DOCSLIB.ORG

Religious Persecution Is Wrong, Everywhere

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Religious Persecution Is Wrong, Everywhere B1 THE GRAND RAPIDS PRESS THURSDAY, MARCH 8, 2018 Representa- tives of the Women’s Ordination Conference stage a pro- test in June 2010 in front of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome. AP files Pope won’t support women in the priesthood, but here’s what he could do Editor’s note: The Conversation is an independent and nonprofit source of news, analysis and commentary from Pope Francis academic experts. is cheered by nuns " Boise State University upon his arrival at the On Tuesday, Pope Francis will complete his first five years Cathedral, as head of the Roman Catholic Church. Since his election, in Santiago, Pope Francis has engaged the estimated 1.2 billion Catholics Chile, on and innumerable non-Catholics worldwide with his frank, Jan. 16. The inclusive talk on issues as diverse as poverty and homosexu- expanded ality. In fact, many observers seem confused by the church’s duties of apparent willingness to reconsider traditions regarding nuns in the some contentious issues, such as divorce. 20th century However, Francis has drawn the line at extending full shows how priesthood to women. That door, Francis has repeatedly the role of said, “is closed.” women in As a scholar specializing in both the history of the Cath- the Catho- olic Church and gender studies, I believe Francis’ refusal lic Church comes from his unwillingness to challenge a foundational can change. Catholic doctrine known as “apostolic succession.” L’Osservatore Based on the Gospels of Mark and Luke, apostolic succes- Romano via sion specifies how the Catholic Church acquired its author- AP ity and its ability to save souls. God gave the power of sal- vation to Christ, who shared it with 12 male apostles. When the apostles chose their successors, the first bishops, they passed the power of salvation to those bishops through the sacrament of ordination. Through ordination, bishops have it does still exclude women from the priesthood by virtue church roles in the past, such as when, in 1900, it reversed its endowed priests with God’s authority up to the present day. of their sex. In its 1976 declaration, “Inter Insigniores,” the 600-year old mandate that nuns live and worship isolated The origins of apostolic succession can be traced to the church proclaimed its loyalty to the model left by Christ to behind convent walls. This made new and diverse forms of first centuries A.D. — a time when Christianity was illegal. his followers — in other words, apostolic succession. religious life and service possible for women. The church Jesus had left his followers with no obvious blueprint for any Since Christ was incarnated as male and all 12 original could alter its position on women again, critics argue. type of formal church or priesthood. Christians were, thus, apostles were male, the church declared that God meant Yet the field on which such battles are fought is far from free to worship in their own ways, trying not to get caught. for males alone to exercise the priesthood. The church, in level, and those on the side of apostolic succession have the other words, does not consider the extension of ordination upper hand. to women to be an issue of human rights but one of fulfilling Although Francis is unlikely to allow women into the This troubled Christian leaders such as Clement, a the divine will. priesthood, it is within reason that he could lead in ordain- first-century bishop of Rome, and Irenaeus, a second-cen- Many devout Catholics, including priests, disagree. Wom- ing women as deacons, as this would not necessarily violate tury bishop of Lyon. They believed it unlikely that such a en’s Ordination Conference and Women’s Ordination World- apostolic succession. Deacons — along with bishops and diversity of practices could lead to heaven. Jesus, they wide, two of the largest organizations advocating for wom- priests — are one of the three ordained “orders” of minis- wrote, must have left one true path to salvation. In the en’s ordination, count clerics, monks and nuns among ters in the Catholic Church. Deacons are not priests, but they absence of clear direction, they traced this one path through supporters. As Benedictine nun Joan Chittister charged, may preach, teach and lead in prayer and works of mercy. the apostles and their recognized successors, the bishops. “The Church that preaches the equality of women but does The diaconate is often a stage on the road to ordination to This became a pivotal development in early attempts to nothing to demonstrate it within its own structures … is … the priesthood for men. During the Vatican’s Synod on the organize a uniform Christian “church,” creating a formal dangerously close to repeating the theological errors that Family in 2015, Canadian Archbishop Paul-Andre Durocher clergy. Only ordained priests were authorized to celebrate underlay centuries of Church-sanctioned slavery.” of Quebec encouraged his colleagues to expand women’s the sacraments, a key source of God’s grace. opportunities for leadership, including ordination to the When and under what circumstances certain disciples diaconate, “to clearly show the world the equal dignity of were designated as the only “apostles,” numbered as 12 and These modern change-makers say the refusal to ordain women and men in the Church.” selected as all male is a subject of historical and theologi- women is not God’s intent, and neither scripturally justified Pope Benedict XVI suggested this almost a decade ago. cal debate. The church’s justifications for excluding women nor the original practice of the church. Durocher, like Benedict, was careful to clarify that deacons from apostolic succession have varied over centuries. They point to a body of scriptural, archaeological and his- are directed “not to priesthood, but to ministry.” While Fran- Before the 20th century, explanations for refusing women torical evidence that women served as priests, deaconesses cis has been firm in protecting doctrines such as apostolic a place in the hierarchy of apostolic succession ranged from and even bishops alongside Jesus and beyond. Indeed, repu- succession, this is a move he could legitimately make. women’s inherent sinfulness to their divinely created inferi- table evidence exists that it took centuries for male clerics to ority toGrand man. Rapids Press - 03/08/2018 Copygradually Reduced exclude to women 80% ffromrom theseoriginal positions to fit .letter page — Lisa McClain is a professor of history andPage gender : B01 studies at Although the church no longer supports such reasoning, The church has changed its position on women and Boise State University. Religious persecution is wrong, everywhere #! ! The Rev. Richard Killmer how to guarantee the rights of religious ping as they wish. It is wrong that people in minorities in Muslim majority countries. any nation of the world are prohibited from The Rev. Richard Killmer writes in this Muslim scholars, jurists, religious leaders worshipping and living out faith as they week’s Interfaith Insight from years of expe- and government officials approved the his- choose. rience in church administration and faith- toric Marrakesh Declaration on safeguard- “Today, there are unfortunate circum- based social action. He is an ordained Pres- ing the rights of religious minorities in stances for religious minorities in Mus- byterian minister who was one of the founders Muslim nations. Several Muslim majority lim majority countries,” said Shaykh Bin of the interfaith effort Shoulder to Shoulder, heads of Christian denominations and Jew- nations have codified the goals of the Mar- Bayyah, president of the Forum for Promot- which brought together Christian and Jewish ish organizations to come to Washington in rakesh Declaration. ing Peace. “For this reason, we put forth a organizations to work against anti-Muslim September to issue a statement, to begin to The declaration was motivated by the new contract with old roots that will respect bigotry. Following an active career in church develop common strategies and to hold a increased violence and persecution faced Christians and Jews under which they can leadership, he now lives in East Grand Rap- news conference to announce that anti-Mus- by religious minorities across the Muslim enjoy the freedom to practice their faiths.” ids and works with the Office of Social Justice lim bigotry was contrary to both faiths and world, particularly Christians and Jews in The Marrakesh and Washington declara- for the Christian Reformed Church on envi- to a nation that promised religious freedom. the Middle East. tions draw on traditional Islamic law assert- ronmental concerns. I am pleased to share That day in September inspired the cre- On the eve of the National Prayer Break- ing Islam requires the protection and full his reflections on this important issue: ending ation of Shoulder to Shoulder: Standing with fast in February, more than 400 Muslim, citizenship rights of religious minorities religious persecution wherever it occurs, and American Muslims; Upholding American Christian and Jewish clergy and scholars in Muslim nations. Organizers of the Alli- his report on progress that is being made in Values. The Washington-based organization came together in Washington as an Alliance ance of Virtue hope to encourage Muslim many parts of the world. has grown rapidly and is engaged in many of Virtue conference to declare that they nations to continue to adopt the Marrakesh — Douglas Kindschi, director of the communities throughout the nation. will protect and defend religious minorities declaration as formal Islamic law. It calls for Kaufman Interfaith Institute As we did our work, we received push- in their countries. American faith leaders, the “full protection for the rights and lib- back, including the sentiment that Muslims including more than 50 evangelical pastors, erties of all religious groups in a civilized Ending persecution and bigotry is just persecute Christians and Jews.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Universita' Degli Studi Di Padova the Creation of the Marrakesh
    Universita’ degli Studi di Padova Dipartimento di Studi Linguistici e Letterari Laurea Magistrale in Lingue moderne per la Comunicazione e la Cooperazione internazionale Classe LM38 The Creation of the Marrakesh Declaration and the Portrayal of Religious Minorities in the International Press Cunico Valeria mtr: 1159381 Relatrice: Prof.ssa Martini Cecilia - DiSSGeA Abstract In recent times religion minorities all over the world have been facing existential threats, which seriously compromise their social inclusion and the survival of their cultural heritage. In 2016, hundreds of Muslim and non-Muslim scholars and intellectuals met in Marrakesh to discuss about religion tolerance, interfaith dialogue and the treatment of religious minorities in predominantly Muslim countries. The gathering ended with the drafting of a new Declaration, which aims to restore the principles of the ancient Charter of Medina, to the benefit of all religious groups in the Middle East. This dissertation analyses the declaration of Marrakesh on both a linguistic and a legal level, providing information on why it was considered as an urgent necessity and defining possible predictions regarding its future implementations and its legal value in modern Arab societies. Finally, this thesis will analyse the relationship between religious minorities and the media, focusing on how smaller religious groups are perceived from the general public and how British and American newspapers deal with minorities representations and challenges. Contents Introduction 1 1 The Marrakesh Declaration of 2016 5 1.1 The inspiration behind the Declaration of Marrakesh . 12 1.1.1 Ancient documents on Religious Minorities . 12 1.1.2 Modern documents on Religious Minorities . 16 1.2 The Future of the Declaration .
    [Show full text]
  • An O Ve Rv Iew 10 Points on Religious Persecution
    PM GLYNN INSTITUTE An overview 10 points on Religious Persecution CRICOS registered provider: 00004G Religious freedom: a question of survival “In the Central African Republic, religious Many instances of religious persecution freedom is not a concept; it is a question have been underreported or neglected of survival. The idea is not whether one completely, especially in Western media. is more or less comfortable with the 10 points on Religious Persecution is ideological foundations underpinning intended to draw attention to the issue religious freedom; rather, the issue is and raise awareness on the plight faced how to avoid a bloodbath!” For Cardinal by many, most often minority religious Dieudonné Nzapalainga, the Archbishop groups. of Bangui in the Central African Republic, At a time when advocacy for minority this is a sad and harsh reality; a reality that groups is increasing, it would be is faced by millions of people on a global encouraging to see similar support for scale today. religious minority groups who face When religious freedom is undervalued, persecution because of their faith and ignored, discouraged or targeted, religious beliefs. persecution sometimes follows. Current views on the importance and relevance of religious freedom as a human right are varied and complex, however what can be agreed upon is that persecution is never the right course of action, regardless of the reason. Cover image: Original iron cross from the grave of St. Mary MacKillop 1909, late-19th century, iron and timber. Australian Catholic University Art Collection Overleaf: John Coburn, The First Day: The Spirit of of God brooded over the waters, 1977.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Implications of Shi'a Revival in Iraq
    Vali Nasr Regional Implications of Shi‘a Revival in Iraq Since regime change disenfranchised the Sunni minority leader- ship that had ruled Iraq since the country’s independence in 1932 and em- powered the Shi‘a majority, the Shi‘a-Sunni competition for power has emerged as the single greatest determinant of peace and stability in post-Saddam Iraq. Iraq’s sectarian pains are all the more complex because reverberations of Shi‘a empowerment will inevitably extend beyond Iraq’s borders, involv- ing the broader region from Lebanon to Pakistan. The change in the sectar- ian balance of power is likely to have a far more immediate and powerful impact on politics in the greater Middle East than any potential example of a moderate and progressive government in Baghdad. The change in the sec- tarian balance of power will shape public perception of U.S. policies in Iraq as well as the long-standing balance of power between the Shi‘a and Sunnis that sets the foundation of politics from Lebanon to Pakistan. U.S. interests in the greater Middle East are now closely tied to the risks and opportunities that will emanate from the Shi‘a revival in Iraq. The competition for power between the Shi‘a and Sunnis is neither a new development nor one limited to Iraq. In fact, it has shaped alliances and de- termined how various actors have defined and pursued their interests in the region for the past three decades. Often overlooked in political analyses of greater Middle Eastern politics, this competition is key to grasping how cur- rent developments in Iraq will shape this region in years to come.
    [Show full text]
  • IRFA (International Religious Freedom Act)
    REFUGEE, ASYLUM, AND INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS DIRECTORATE (RAIO) RAIO DIRECTORATE – OFFICER TRAINING RAIO Combined Training Program INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM ACT (IRFA) AND RELIGIOUS PERSECUTION TRAINING MODULE DATE (see schedule of revisions): 12/20/2019 International Religious Freedom Act (IRFA) and Religious Persecution This Page Left Blank Intentionally , USCIS: RAIO Directorate – Officer Training DATE (see schedule of changes): 12/20/2019 RAIO Combined Training Program Page 2 of 49 International Religious Freedom Act (IRFA) and Religious Persecution RAIO Directorate – Officer Training / RAIO Combined Training Program INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM ACT (IRFA) AND RELIGIOUS PERSECUTION Training Module MODULE DESCRIPTION: This module introduces you to the International Religious Freedom Act (IRFA) and the responsibilities that the Act creates for adjudicating protection claims. The training you receive will also be useful in adjudicating immigration benefits, petitions, and other immigration-related requests. Through reading and discussing country conditions information, you will increase your awareness of religious freedom issues around the world. Through discussion and practical exercises, you will learn how to conduct an interview and adjudicate a claim with a religious freedom issue. TERMINAL PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE(S) Given a request for protection (an asylum or refugee application, or a reasonable fear or credible fear screening1) with a religious freedom issue, you will apply IRFA and case law.0) ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Summarize the IRFA requirements for RAIO officers. 2. Explain the statutory and regulatory requirements for consideration of protection claims and benefits requests involving religious freedom and religious persecution. 3. Summarize legal rulings that must be followed or that provide guidance when making decisions based on religious freedom or religious persecution.
    [Show full text]
  • Liberty University the Religious Persecution of Christians a Thesis
    Liberty University The Religious Persecution of Christians A Thesis Project Report Submitted to The Faculty of the School of Divinity In Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Ministry Department of Christian Leadership and Church Ministries By Novella L. Crudup Lynchburg, Virginia November 2018 Copyright Page Copy © 2018 by Novella L. Crudup All rights reserved iii Liberty University School of Divinity Thesis Project Approval Sheet ________________________________ Dr. Adam McClendon, Mentor _________________________________ Dr. Micheal Pardue, Reader iv THE DOCTOR OF MINISTRY THESIS PROJECT ABSTRACT Novella L. Crudup Liberty University School of Divinity, 2018 Mentor: Dr. Adam McClendon The thesis project addressed the religious persecution of Christians in Kenya, East Africa, and the United States. The problem is that Christians deny Christ to avoid persecution. There is a need for a proposed solution that emphasizes the need to believe that persecution is a reality, and that every believer should anticipate and prepare for it. Furthermore, the proposed solution should emphasize that God has a purpose for allowing Christians to face persecution. The methodology used for this project was qualitative analysis. The researcher applied the content analysis approach towards interpreting the data that was collected from thirty-one participants completing the questionnaire. The content analysis approach revealed five themes instrumental in developing a proposed solution to the problem. The proposed solution is intended to encourage Christians to have a proper mindset related to God’s Word, recognize the importance of spiritual growth, and maintain a focus on eternal rewards. The proposed solution will help Christians maintain a focus on God before, during, and after periods of persecution.
    [Show full text]
  • Jewish Persecutions and Weather Shocks: 1100-1800⇤
    Jewish Persecutions and Weather Shocks: 1100-1800⇤ § Robert Warren Anderson† Noel D. Johnson‡ Mark Koyama University of Michigan, Dearborn George Mason University George Mason University This Version: 30 December, 2013 Abstract What factors caused the persecution of minorities in medieval and early modern Europe? We build amodelthatpredictsthatminoritycommunitiesweremorelikelytobeexpropriatedinthewake of negative income shocks. Using panel data consisting of 1,366 city-level persecutions of Jews from 936 European cities between 1100 and 1800, we test whether persecutions were more likely in colder growing seasons. A one standard deviation decrease in average growing season temperature increased the probability of a persecution between one-half and one percentage points (relative to a baseline probability of two percent). This effect was strongest in regions with poor soil quality or located within weak states. We argue that long-run decline in violence against Jews between 1500 and 1800 is partly attributable to increases in fiscal and legal capacity across many European states. Key words: Political Economy; State Capacity; Expulsions; Jewish History; Climate JEL classification: N33; N43; Z12; J15; N53 ⇤We are grateful to Megan Teague and Michael Szpindor Watson for research assistance. We benefited from comments from Ran Abramitzky, Daron Acemoglu, Dean Phillip Bell, Pete Boettke, Tyler Cowen, Carmel Chiswick, Melissa Dell, Dan Bogart, Markus Eberhart, James Fenske, Joe Ferrie, Raphäel Franck, Avner Greif, Philip Hoffman, Larry Iannaccone, Remi Jedwab, Garett Jones, James Kai-sing Kung, Pete Leeson, Yannay Spitzer, Stelios Michalopoulos, Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, Naomi Lamoreaux, Jason Long, David Mitch, Joel Mokyr, Johanna Mollerstrom, Robin Mundill, Steven Nafziger, Jared Rubin, Gail Triner, John Wallis, Eugene White, Larry White, and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya.
    [Show full text]
  • Plan of Action to Safeguard Religious Sites: in Unity and Solidarity for Safe and Peaceful Worship
    Plan of Action to Safeguard Religious Sites: In Unity and Solidarity for Safe and Peaceful Worship 1 Plan of Action to Safeguard Religious Sites: In Unity and Solidarity for Safe and Peaceful Worship The United Nations Plan of Action to Safeguard Religious Sites: In Unity and Solidarity for Safe and Peaceful Worship “Rings of Peace” 2 Plan of Action to Safeguard Religious Sites: In Unity and Solidarity for Safe and Peaceful Worship FOREWORD Our world has witnessed a tragic surge in anti-Semitism, anti-Muslim hatred, attacks on Christians and violence targeting members of other faiths and traditions. In recent months alone, we have seen Jews murdered in synagogues, their gravestones defaced with swastikas; Muslims gunned down in mosques, their religious sites vandalized; Christians killed at prayer, their churches torched. In the face of these unspeakable tragedies, we have also been deeply moved by extraordinary displays of support, love and solidarity from religious communities across the globe for the victims of such attacks. People everywhere must be allowed to observe and practice their faith in peace, as affirmed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Religious sites and all places of worship and contemplation should be safe havens, not sites of terror or bloodshed. For all these reasons, I asked the High Representative for the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations to develop a Plan of Action for the organization to be fully engaged in support of safeguarding religious sites. The Plan was informed by significant outreach with a wide variety of actors -- including governments, religious leaders, faith-based organizations, civil society, young women and men, local communities, traditional and social media, and the private sector.
    [Show full text]
  • Athe Complexity of Religious Persecution@
    The Complexity of Religion in Determining Refugee Status T. Jeremy Gunn Emory University, USA This paper was prepared as a background paper for an expert discussion on religion organized as part of the follow-up to the Agenda for Protection. The views expressed in this paper are not necessarily those of UNHCR. The paper is available online at http://www.unhcr.org/protect. “The Complexity of Religion in Determining Refugee Status” Roundtable on Religion-Based Refugee Claims United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and Church World Service by T. Jeremy Gunn 8 a revised version of this paper will be published in a forthcoming issue of the Harvard Human Rights Journal October 24, 2002 Introduction....................................................................................................................................3 I. Understanding (rather than defining) Religion...........................................................................5 A. The understandable search for a legal definition ..........................................................6 B. Difficulties in the legal definition of religion ...............................................................8 1. Characteristics of definitions of religion ...........................................................8 a. Assumptions about the underlying nature of religion............................8 b. Types of definition: essentialist or polythetic ........................................8 2. Typical shortcomings in legal definitions of religion......................................10
    [Show full text]
  • Public Opinion on the Religious Authority of the Moroccan King
    ISSUE BRIEF 05.14.19 Public Opinion on the Religious Authority of the Moroccan King Annelle Sheline, Ph.D., Zwan Postdoctoral Fellow, Rice University’s Baker Institute rationalism, and the Sufi tradition of Imam INTRODUCTION Junayd.1 According to the government Morocco has worked to establish itself as narrative, these constitute a specifically a bulwark against religious extremism Moroccan form of Islam that inoculates the in recent years: the government trains kingdom against extremism. One of the women to serve as religious guides, or most significant components of Moroccan “mourchidates,” to counteract violent Islam is the figure of the Commander of the messaging; since launching in 2015, the Faithful or “Amir al-Mu’mineen,” a status Imam Training Center has received hundreds held by the Moroccan king, who claims of imams from Europe and Africa to study descent from the Prophet Mohammad. The Moroccan Islam; in 2016, in response to figure of the Commander of the Faithful is ISIS atrocities against Yazidis, the king of unique to Morocco; no other contemporary 2 Morocco gathered esteemed Muslim leaders Muslim head of state holds a similar title. to release The Marrakesh Declaration on Morocco’s efforts to counteract the rights that Islam guarantees to non- extremist forms of Islam, and military Muslims. Such initiatives have contributed partnership with the U.S. and EU, have to Morocco’s international reputation as a cemented the kingdom’s reputation as a bastion of religious tolerance under state key ally in combatting terrorism. Yet while stewardship of religion. Mohammed VI’s role as a religious figure But to what extent do Moroccans view is frequently noted in media coverage, such state leadership in religion favorably, few studies have sought to evaluate or see head of state King Mohammed VI as whether Moroccan citizens trust their king To what extent do 3 a source of religious authority? According as an authority on religious matters.
    [Show full text]
  • The Battle for China's Spirit
    A Freedom House Special Report February 2017 The Battle for China’s Spirit Religious Revival, Repression, and Resistance under Xi Jinping CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 Overview 3 Evolving Mechanisms of Religious 12 Control and Persecution Chart: Key Religious Controls 18 Map: Religious Persecution by Province 19 I. Chinese Buddhism and Taoism 20 II. Christianity 22 III. Islam 24 IV. Tibetan Buddhism 26 V. Falun Gong 28 Recommendations 30 ABOUT THE AUTHOR Sarah Cook, senior research analyst for East Asia at Freedom House, served as project director and author of this report. She directs the China Media Bulletin, a monthly digest in English and Chinese providing news and analysis on media freedom developments related to China. She is also the author of two previous Freedom House special reports: The Politburo’s Predicament: Confronting the Limitations of Chinese Communist Party Repression (2015) and The Long Shadow of Chinese Censorship: How the Communist Party’s Media Restrictions Affect News Outlets Around the World (2013). RESEARCH, EDITORIAL, AND ADVISORY TEAM ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Five experts on religious communities in China (three This report was made possible by the generous support of doctoral candidates, an independent researcher, and a the Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation. Special thanks to journalist) provided research support for the report’s five Arch Puddington, Daniel Calingaert, and Robert Ruby for chapters, but wished to remain anonymous. Tyler Roylance their comments and feedback. Gerry Fey served as graphic (staff editor), Annie Boyajian (advocacy manager), and in- designer. terns Bochen Han and Cathy Zhang provided editorial and research assistance. Three China scholars who wished to ON THE COVER remain anonymous served as academic advisers.
    [Show full text]
  • VII. Interactions with the World C. Anti-Catholicism A. the Know-Nothing Era 391
    VII. Interactions with the World C. Anti-Catholicism a. The Know-Nothing Era 391. Editorial, The Catholic Telegraph and Advocate, April 9, 1853 (1) The Late Election. On Monday last an election for municipal officers took place in this city, which resulted in the success of the Democratic-convention nominations, with only a few exceptions. Not only throughout the State of Ohio has the excitement attending this election been known, but papers at the most distant points of the country, have indulged on commentaries in no way complimentary to the Catholics. Now be it known to all to whom these presents shall come, that all the Catholics did was to petition the legislature to amend the school laws, so that Catholic children could attend the schools without sacrifice of the rights of conscience!! This was all our guilt, and we have been repaid by such a deluge of Protestant abuse, misrepresentations and calumny, that we firmly believe the like was never known before in the United States. Editors, preachers, fanatics, loafers, panacea vendors, and quack doctors kept up an assault of such a universal character, that all sorts of style were used at once, all sorts of filth projected against us, all sorts of lies invented, all sorts of insults heaped upon our heads, until it seemed as if the Devil himself was for once exhausted and malignity could do no more. The election day came and the authors of all this insane bigotry and abuse were swept like dust before the power of he people. 392. Editorial, The Catholic Telegraph and Advocate, April 9, 1853 (2) The Source of It.
    [Show full text]
  • How England Was Prepared for Persecution and Defended from Martyrdom
    University of Louisville ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository Electronic Theses and Dissertations 5-2005 The Marian and Elizabethan persecutions : how England was prepared for persecution and defended from martyrdom. Mitchell Scott University of Louisville Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd Recommended Citation Scott, Mitchell, "The Marian and Elizabethan persecutions : how England was prepared for persecution and defended from martyrdom." (2005). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1289. https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/1289 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has retained all other copyrights. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE MARIAN AND ELIZABTHAN PERSECUTIONS: HOW ENGLAND WAS PREPARED FOR PERSECUTION AND DEFENDED FROM MARTYRDOM By Mitchell Scott B.A., Murray State, 2002 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Louisville in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Arts Department of History University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky May 2005 THE MARIAN AND ELIZABETHAN PERSECUTIONS: HOW ENGLAND WAS PREPARED FOR PERSECUTION AND DEFENDED FROM MARTYRDOM By Mitchell Scott B.A., Murray State University, 2002 A Thesis Approved on April 25, 2005 By the following Thesis Thesis Director ii ABSTARCT THE MARIAN AND ELIZABTHAN PERSECUTIONS: HOW ENGLAND WAS PREPARED FOR PERSECUTION AND DEFENDED FROM MARTYRDOM Mitchell Scott April 25, 2005 This thesis is an historical examination of the Marian and Elizabethan persecutions, with special emphasis paid to the martyrologies and the anti-maryrologies of each queen.
    [Show full text]