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Sabah's Roles and Contributions Towards Fulfilling the Nation's Sabah’s Roles and Contributions towards fulfilling the nation’s strategies in achieving 100% SSL in rice production By Julia Lamdin*, Mohd Sabrie Salim**, Wong.W.W.W***, John Gumpil**** * Deputy Director (Research), Department of Agriculture Sabah, Ibu Pejabat Jabatan Pertanian, Wisma Pertanian, 88632 Kota Kinabalu ** Research Officer (Breeder), Agriculture Research Centre Tuaran,P.O Box 3, 89207 Tuaran *** Principal Assistant Director, Agriculture Research Centre Tuaran, P.O Box 3, 89207 Tuaran **** Principal Assistant Director, Paddy Section, Department of Agriculture Sabah, Ibu Pejabat Jabatan Pertanian, Wisma Pertanian, 88632 Kota Kinabalu 1 1. INTRODUCTION Agriculture has traditionally formed the backbone of Sabah’s economy, employing approximately 33 percent of the population and contributing around 21 percent to gross domestic product (GDP). The sector remains dominated by oil palm, rubber, coconut and food crop inclusive of rice. The contribution of the food crops is very much lower compared to the industrial crops sector in term of the state’s GDP. The rice industry in Sabah is still under-developed compared to Peninsular Malaysia. The area planted with rice has gradually decreased since the last 10 years due to several factors. Furthermore, 99% of suitable agriculture land in Sabah is already used for industrial crop production, namely oil palm, rubber, coconut and cocoa. The remaining area is for other crops including 41,600 ha for paddy cultivation. Conversion of rice production areas to other uses such as industrial, commercial and housing development is inevitable near the urban areas. Rice industry in Sabah has been given a special priority based on its importance as a strategic crop and a staple food commodity. Rice as a strategic crop is one of the highest subsidised and most regulated crop due to its social, political and economic importance in Sabah. The state government has always increased the effort and measures to boost domestic production aimed at raising the Self-Sufficiency Level (SSL) of rice in the state. The Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry (MAFI) strives to increase the production and productivity of the agro-food sector especially rice to meet its self-sufficiency level or SSL. Since the closure of the Sabah Paddy Board in 1981, the Department of Agriculture Sabah has been entrusted with the duties of overseeing the development of the paddy industry in the state. 2 2. CURRENT STATUS OF RICE INDUSTRY IN SABAH 2.1 Rice and paddy production Under the Sabah Agriculture Policy 2 (SAP2), the state government has set the target to achieve 60% SSL by the year 2010. However, the target of 60% SSL has not been achieved and had been declining from 40.97% in 2004 to 23.44% in 2013 due to various reasons. For the past 10 years, the area under rice cultivation has been declining from 42,975 ha in 2004 to 38,614 ha in 2013. The total production of paddy in 2013 is at an all time low of 116,079 t (equivalent to 73,130 t of rice) from 38,614 ha of planted areas. The main districts contributing to the production of rice in Sabah are Kota Belud (27%), Kota Marudu (15%), Keningau (8%) and 16 other districts. Kota Belud, which is known as the rice bowl of Sabah is the biggest rice producing area with approximately 10,000 ha and produces more than 33,000 tonnes of paddy. To meet the needs of Sabah’s growing population, rice import kept on increasing from 147,681 tonnes worth of RM 144,788 million in 2004 to 209,642 tonnes or worth of RM 333,900 million in 2013. Rice cultivated areas in Sabah are comprises of wetland and hill/dryland paddy areas. For the wetland rice cultivated areas are made up of three categories, namely K1, K2 and K3 as identified by the Department of Agriculture Sabah, with a total area of approximately 35,600 ha. Wetland rice growing areas classified as K1 are fully irrigated, where irrigation facilities and water are always available. K2 areas are equipped with irrigation facilities as in K1 but water is not always available and K3 areas are mainly dependent on rainfall and no irrigation facilities. Rice farmers in Sabah practise single-cropping as well as double cropping. K1 areas complete with irrigation facilities and water is widely double-cropped and using improved or high yielding varieties. Most farmers in this area are using certified seeds 3 which are produced by the Department of Agriculture Sabah. The yield potential of these varieties is about 7t/ha with 130-140 days maturation period. Single-cropping is found in K2 and K3 areas where water is insufficient and is planted during wet season with local rice varieties with a long maturation period normally more than 150 days. In 2013, a total of 38,614 hectares were planted with rice with an average yield of 3.01 t/ha which is equivalent to 73,130 tonnes of rice produced for local consumption. Figure 1: Paddy Production Area of K1, K2, and K3 Figure 2 : Paddy Production and Planted Area by Figure 3: Population, Rice Production, Districts, 2013 Import Value and SSL 4 2.2 POLICIES ON RICE PRODUCTION IN SABAH With the ending of the Third National Agriculture Policy (NAP3) in 2010, the National Agrofood Policy (NAP), 2011-2020 was formulated. The Policy is specific for the agrofood industry which is in line with the government’s efforts to ensure adequate supply of safe food to the people and to improve contribution to national income and agriculture entrepreneurs. The National Agriculture Policy, the National Agrofood Policy and the Sabah Agricultural Policy (SAP) are been commonly referred to as guidelines in preparing state policies and strategies to increase rice production in Sabah. The objectives and strategies stated in the National Agriculture Policy (NAP) and the Sabah Agricultural Policy (SAP) over the years have being successfully adopted. The primary objectives of both the SAP2 and NAP3 in increasing local food production are to ensure that the local population is able to access a reliable supply of affordable food, especially the major food commodities. 2.2.1 Sabah Agriculture Policy 2 (SAP2) The objective of SAP2 is “To maximize income through the optimal utilization of the resources in the sector so as to sustain and enhance their contribution to the state’s economic development and growth.” The specific objectives of SAP2 are: To transform the smallholders into a more commercial and dynamic sector; To increase the efficiency and the productivity of the agriculture sector; To increase the level of domestic food production; To accelerate the development and growth of local agro-based downstream processing and manufacturing industries; To promote globally competitive agriculture; Strengthening essential economic foundation and basic support services; and To adopt sustainable development. Under the SAP2, the state government has set the target to achieve 60% SSL in rice production by the year 2010. However the target of 60% SSL has not been achieved yet. Within the period of 10 years (1999-2010), SAP2 has accomplished some of the target and 5 parts of the important strategic direction will be continued in the SAP3 which will be ready by the end of 2015. The new of SAP3 will give more emphasis on increasing food security and income, strengthening productivity growth and competitiveness and also to ensure sustainability. 2.2.2 National Agriculture Policy 3 (NAP3) The objective of NAP3 is “To maximize income through the optimal utilization of resources in the sector. This include maximizing agriculture’s contribution to national income and export earning as well as maximizing income of producers. The specific objectives of NAP3 are: To enhance food security; To increase productivity and competitiveness of the sector; To deepen linkages with other sectors; To create new resource of growth for the sector; and To conserve and utilize natural resources on a sustainable basis. 2.2.3 National Agro-Food Policy (2011-2020) Under the National Agro-Food Policy, guidelines are provided and it emphasises on increasing domestic food production, optimizing the use of land resources, increasing agricultural income and encouraging active participation by the private sector in agriculture. Under the NAP, Strategies of Paddy and Rice Industry for 2011- 2020 were strengthen as the following strategies: Increase productivity and quality of paddy and rice; Increase the effectiveness of mechanization and automation; Intensify the use of paddy by-products; Strengthen management of rice stockpile; Restructure incentives and subsidies for paddy and rice; and Strengthen the management of paddy and rice institution. 6 3 WILL MALAYSIA ACHIEVE 100% SELF-SUFFICIENCY IN RICE? To what extent does Malaysia has to increase its rice production to meet the government’s target for full self-sufficiency in rice? The government’s decision to achieve 100% self-sufficiency in rice came about during the height of the world food crisis in June 2008, where Malaysia suddenly found itself to be incapable of guaranteeing sufficient rice supply for the nation in the following three months in mid 2008. Rice-exporting countries like Thailand, Vietnam, and India either banned or limited their rice exports during the food crisis. Thus, it was then realized that Malaysia had unexpectedly found no one from whom to buy rice. In other words, the food crisis exposed Malaysia’s persistent and increasing food insecurity problem. Malaysia could achieve 100% SSL in rice if all areas in Malaysia improve their yield and productive areas. The state policy on rice is to continuously improve the SSL through increasing productivity and increasing the areas being planted. The target of achieving 60% SSL is an ongoing challenge for the state in the production of rice.
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