Book Reviews
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Book Reviews The Equality of Believers: Protestant Missionaries and the Racial Politics of South Africa. By Richard Elphick. Charlottesville: Univ. of Virginia Press, 2012. Pp. x, 416. $40. Richard Elphick’s Equality of Believers Social Gospel,” considers five topics: (1) manages to give an insightful overview of stands in the line of major and important the Native question and the “benevo- the different periods. He tells the story of publications on the ever complex—and lent empire”; (2) a Christian coalition of how the idea of equality developed during challenging—South African society, with “paternal elites”; (3) the social gospel: the different periods in the course of the twen- its fascinating ecclesiastical, missionary, ideology of the benevolent empire; (4) the tieth century. For example, he comments, and secular history, especially during the high point of the Christian Alliance: a South “White liberalism, African nationalism, twentieth century. A major predecessor of African Locarno; and (5) the enemies of the and Afrikaner nationalism—forces that this book is Johannes du Plessis’s History benevolent empire: gelykstelling (equaliza- would shape South African politics for of Christian Missions in South Africa tion) condemned. the rest of the century—buffeted the (1911), which covers the eighteenth and Part 3, “The Parting of the Ways,” includes missionary enterprise in the 1940s, but nineteenth centuries and paved the way seven chapters: (1) a “special” education did not, as yet, severely impede or deflect for a new and more ecumenical approach for Africans; (2) the abolition of the Cape it. Yet, almost imperceptibly, the ground to South African historiography. Franchise: a “door of citizenship” closed; beneath the missionaries was shifting” According to Elphick, since 1911 there (3) the evangelical invention of apartheid; (277). Elphick also discusses at some has been no grand synthesis like that (4) neo-Calvinism: a worldview for a mis- length the idea of benevolent empire in of du Plessis; in fact, few studies have sionary volk (nation); (5) the stagnation South Africa, that is, that the churches ventured far beyond 1900. No broad of the social gospel; (6) the abolition of and missions were also responsible for interpretive history of twentieth-century the mission schools: a second “door of providing schools, hospitals, and similar missions in South Africa has actually citizenship” closed; and (7) a divided institutions. He argues that such an idea been attempted. missionary impulse and its political heirs. was much more powerful than it was, for This volume offers such a history, Throughout the book, Elphick develops instance, in Britain or the United States. both broad and interpretive, without three central claims. First, the struggle The South African state was also far being a general history of the missionary over racial equalization is pivotal to South weaker in its ability to provide services movement or of South African Christian- African history; second, this concept is to its poorer citizens. Even as late as the ity as a whole. Rather, it is the history of rooted in the missionaries’ proclamation 1980s, outsiders were struck by the prom- an idea—the equality of believers—and of God’s love to all people; third, the ideal inent role of churches in civic life and the an investigation of how, despite the failure of equality was to a large extent nurtured use of Christian language by all sides in and shortcomings of its proponents, this by missionary institutions. This study is the struggle over apartheid. Also fasci- idea profoundly shaped the history of thus a history of an idea in the context of nating is Elphick’s focus on issues such South Africa, both negatively and posi- these several institutions and the people as the gospel of equality, evangelicalism, tively. Elphick gives most attention to the who ran them. neo-Calvinism, and other facets of South four missionary enterprises that wielded The author notes that such a history is African theological thinking. the strongest influence on black-white necessary because the dynamic encounter This book is well researched and well politics and that dominated missionary between missionary institutions and the balanced. It contains extensive notes, a discourse on race in the twentieth century: concept of the equality of believers has comprehensive bibliography, and usable the Dutch Reformed, the Anglican, the scarcely been addressed by scholars. This indexes, as well as helpful maps and Scots mission, and the American Board neglect reflects a secular perspective in tables. It is brilliantly focused on the of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. South African historiography, one stronger history of a particular idea. It seems This book encompasses blacks and than in Europe or America, which tends destined to become a standard research whites, as well as Afrikaans and English to blind historians to the role of religion and resource tool for future generations of speakers, in a single narrative—a unique in history. For Elphick, this blindness South African missiologists and mission accomplishment. results from traditional methods of intel- historians, as well as general historians Elphick treats his topic in three sections. lectual history, which focus primarily on of the church and of South African society, Part 1, “The Missionaries, Their Con- dominant individuals such as scholars, much as du Plessis’s study was in its verts, and Their Enemies,” includes six literary figures, public intellectuals, and time. Such a book cries out for thought- chapters addressing (1) the missionaries: politicians, who expound their thoughts ful study and consideration. I highly from egalitarianism o paternalism; (2) in lengthy texts. recommend it! the Africans: embracing the gospel of Elphick succeeds in clarifying the role and —J. W. (Hoffie) Hofmeyr equality; (3) the Dutch settlers: confining influence both of the English-speaking the gospel of equality; (4) the political churches and of the Afrikaans churches. J. W. (Hoffie) Hofmeyr, a South African church missionaries: “our religion must embody The English and Afrikaans perspectives historian, is Professor Emeritus from the University itself in action”; (5) the missionary cri- have been integrated in a clearly pre- of Pretoria (S.A.) and Visiting Professor at the tique of the African: regarding witch- sented framework, which can provide University of the Free State (Bloemfontein, S.A.), craft, marriage, and sexuality; and (6) the basis for further dialogue and debate. Liverpool Hope University (U.K.), and Evangelical the revolt of the black clergy: “we can’t Elphick not only succeeds in reflecting Theological Faculty (Leuven, Belgium). be brothers.” on the parties involved in his twenti- Part 2, “The Benevolent Empire and the eth-century intellectual history but also 50 International Bulletin of Missionary Research, Vol. 37, No. 1 With Paul at Sea: Learning from Boundless Salvation: The Shorter the Apostle Who Took the Gospel Writings of William Booth. from Land to Sea. Edited by Andrew M. Eason and Roger J. By Linford Stutzman. Eugene, Ore.: Cascade Green. New York: Peter Lang, 2012. Pp. viii, Books, 2012. Pp. xviii, 170. Paperback $22. 208. $74.95 / €57.20 / £48 / SFr 70. The present work characterizes the voy- impulses for living out the sociopolitical General William Booth (1829–1912), age of the nascent Christian church in the consequences of surrendered discipleship. founder of the Salvation Army, was Mediterranean world of the first century —Hans F. Bayer a passionate evangelist with a heart a.d. by means of three metaphors: the for hurting humanity and a gift for constantly changing sea as the promise and Hans F. Bayer is Professor and Department Head of putting his passion on paper. Booth peril of the world, the challenging life in New Testament at Covenant Theological Seminary, retains a particular aura of authority for the boat as the church, and sailing as living St. Louis, Missouri. Salvationists and is still widely quoted. by faith. Many historical details surface as testimony to Stutzman’s personal experi- ence of voyages on the Mediterranean. At the center of the book lies Stutzman’s convincing emphasis that empire and Jesus’ subversive kingdom are to be distinguished sharply and God’s Mission and consistently. The three metaphors serve Postmodern Culture as a compass for both the ancient and the contemporary church in avoiding The Gift of Uncertainty the lure of an empire’s autonomous and JOHN C. SIVALON, MM manipulative power, false stability, and Shows how the Gospel retains its challenge and rel- leisure at the expense of oppressed peo- evance even in our age of uncertainty and change. ple. Rather, the Christian church is called 978-1-57075-999-4 240 pp softcover $28 to vulnerability, instability, leading from the front (not the top), and faith. Despite all the attractive and inspiring Christianity, the Papacy and aspects of this book and its great sensitiv- Mission in Africa ity to oppression, it must be noted that Stutzman focuses nearly exclusively on RICHARD GRAY the ancient Roman and the current U.S. Edited with an Introduction by LAMIN SANNEH empires and their respective ills. In dis- A pioneer in the study of African history, Gray’s cussing the difference between empire and assembledNEW essaysfrom make Orbis an enduring contribution Jesus’ kingdom, he rarely considers the to mission studies and world Christian history. God-given legal sphere of civil govern- ment. As a consequence, Jesus’ kingdom 978-1-57075-986-4 224 pp softcover $50 appears mostly as a sociopolitical move- ment poised against empire building. History of the One wonders whether the early Christian World Christian Movement mission would really have progressed Volume II: Modern Christianity from 1454-1800 so successfully had it been essentially DALE T. IRVIN and SCOTT W. SUNQUIST a countercultural, sociopolitical, and “This eagerly-awaited volume is a triumph of team- socioeconomic subversion (through peace and justice) of the Roman Empire.