close observer might have gathered that the topic was distasteful; but the doctor carried it off gaily” (p.

96).

2. Longing for Freedom

Having a handsome face, a perfect body and wealth are not things that can make Dr. Jekyll to be happy. He had longed for freedom like when he was young.

This is the statement from Dr. Jekyll’s old friend named Mr. Utterson. He said that, “...He was wild when he was young; a long while ago to be sure;...” (p. 95).

This shows that Dr. Jekyll suppresses his wild desire to be free and looks forward to something that can help him escape from his shackles which makes him feel uncomfortable.

The values and rules in the victorian era were very strict. This makes Dr.

Jekyll feels bound by the regulations and make him unable to act freely and comfortably. Dr. Jekyll must behave in an appropriate with the values of the society so that he is considered a good person. However, this actually made Dr.

Jekyll wants to find freedom. He found an idea that could help him fulfill his wild desires. He believes that men have two different sides. They are good side and evil side.

“With every day, and from both sides of my intelligence, the moral and theintellectual, I thus drew steadily nearer to that truth, by whose partialdiscovery I have been doomed to such a dreadful shipwreck: that man isnot truly one, but truly two. I say two, because the state of my ownknowledge does not pass beyond that point. I hazard the guess that manwill be ultimately known for a mere polity of multifarious, incongruous,and independent denizens” (p. 125). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

This thought convinced him that he would gain happiness if he could have both sides by separating them into only the good side and only the evil side. He became obsessed with this idea, so he did a lot of experiments. Until one day, he succeeded to make a concoction that changed him into someone with very different characteristics from himself.

3. Hypocrite

Dr. Jekyll is a hypocrite because his actions and behaviors that he shows to the people around him and the society is a lie. He is kind of persons who wants to look perfect in the eyes of the people therefore he behaves well, does charity, goes to church, and does health services in order to hide his true color.

Dr. Jekyll is actually very ambitious about what he wanted to achieve. He is also quite selfish. This is seen from how he wants to benefit himself. Dr. Jekyll makes an experiment in separating two personalities, good and evil, into his own body. He is very obsessed with the idea of perfection and happiness. He considers that men will be perfect when they can separate the dark side and the good side of themselves. He felt it was natural and common to separate the two sides in him.

“And indeed the worst of my fault was a certain impatient gaiety of disposotion, such as made the happiness of many, but such as I found it hard to reconcile with imperious desire to carry my head high, and wear a more than commonly grave contenance before the public. ... I stood already commited to a profound duplicity of life” (p. 124)

Dr. Jekyll talked overactive which makes Mr. Utterson comfortless. This was explained by the author. Mr. Utterson also shock with Dr. Jekyll’s selfishness. Dr. Jekyll said that he was thinking of his own character, and doesn’t PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

care about others business. “I was thingking of my own character, which this hateful business has rather exposed” ( p. 102).

The other personality that Dr. Jekyll creates shows that he is a hypocritical person. For him, being a perfectionist is important. As a respected man, he does not want his name bad by doing something terrible for his pleasure. Therefore, he creates Mr. Hyde to fulfill his desire. By enslaving the second personality, Dr.

Jekyll can make his dark pleasure while his name will still clean because no one knows that Henry Jekyll and Edward Hyde is actually one person.

“Men have before hired bravos to transact their crimes, while their own person and reputation sat under shelter. I was the first that ever did so for his pleasure. I was the first that could thus plod in the public eye with a load of genial respectability, and in a moment, like schoolboy, strip off these lendings and spring headlong into the sea of liberty. But for me, in my impenetrable mantle, the safety was complete” (pp. 128-129).

Society views him as a good and reputable person while deep inside himself he wants to live freely and wildly. “Poor Henry Jekyll,” he tought, “my mind misgives me he is deep waters! He was wild when he was young; a long while ago to be sure; but in the law of God there is no statute of limitations” (p. 95). That statement wants to show that Dr. Jekyll has desire to do whatever he wants. Dr.

Jekyll always pretends to be a good man but he actually hides his true feeling because of society standards. He just embraces the freedom by using the ‘mask’ of Mr. Hyde. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

B. Characterization of Mr. Hyde

1. Mysterious

At the beginning of the story, when Mr. Utterson and Mr. Enfield was walking around, Mr. Enfield saw a door across the street and reminded him of a terrible accident that night. Mr. Enfield tells that he saw a man did violence towards a child. Mr. Utterson asks Mr. Enfield to describe the man but he said, it is hard for him to explain and describe the man. From this, it can be seen that Mr.

Hyde is a mysterious man.

“What sort of a man is he to see?” “He is not easy to describe. There is something wrong with his appearance; something displeasing, something downright detestable. I never saw a man I so disliked, and yet I scarce know why. He must be deformed somewhere; he gives strong feeling of deformity, although I couldn’t specify the point. He’s an extraordinary looking man, and yet I really can name nothing out of the way. No, sir; I can make no hand of it; I can’t describe him. And it’s not want of memory; for I declare I can see him this moment” (p. 89).

Mr. Enfield said that there was something different from Mr. Hyde. He felt disgusted and scared when he saw Mr. Hyde.

After telling a mysterious figure to Mr. Utterson, this made him very curious. Even he dreamed about Mr. Hyde but he couldn’t see his face. This made he wants to meet Mr. Hyde.

“Even in his dreams, it had no face, or onr that baffled him and melted before his eyes; and thus it was that there sprang up and grew apace in the lawyer’s mind a singulary strong, almost an inordinate, curiosity to behold the features of the real Mr. Hyde” (p. 92).

Every day Mr. Utterson goes to the place told by Mr. Enfield and waiting for Mr.

Hyde. He waited for days, and this made him even more curious because he had PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

never met Mr. Hyde. Mr. Utterson said that, “If he be Mr. Hyde,” he had thought,

“I shall be Mr. Seek. ”(p. 92)

Then one night, the long awaited moment arrived. Finally Mr. Utterson met with Mr. Hyde when Mr. Hyde is on his way back home. When talking with

Mr. Utterson he didn’t look at Mr. Utterson directly because he did not want to show his face. He hid it behind the clothes he was wearing. This further confirms that Mr. Hyde is a mysterious figure. However, Mr. Utterson asked Mr. Hyde to show his face if he doesn’t mind.

Mr. Hyde never showed his face to his servants at home. This was conveyed by the servant named Poole that he had never met him. Mr. Hyde always eats dinner outside and usually comes and goes out through the laboratory.

Mr. Hyde also always hide inside the house and never left. He doesn’t like going out during the day. He prefer to go out at night so that people didn’t pay too much attention to him and see him. One day, he wrote a letter and sent it to Dr. Layon.

He made an appointment to meet with Dr. Layon in the middle of the night and when all the servants are asleep, so it’s quiet and no one sees him.

“...when your servants are in bed it is to be preferred for what will then main to do. At midnight, then, I have to ask you to be alone in your consulting room, to admit with your own hand into the house a man who will present himself in my name,..” (p. 119)

2. Evil

The significant characteristics of Mr. Hyde are cruel, evil, and unearthly.

These characteristics were explained through the author’s description.

“Most of his past was unearthed, indeed, and all disreputable: tales came out of the man’s cruelty, at once so callous and violent; of his vile life, of PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

his strange associates, of the hatred that seemed to have surrounded his career; but of his present whereaouts, not a whisper” (p. 105).

From the quotation, the author shows that Mr. Hyde is unfriendly and also he doesn’t care about the people around him. He does not have any concern for others, therefore, he commits crimes and violence; such as he tortured the children and murder Sir Danvers Carew. Then from Mr. Hyde appearance, He also pictured as someone who looks scary and terrible. Looking at his face, people can guess that he is a murderer.

“Mr. Hyde was pale, and dwarfish, he gave an impression of deformity without any namable malformation, he had a displeasing smile, he had borne himslef to the lawyer with a sort of murdernous mixture of timidity and boldness, and he spoke with a husky, wishpering and somegether could explain the hitherto unknown disgust, loathing and fear with which Mr. Utterson regarded him” (p. 94).

Mr. Hyde’s characteristics also can be seen from the conversation of the other characters in the novel. Here, Mr. Enfield told about the incident that happened when he passed the road. He saw something that make him afraid.“I never saw a circle of such hateful faces; and there was the man in the middle, with a kind of black, sneering coolness-frightened too, I could see that-but carrying it off, sir, really like Satan” (p. 87).

Mr. Enfield describes Mr. Hyde as Satan means that he is really hideous.

This is also strengthened by the statement from Henry Jekyll that Mr. Hyde is pure evil. He does not have a good side in his personality.“This, as I take it, was because all human beings, as we meet them, are commingled out of good and evil: and Edward Hyde, alone in the ranks of mankind, was pure evil” (p. 127). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

From the begining chapter of the novel, it also tells the description of Mr.

Hyde’s character through his action in making as child as his unfault victim. It shows that Mr. Hyde is a cruel man.

“I saw two figures: one little man who was stumping along eastward at a good walk, and the other girl of maybe an eight or ten who was running as hard as she was able don a cross street. Well, sir, the two run into one another naturally enough at the corner; and the came the horrible part of the thing; for the man trampled calmly over the child’s body and left her screaming on the ground” (p. 86). Mr. Hyde also murders Sir Danvers Carew. The incident is quite the same as the young girl’s incident. That happens one night, when Sir Danvers meets a man who is Mr. Hyde. Mr. Hyde attacks Sir Danvers with cane and tramps him to death. “And then all of a sudden he broke out in a great flame of anger, stamping with his foot, brandishing the cane, and carrying on (as the maid described it) like a madman” (p. 98).

3. Ugly

Mr. Hyde is known as a young – small, energic, and ugly man. These characteristics can be seen through the conversation of the other character in the story. Mr. Utterson says to Mr. Poole that Dr. Jekyll seems to interested in Mr.

Hyde. Dr. Jekyll make an agreement with Mr. Hyde. Mr. Utterson that ever saw

Mr. Hyde said to Poole that he is a small young man and look energic. “Your master seems to repose a great deal of trust in that young man, Poole,” resumed the other musingly (p. 95).

The author of the novel also gives description on Mr. Hyde’s appereance and cloth. Based on the author descriptions, the researcher concludes that Mr.

Hyde is untidy. Since Mr. Hyde and Dr. Jekyll were contrast in physical, of course PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

when Mr. Hyde wore Dr. Jekyll’s clothes, it seems like he was drowned inside the clothes. “They drew near on tiptoe, turned it on its back and beheld the face of

Edward Hyde. He was dressed in clothes far too large for him. Clothes for the doctor bigness; ....” (p. 116).

One night, when Mr. Utterson first saw Mr. Hyde, he said that Mr. Hyde is a small man who is dressed as he is. He is very different when seen from a distance or when he is near.

“The lawyer, looking forth from the entry, could soon see what manner of man he had to deal with. He was small and very plainly dressed, and the look of him, even at that distance, went some how strongly against the watcher’s inclination” (pp. 92-93).

Mr. Hyde is also characterized as an ugly person. This is characterized through the eyes of other character in the story. According to the story, Mr.

Enfield tells about how he sees Mr. Hyde in person. “He was perfectly cool and made no resistance, but gave me one look, so ugly that it brought out the sweat on me like running” (p. 86).

In the last part Henry Jekyll’s Full Statement of the Case, Dr. Jekyll describes his feeling when the first time he transformated into Mr. Hyde. He felt something is wrong with him.

“There was something strange in my sensations, something indescribly new and, from its very novelty, incredibly sweet. I felt younger, lighter, happier in body; within I was conscious of a heady recklessness, a current of disordered sensual images running like a millrace in my fancy, a solution of the bonds of obligation, an unknown but not innocent freedom of the soul” (p. 126).

Dr. Jekyll feel fresher than he is. He also feel so energic and powerful like when he was young. He pictures Mr. Hyde characteristics as the opposite to PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

himself. “Edward Hyde was so much smaller, slighter, and younger than Henry

Jekyll” (p. 127).

C. Mr. Hyde as Dr. Jekyll’s Defense Mechanism

Dr. Jekyll has a split personality namely Mr. Hyde. Mr. Hyde has an important role in the story. It can be said that after Mr. Hyde comes into Dr.

Jekyll’s life, everything in his life has changed. By examining the characteristics of both characters Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, the researcher found that the changes of the characteristics which happen in Dr. Jekyll’s personality has creates defense mechanism. These defense mechanisms come up because the ego inside Dr. Jekyll is weak. The big and strong pressure from the id and superego make the ego feels anxious and worried also in danger.

In this part, the researcher uses the theory of psychoanalytic from Freud to discuss three types of the defense mechanisms that are used by Dr. Jekyll. Before answering the main problem, the researcher wants to explain how the id, ego, and superego work in this novel.

Freud in Lahey’s book devided the mind into three parts in a different way. His theory of personality views the mind as being composed of three working parts, each with a different function: the id, the ego, and the superego

(2009, p. 412). Id is the inborn part of the unconscious mind that uses the primary process to satisfy its needs and that acts according to the pleasure principle.

Pleasure principle means the attempt of the id to seek immediate pleasure and avoid pain, regardless of how harmful it might be to others. The id does not feel PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

guilty for getting what it wants. In The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde,

Mr. Hyde would be seen as the Dr. Jekyll’s id.

Dr. Jekyll characterized a perfectionist person, but being a person who pretend to be perfect does not make him live comfortably and happily. He actually felt very worried and anxious. It happened because if he did something wrong, which is not in an appropriate with the rules of society, then people will start thinking badly about him. People will not respect him as a doctor anymore. Mr.

Hyde is the id of Dr. Jekyll because Mr. Hyde is a new character created by Dr.

Jekyll to help him fulfill his wild desires by living freely without feeling worried and anxious about the applicable society values. Mr. Hyde has totally different personality from Dr. Jekyll. Mr. Hyde has a dark and cruel side from Dr. Jekyll.

Mr. Hyde committed acts of violence without any fear and did not feel guilty. Mr.

Hyde persecuted a girl and let her crying and screaming on the ground. He stepped on the girl and walked past her without feeling sorry and caring. Mr.

Hyde also committed a murder of an old man named Sir Danvers Carew. He killed the man because he wanted to do it. He feels happy when he sees other people suffer. He is an evil and like a monster. It is explained on the novel that

“The pleasure which I made haste to seek in my disguise were, as I have said, undignified; I would scarce use a harder term. But in hands of Edward Hyde, they soon began to turn toward the monstrous” (p. 129).

Mr. Hyde always does bad things to fulfill his pleasures without feeling afraid because the people around him don’t know his true identity. He doesn’t PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

socialize with the society. People rarely see him because he only comes out at night. He is very mysterious.

Ego is part of the mind that uses the reality principle to satisfy the id.

Reality principle is the attempt by the ego to find safe, realistic ways of meeting the needs of the id. In other words, Ego is the mediator between what id wants and what the outside world tells you to do. Ego compromises so that id is satisfied in a way that will not upset Superego. Dr. Jekyll is the ego in the story. He is the ego because he is characterized a perfectionist. He tried to find a way to fulfill the desire of the id without making his image disreputable in front of other people. He creates the concoction or serum that turns him into Mr. Hyde to do bad things, but when he changes back into Dr. Jekyll he does good deeds such as donating to charity, doing health services, and inviting his friends over all the time. Like the ego, he satisfies the id’s need for pleasure (changing into Mr. Hyde) then does morally upstanding acts to satisfy the superego’s need to be perfect in the eyes of the outside world or society. Dr. Jekyll as the ego, does this to maintain a balance within himself.

Superego is part of the mind that opposes the desires of the id by enforcing moral restrictions by striving to attain perfection. In The strange case of

Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, the Superego is represented by the strict expectations placed on nobles in Victorian Era society. The expectation of people in England at that time was to suppress desires that seemed unholy, vulgar or rude. Dr. Jekyll is haunted by his superego’s expectations and creates a potion that allows his id to take control so that he can escape the nagging of his conscience. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

In this case, a person like Dr. Jekyll is considered reputable, highly admired and respected. That makes him always look ‘perfect’ in front of people. If he has a slight defect in his behavior, it will greatly affect his reputation.

Indirectly Dr. Jekyll feels that he is required to have good morals and personality without a flaw. Because of this reason, Dr. Jekyll issuing his split personality Mr.

Hyde to fulfill his desire to live comfortable in a different way.

In the book Psychology in Action by Huffman, Karen, Mark Vernoy, and

Judith Vernoy (2000), they said that

when the ego fails to satisfy both the id and superego, anxiety slips into conscious awareness. Anxiety is uncomfortable, so people try to rid themself of it any way they can. One common way to ward off anxiety is with defense mechanisms. Defense mechanisms are strategies the ego unconsciously uses to reduce anxiety by distorting our perceptions of reality. (p. 478).

The act of issuing his other personality, Dr. Jekyll uses three types of defense mechanisms. There are:

1. Denial

Denial happens when a person refuses to acknowledge anxiety-arousing aspects of the environment. According to the Abnormal Psychology:

Understanding Behavior Disorders by Jack Roy Strange (1965), Sullivan states that each of us must learn what is “good” and what is “bad” according to his own society’s standards. When these standards prevent the satisfaction of basic needs, anxiety arise (p. 77).

In the Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Dr. Jekyll’s denial defense mechanism occurs when he refused to follow the values of society in the

Victorian Era. He refused to accept the values of the Victorian era because he has PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

contradictory characteristics within himself. Dr. Jekyll lives in the high-class society which is full of duality in it. This is illustrated in the novel that it is not only Dr. Jekyll is hypocritical, but other characters are the same. For instance, Mr.

Utterson which is the friend’s of Dr. Jekyll, he only wants to be around people that he knows and does not want to make friends with others, like poor people or not from the same rank.

“It is mark of the modest man to accept his friendly circle ready-made from the hands of opportunity; and that was the lawyer’s way. His friends were those of his own blood or those whom he had known the longest; his affections, like ivy, were the growth of time, they implied no aptness in the object.” (p. 85)

This shows that in that era, people were hypocritical to help them live in a society that had very strong and strict rules. It forces him to behave and act as a perfect like a noble man. Besides, he has desire lives freely and does whatever he wanted. Society values make him feel anxious if he makes a mistake, then people will isolate him. He wants to look perfect in front of the people and society. He wants the society to see him as a perfect figure and has no shortcomings. Finally with the ideas he had and his ability to carry out experiments, he succeeded in creating potions that could separate a person’s personality. Then, Hyde emerged as his split personality which helped him fulfill his desires without making his name dirty.

The presence of Mr. Hyde is the form of Dr. Jekyll’s denial to face the reality of the social life in which he lives. Dr. Jekyll is unable to live in hypocrisy which has been demanding and pressing him. He tried to find a way to be able to live freely according to his will. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

2. Rationalization

Rationalization happens when a person constructs a false but plausible explanation or excuse for an anxiety-arousing behaviour or event that has already occured.

In order to cope with reality, the “self-dynamism” needs to incorporate both the “good me” and the “bad me.” When anxiety forces a person to be aware of only the “good me,” his self process is likely to deviate greatly from reality because he must dissociate the aspects of the “bad me” from his awareness.

Sullivan viewed the self as constantly changing, as interpersonal relations change at each stage of life (p. 78). Men all have elements of good side and bad side.

Within the good sides there is always bad side, however in bad one, it is hard to find the good one.

Based on the story, rationalization occurs when Dr. Jekyll makes a reasonable excuse to justify his wrong action. Dr. Jekyll said that “man is not truly one, but truly two.” This thought made Dr. Jekyll wants to separate himself into two sides: only the “good side” and only the “bad side.” Dr. Jekyll who is perfectionist wants to be a good side and his evil side is the other personality named Mr. Hyde. He made that as an excuse to create another personality by separating the two sides. That is the reason to make him looks perfect in the eyes of society. He is a noble and respected doctor. He did not want one mistake that he made would damage his image. Therefore, he made research and experiments which, according to a doctor, his friend were very absurd. He made excuses so he could get his pleasure and make others suffer. This is clearly wrong, if viewed PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

from a social and moral perspective in Victorian Era. Dr. Jekyll justifies himself by making Mr. Hyde objects that can be blamed.

Dr. Jekyll does not think clearly and wisely when he made the experiment for himself whether or not it takes a risk later. He is not aware about the damage that will happen and finally destroy his life. He just want to make his dream come true. He only wants his desires and pleasures to be fulfilled.

3. Dissociation

Dr. Jekyll lives in the high-class society which is full of duality in it.

Therefore, the are some dualities existed in the story. Those cases are helpful to get an understanding that Dr. Jekyll, the main character is having a dissociative identity disorder. The most severe dissociative disorder is dissociative identity disorder (DID), previously known as multiple personality disorder (MPD), in which at least two separate and distinct personalities exist within the same person.

Each personality has unique memories, behaviors, and social relationships (p.

531). Dissociation can be defined as disruptions in aspects of consciousness, identity, memory, physical actions and/or the environment.

Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde are one person with two personalities. Each has very different physical characteristics as well as their behaviors. When Dr. Jekyll turned into Mr. Hyde, he was totally changed into a very different person. Dr.

Jekyll is characterized a very handsome man with good body posture, while Mr.

Hyde has small and ugly face. This significant physical change shows that Dr.

Jekyll doesn’t want the people around him know about his true identity. He did not want to destroy the image that he built as a perfectionist. When Dr. Jekyll first PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

changed to Mr. Hyde and found himself to have a very different physique, which made others unable to recognize him, Dr. Jekyll decided to live two different lives. He just wants to be a good side, while the bad side is Mr. Hyde.

Dr. Jekyll is characterized a hypocrite. He created Mr. Hyde as the opposite side of himself with the aim of manipulating the people around him and the society. In this story dissociation happens when Dr. Jekyll creates other personality (Mr. Hyde) to help him to overcome his worries. He brought up Mr.

Hyde as his other personality to help him enjoy another life. The are some symptoms to proof the that Dr. Jekyll is also suffer from multiple personality disorder. They are anxiety, Amnesia, and Affective symptoms.

Anxiety symptom can be seen through the main character, Dr. Jekyll when he is asked by Mr. Utterson about his will that he gives all to the Mr. Hyde. He is also look pale when Mr. Utterson told him that he knew about Hyde. “The large handsome face of Dr. Jekyll grew pale to the very lips, and there came blackness about his eyes.” (p. 97) This happens also because he has difficulty in sleeping.

He can’t sleep sound every night.

The next is amnesia symptom which is the loss of memory. The lost of memory can be partial and total. Here, Dr. Jekyll sometimes confused whether he has taken the potion or not. He is unconscious about his presence. “I stole through the corridors, a stranger in my own house...” (p. 127).

Last one is affective symptom is the feeling of sadness, frustration and anger. Dr. Jekyll sat sadly in his room and tried to contemplate all the things that he caused to himself and to others. “... as I sat looking sadly in the fire, the pangs PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

returned” (p. 136). The significant evidence is Dr. Jekyll screaming and crying loudly. This is told by his servant Poole. He can not describe in words how the sound is. “Once I heard it weeping... weeping like a woman or a lost soul... I came away with that upon my heart, that I could have wept too” (p. 115).

These symptoms indicate that Dr. Jekyll has abnormal behavior. This is happen since he was young and at that time, he is really respected and adored among his friends. He is also fond of the idea of duality.

“It was thus rather the exciting nature of my aspirations than any particular degradation in my faults, that made me what I was, and, with deeper trench than in the majority of men, severed in me those provinces of good and ill which divided and compounded man’s dual nature” (p. 125)

The statement above shows that Dr. Jekyll is very obsessed with duplicity life. That makes him have another personality. The researcher also found that Dr.

Jekyll’s dissociation defense mechanism through the evidence that he himself states on the last part of the novel that

“Hence, although I had now two characters as well as two appearances, one was wholly evil, and the other was still the old Henry Jekyll, that incongruous compound of whose reformation and improvement I had already learned to despair. The movement was thus wholly toward the worse” (p. 128).

Dr. Jekyll knows and realizes that he has more than one personality in his body and two different physical appearances. The first personality is Dr. Jekyll himself who shows the kindness and the good attitude and the other one is Mr. Hyde who resembles bad part or evil side. Here, Stevenson’s implied that human’s dual nature; are actually having two personalities which are good and bad.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

In this chapter, the researcher is going to conclude the research results and discussion. As the title of this study, this thesis examines the characteristics of Dr.

Jekyll and Mr. Hyde using the psychoanalitic approach to answer the defense mechanism used by Dr. Jekyll.

The first is about to answer the first question in problem formulation about the characterization of Dr. Jekyll and his split personality Mr. Hyde. There are three characteristics of Dr. Jekyll. Using Murphy’s theory of characterization, the researcher found that Dr. Jekyll is a prefectionist man, longing for freedom, and hypocritical.

Dr. Jekyll is a perfectionist man. He is very rich middle-aged man. He has

a lot of money and property. At the age of no longer young, Dr. Jekyll has a very

proportional and tall body. He is quite handsome. With all his strengths, he is not

arrogant and miserly. He likes to share with people who are in need. He does

charity and health service for people around him. He is a generous person.

However, not everyone is perfect. Dr. Jekyll is sometimes selfish and hypocritical.

The second is the characteristics of Mr. Hyde, the other personality of Dr.

Jekyll. The researcher found that Mr. Hyde has the characteristics which are very contrary to Dr. Jekyll. If Dr. Jekyll is dominated by the good side, then Mr. Hyde is dominated by the evil side. Mr. Hyde was initially known a very mysterious figure. People don’t know who he really is and where he came from. Mr. Utterson finds out his curiosity and finds that Mr. Hyde is an energetic young man with a

42 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

very strange physical form. He is small and short and his appearance is very poorly maintained. He gives a disgusting, ugly, and dirty impression to those who see him.

His physical appearance also reflects his behavior. Mr. Hyde is very rude and cruel. He committed violence against little children at aged around eight to ten years. He is also very disrespectful towards people who are older than him. He killed an old man named Sir Danvers Carew because the man asked him for directions. He is a cruel murderer. It is also said in the novel that Mr. Hyde is pure evil. He has no pity and guilty of the people he hurts. Nevertheless, the researcher found a trait that showed Mr. Hyde also has the good side. He is kind. The researcher found this when he was talking to Mr. Utterson and Mr. Utterson asked him to show off his face. He answers it politely and heartily.

The third is the defense mechanism happens in Dr. Jekyll’s character.

Theory from Freud helps the researcher find the defense mechanism in the main character Dr. Jekyll. The first defense mechanism is denial. Dr. Jekyll rejects the rules that exist in the society that can cause anxiety. He is a perfesctionist and also hypocrite but he is longing for liberty. He refuses to be a perfectionist man because he want to be free. The next defense mechanism is rationalization.

Rationalization happens when Dr. Jekyll put forward ideas about human duality; that man is not truly one; but truly two. Humans have good side and bad side which will be separated. The last is dissociation. This defense emerges because

Dr. Jekyll could not cope with the reality that he lives in. He creates Mr. Hyde as PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

his other personality to help him to cope with all the matters that he could not bear with.

Defense mechanism is very important to help us deal with problems that we cannot face directly. We can help ourselves overcome these problems by using self-defense. Defense mechanism is the only way that can be used when the human ego is stuck and threatened. This feeling is called anxiety. When anxiety begins to overwhelm us, in an unconscious state, it will try to survive by doing unexpected things.

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REFERENCES

Abrams, M. H. (1981). A Glossary of Literary Terms. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc.

Barry, P. (2002). Beginning theory: An introduction to literary and cultural theory (2nd ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Barry, P. (2009). Beginning theory: An introduction to literary and cultural theory (3rd ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Boeree, George. (2016). General Psychology: Psikologi Kepribadian, Persepsi, Kognisi, Emosi, & Perilaku. Yogyakarta: Primashopie.

Eagleton, Terry. (1996). Literary Theory: An Introduction (2nd ed.). United states: The University of Minnesota Press.

Golberg, Joseph. (2018). Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder). Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/mental- health/dissociative-identity-disorder-multiple-personality-disorder#1

Huffman, Karen, Mark Vernoy, and Judith Vernoy. (2000). Psychology In Action (5th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Kumbara, Jati. (2018). Batman as Wayne’s as a Defense Mechanism in Goyer’s Batman Begins (Undergraduate thesis). Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta.

Lahey, Benjamin. (2009). Psychology: An Introduction (10th ed.). Boston: Mc Graw Hill.

McLeod, Saul. (2017). Defense Mechanisms. Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/defense-mechanisms.html

Murphy, M. J. (1972). Understanding Unseens: An Introduction to English Poetry and the English Novel for Overseas Students. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd.

Passer, Michael & Ronald Smith. (2005). Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior (3rd ed.). Boston: Mc Graw Hill.

Perwira, Louis Yudha. (2018). Frank’s Defense Mechanism Seen in Bernard Malamud’s The Assistant (Undergraduate Thesis). Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta.

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Pratama, Bovis Narendra & G. Fajar Sasmita Aji. (2007). Willy Wonka’s Narsistic Personality in Roald Dahl’s Charlie and the Chcolate Factory. Department of English Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta.

Schultz & Schultz. (2005). Theories of Personality (8th ed.). United States: Wadsworth.

Stevenson, Robert. (1886). The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Retrieved from https://www.planetebook.com/free-ebooks/the-strange- case-of-dr-jekyll.pdf

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APPENDIX

Summary of Robert Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and

Mr. Hyde

The Strange Case of Dr. Novel Jekyll and Mr. Hyde tells the story of a doctor who is very obsessed with the idea of separating the good and the bad side in a person. He did an experiment on himself. Finally he succeeded in creating another side of him.

This story begins when Mr. Utterson and Mr. Enfield walking together on Sunday on a very busy London road. When Mr. Enfield saw a door across the street, Mr. Enfield recalled a terrible incident that night.

He told Mr. Utterson said that when he was on his way home, he saw a short, ugly and scary man bumping into a little girl and stepping on her and letting her cry in pain. The girl’s family and Mr. Enfield arrested the mysterious man, then asked for accountability. The family asked for compensation money rather than giving him to the police. Agreeing to this, the man headed for the door and went inside then came out carrying money and a check in the name of Dr. Jekyll.

After hearing Mr. Enfield’s story, Mr. Utterson returned home curious about the man. He opened a will written by Dr. Jekyll that if something happens to him then all his property will fall into the hands of a man named Mr. Hyde. Mr. Utterson assumed that Dr. Jekyll threatened by

Mr. Hyde. He wants to meet with Mr. Hyde to get an explanation.

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A year later, a terrible incident happened again. Someone who was very well known in London, Sir Danvers Carew died of being killed, and the suspect was Mr. Hyde. Later the police and Mr. Utterson went to Mr.

Hyde home and they found the half of the cane used to murder Sir Davers

Carew, but they can’t find Mr. Hyde. Mr. Utterson went to Dr. Jekyll’s house and asked if he hides Mr. Hyde. Dr. Jekyll confirmed and assured him that he had no contact with Mr. Hyde. Later Mr. Utterson found that

Dr. Jekyll lies.

Time has passed and no one knew where Mr. Hyde. Dr. Jekyll has also changed. He became a man like before he hadn’t created Mr. Hyde.

He often gathered with his friends, doing activities and services for people in need. One day, Mr. Utterson went to visit his friend Dr. Layon. He was surprised because Dr. Layon was pale and sick. Dr. Layon told Mr.

Utterson that he doesn’t want to talk about Dr. Jekyll again. One week later Dr. Layon passed away and he sent a letter to Mr. Utterson with a note that the letter could only be read when Dr. Jekyll died.

One night, Poole, Jekyll’s butler came to Mr. Utterson. Poole frantically asked Mr. Utterson to follow him to Dr. Jekyll’s house. He said that Dr. Jekyll had locked himself in the laboratory for several days and never left. Poole and the other servants only heard strange sounds and cries from inside the laboratory. Mr. Utterson and Poole broke the door and came in. They were shocked found Mr. Hyde’s corpse. Mr. Utterson PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

saw a letter with a large envelope on the top of a pile of papers on the table and there was written that the letter was for Mr. Utterson.

The first letter is from Dr. Layon that begins by describing the strange letter he received from Dr. Jekyll, the night after dinner party at

Jekyll’s residence. Dr. Jekyll asks Dr. Layon to go to his laboratory and pick up the items in the drawer Dr. Jekyll mentioned. Then, someone who later claimed to be a messenger of Dr. Jekyll will go take the stuffs at Dr.

Layon’s house. As promised Hyde appeared and Dr. Layon gave the items, then Mr. Hyde took and mixed with several ingredients and then drank it.

He transformed into Dr. Jekyll. This fact gives death to Layon.

Last one is Dr. Jekyll’s letter contains his confession of his secret.

Dr. Jekyll belived that every person has two separate distinctions: evil and good. Jekyll started his experiment and he failed repeatedly. But finally he managed to make a concoction that could turn himself into another person who was the evil side of him. Dr. Jekyll became addicted to Mr. Hyde’s personality which are wild and free. He always turns into Mr. Hyde to fulfill his desire for freedom so that his name is maintained and safe.

However, Mr. Hyde’s power dominates Dr. Jekyll so he can’t control himself. The poison also doesn’t work anymore to change into Dr. Jekyll’s nature, finally regretfully he has to stop his unhappy life while in the person of Mr. Hyde. He killed himself and let both Jekyll and Hyde free.