A JOURNAL OF INFORMATION. ART. CHEMISTRY MANUFACTURES. WEEKTJY PRACTICAL SCIENCE. MECHANICS. AND Vol. XLIV.-No. 5. �"lIntlm. [NEW SERIES.] "] NEW YORK, JANUARY 29,1881. [:;l3e20[POSTAGEper PREPAID. 1

AN IMPROVED MOUNTAIN RAILWAY SYSTEM. places. A distinguished engineer, M. L. Edoux, has can· I render it interesting to our readers. The illustrations have The construction, maintenance" and operation SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN of moun· ceived a project which is based upon the application of a been specially arranged for the from tain railways have long occupied the attention of engineers. system of hydraulic elevators to the lifting of cars to any I tbe author's plans. elevations, and sectional views. Many methods of climbing steep inclines Bod of rounding heigh t. This system may be applied to great advantage, I The particular railway under consideration is intended to curves of small radius have been proposed, and several of when an abundance of water under bigh pressure is avail- establish communication between Cauterets and the haths of these methods have been reduced to actual practice. The able. These conditions will be frequently met in a moun- La Raill.ere,France. Cauterets is situated in a narrow valley, systems of Fell and Riggenbach are very well known, and tainous country. Although this project has not yet been at an elevation of more than 900 meters. It is a noted water· the ancient system of rope tramways is in use iu many realized it seems to possess sufficient merit and novelty to [Continued page 66.] I on

IMPROVED SYSTEM FOR MOUNTAIN RAILWAYS.

© 1881 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC titutifit !mttitIU. J [JANUARY 29, 1881. THE TENDENCY OF RECENT COURT DECISIONS WITH by the United States Supreme Court, in the case of the REGARD TO REISSUED PATENTS. Swain Turbine and Manufacturing Company, appellant, VB. Tbe patent laws provide tor the reissue and correction of Ladd. This was another instance of expanded claim� in a ESTABLISHED �845. patents when tbe original is inoperative or invalid by reason reissued patent. The original specitlcation was as perfect, of a defective or insufficient specification, or by reason of the so far as it went, as the new one, the preteuded correc­ MUNN & CO., Editors and Proprietors. patentee claiming as his invention or discovery more than tions having been introduced to widen the scope of the he had a right to claim as new, provided it is shown that the patent to give its owners a large and valuable monoiJoly of PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT error arose from inadvertence, accident, or mistake, with· an important class of waterwheels. In the Circuit Court of NO. 87 PARK ROW, NEW YORK. out any fraudulent or deceptive intetltion ou the part of the the United States for the District of Massachusetts, the patentee. claims of the reissued letters patent had been restricted to D. A. O. MUNN. E. BEACH. The matter to be introduced into the amended specification the distinct limitation of the invention in the original patent, is limited strictly to such as was clearly indicated, described, and that decision was sustained by the Supreme Conrt. In 'rEKMS FOR 'I'HE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. or suggested in the original specification, drawings, or model, the opinion of the court, delivered by Mr. Jnstice Bradley, postage .... . One copy. one included ...... 53 20 . . . . . and duch as might have been lawfully claimed, but was not, it was pointed out that" the mistake of the patentee or his One copy, six months, postage included ...... 1 60 SCIENTTFIO AMERICAN assignees seems to have been in supposing that he was en- Chlb •• -oneextra copy of THE will be supplied for the reasons mentioned. gratis for every Club of fivesubscribers at $3.20 each: additional copies at same proportionate rate. Po�ta,ge prepaid. The practice of the Patent Office has been less exacting on titled to have inserted in a reissued patent all that he might Remit by postal order. Address this point than the rules prescribe, so tl.::tt in many cases tbe have applied for and bad inserted in his original patent. CO., York. )lUNN & 37 Park Row. New reissue specifications have contained substalllially new mat- The appellants produced on the argu ment exhibits tending The Scientific Alllerican Supplelllent ter; sometimes matter which the patentee migut lawfully to show that the patentee before obtaining his original patent Is a distinct paper from the SCIE>lTIE'lC A'fEHlCAX. '[,HE SUPPLEMENT have inserted and claimed originally, but failed to. through had made and done all those things which are embraced in Is if!!S 2d weekly. �Jvery number contains 16 octavo pages, uniform in sjze U ignorance or oversight, and sometimes matter which had or covered by the reissued patl'nt. If this were true it SCIENTIFIC SUPllLEMI

© 1881 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC JANUARY 29, 1881.] $ titufifit �tutritau. when burned. The presence ·of much magnesia seems to Atlantic and the efficient condition of her machinery on I The most reliable form of self· registering thermometer arrival here ought to remove all doubt as to the practicability is an upright mercurial thermometer behind which is , have in all cases an injurious effect ; all excellent hydraulic of the system. passed by clockwork a strip of sensitized paper. In front I lime contains very little magnesia. ,. 4 • 1 .. of it is placed a light of sufficient actinic power to blacken Erdmenger, who has studied the constitution of Portland THERMOMETERS. the paper above the mercury column. This gives not ,I cement very carefully, concludes that it is not a definite The word thermometer means a heat· measure, hence any merely the maxima and minima but all variations of tempe- : chemical compound. He considers it rather as water glass, instrument employed to measure heat should be called rature. in which the alkali is replaced by lime. I thermometer. When very high temperatures are to be combining' A consideration of the use of Portland cement in the manu­ a I Metallic thermometers may be constructed by I of stone would exceed the limits of onr measured, the instruments employed are called pyrometers, I two metals which expand unequally into a spiral, which i facture artificial or measures of fire. Tpermometers do not, of course, mea- winds up when heated and unwinds when cooled. One present article. H. sure tlle quantity of heat in a body, but only tell us tlle end of the spiral being attached to an index which passes I • 4 • 1 • relative temperature. There are several forms of thermo- along a graduated arc, the slight motions are magnified N A GRANT AS l'RESIDENT OF THE WORLD'S FAIR 1 GE ER L me ers, all based upon the principle that " heat expands, so as to be distinctly visible. It is graduated by compa- COMMISSION. � I WhIle cold contracts." Some substances expand unequally rison with a good mercurial thermometer. General Ulysses S. Grant was chosen permanent President for a equal increments of temperature, others expand so , For measurillg Rlight changes in temperature thermo- oIthe World's Fair Commission, at a meeting of the Com­ slightly that they fail to indicate small changes of tempera- ,I. . electric pile, connected with a galvanometer needle, is em- missioners held in this city January 13. It was announced ture c applicable within very narrow limits ; both are unfitted for thermometers. It is believed· ploy d. This is only that he had consented to serve. that air expands equally for equal changes of temperature, and requires great care to obtain satisfactory results. General Grant's ability as an executive officeris known the d a an s this expansion is quite considerable Q-273d part for E. J. H. world over; and probably no other name would have carried each degree centigrade!, and as it does not become either Ii • 4 • , .. ' so much influenceat home and abroad. With a lpader so liq id or solid under ur inary pressure, at any temperature I HYDRAULIC MORTARS AND CEMENTS. � . well known, popular, and capable, the Commission sllould whIch we can produce, �It IS the substance employed for the if' <:-' Certain limestones, which contain upward of 10 per cent be able to raise promptly all the money needed to secure at I of most accurate measurements of temperatUl'e. Any of the i silica, possess the property, when burned, forming a representing the I Inwood, in 1883, an exhibition worthily d'I ffi 1 tly condensible gases, oxygen, hydrogen, marsh gas, • which hardens under water. Such lime- . Cll cement or mortar progress of the world since 1876. mIgh t e b empI oyed instead of air, but with no advantage,I stone is called hydraulic lime, and the mortar is .4.1. and with much inconvenience in their manufacture. I called hydraulic mortar. This stone, before bUl'lling, SOLAR CLOUDS AND SUN Sl'OTS. Next to air, the best material we have is mercury, which- consists of a mixture of carbonate of lime and silica, or a Some recent stu die" of solar spectra in connection with expands ery ev nly, does not;.fre eze readily, and boils at a I silicate, chiefly silicate of alumina. The latter is insoluble � ? sun spots and other features of the sun's envelope have led comparatIvely hIgh temperature. For temperatures below i in hydrochloric acid, hence remains undissolved when the Mr. Charles S. Hastings, of the John� Hopkins University, _400 alcohol is generally cmployed, although it is claimed stone is treated with this acid, but in burning this silicate is . to form a somewhat novel tbeory of the i'lln's constitution that glycenne could be used. For temperatures above 3000 ,fluxed by the alkaline carbonates and becomes soluble in and the conditions producing the more notable phenomena C. air thermometers alone are admissible; and for very high acid, the carbonic acid being expelled. When common lime . I familiar to "olar students. temperatures, where glass begms to soften, they are made of I is slaked it swells enormously and develops a great deal of I Mr. Hastings finds, contrary to the received opinion, that "platinum. heat ; this is not the case in slaking hydraulic lime, wllich the spectra of the center and the outer edge of the sun's disk The mercury thermometer, being the one usually em- absorbs water whhout any considerable increase of tempera­ are not precisely alike, though the differences are so minute ployed in the arts, in meteorology, in medicine, and in other ture of volume. as to escape all but the most perfect instruments and all sciences, a few words in regard to the manner of making If ordinary lime be mixed with a s·'litable quantity of silica methods which do not place them in close juxtaposition. one may be of interest. A glass tube with a very fine bore or sand, an artificial hydraulic morlar is obtained, to which Certain of the Fraunhofer lines, the thickest and darkest in has a suitable bulb, of any desired form, blown upon one we apply the nnme of cement_ These cements mavbe either end. At the other md ty b? bul blown the spectrum, notably those of hydrogen, magnesium, and m� � b of larger size, natural or artificial. The former are found in v�lcanic reo � . sodium, which appear with a haze on either side in the spec· merely for convelllence III fillIng. NeIther bulb can be gions, having been produced by the terrestrial heat. Pozzuo­ I trum of the center of the solar disk, arf sharp and distinct blown with the mouth, but with a bellows, containing pure, lana, found at Pozzuoli, near Naples, is a natural cement of in the spectmm of tlle limb. Certain very fine lines are ry air. A sma! capsule is filled with pare mercury, which the folluwing composition : Silica, 44-5 ; alumina, 150;· lime, stronger at the limb, while other very fine lines are stronger ?IS lIeated to bOlllllg! to expel both air and moisture. While 8'8; magnesia, 4·7 ; oxide of iron, 12'0 (with oxide of tita­ at the center. The ordinarily accepted theory of the solar still hot the second or temporary bulb is warmed to expel a nium); potash and soda, 5'5 ; �ater, 9·3; total, 100'8. constitution and the origin of the Fraunhofer lines fails to portion of the ail' therein; the open end is placed in the mer- The quantity of lime is, however, so small that it requires explain these phenomena. The probable reasons for this cury, which ascends into t.he bulb because the air contracts to be mixed with ordinary lime to form hydraulic mortar. failure �rr. Hastings discusses at considerable length in the on coolin . WlIen a suffici:ut quantity of the hot mercury It was employed in combina tion with an equal quantity of � . January issue of the American Journal of Science, and then bas been Introduced mto tIns bulh, the tube and the other lime in building t lle Eddystone Lighthouse. proceeds to frame a theory of the sun's constitution, which, bulb are heated to expel a part of the air, and some of the Artificialeeme nt,also called "Roman cement," because it is he think�, will satisfactorily explain all t.he observed phe­ mercury, which must always be kept hot to prevent its not made in Rome, has been manufactured in England the 011 nomena. The limit of our space forbids more than the brief­ chilling and thus breaking the hot glass, enters the real bulb. Thames and in the Isles of Wight and Sheppey since 1796. est summary of his conclusions. By repeating the operation the bulb and stem are completely It is made by burning the calcareous nodules which overlie His theory differsfrom that of Faye chiefly in localizing filled with mercury, which is then boiled to expel every the chalk in that country. A sample analyzed by Michael is the phenomena of precipitation instead of regarding it as trace of air. The tube is now drawn out close beneath the contained : lime, 58'38; magnesia, 5; silica, 28·83; alum­ proper to all portions of the photosphere, and ill supposing auxiliary bulb to a fine t.bread and cut off; the thermometer ina, 6'40 ; oxide iron, 4'80. When mixed with water it the precipitation confined to one or two elements. He at­ is placed in a bath heated a few degrees higher than the hardens in fifteen or twenty minutes, and possesses great highest temperature which the thermometer is to show ; the firmness and strength. tributes the granular appearance of the solar �mrface to as cending currents directed generally from the center of the excess of �ercury flows out, and the point is closed with a Portlaud cement was patented in England by Joseph Asp­ fineblowpIpe flame. As the mercury contracts on cooling din in 1824. He took thc limestone of Leeds, pulverized and sun. About these currents are necessarily currents in an opposite direction, which serve to maintain general equi. it leaves a perfect vacuum above it. burned it, then mixed it with water and an equal weight of a librium in tlle distribution of mass. The ascending currents The graduation is effected by puttingit into ice or snow, clay to a plastic mass. When dry this was broken up and start from a level where the temperature is probably above then in the steam from boiling water, marking each of these burned again until all the carbonic acid was all expelled. It the vaporizing temperature of every substance. As they points, dividing the space between into 100 parts if it is to was then pulverized and was ready for use. Pasley made H move upward the vapors are cooled, mainly by expansion, have a Celsius or centigrade scale, into 80 if a Reaumur, or from chalk or limestone with Medway River clay, which until a certain element (probably of the carbon group) is if a Fahrenheit. This graduation is carried on in eacb contains salt. Pettenkofer suggests that cement is improved . preCIpitated. This precipitation, restricted from the nature dlrectlOn1�() to the end of thc stem. On the Fahrenheit scale hy soaking the clay in salt water. of the action, forms the granules. The precipitated material h freezing point is marked 32, on e�ch of the other scales Portland cement is now made, says Wagner, by making ! � rapidly cools, on account of its great radiating power, and It IS marked zero brick8 of au intimate mixture of limestone and clay, drying : . forms a fog or smoke, which settles through the spaces be­ Absolute zero IS a term apphed to a temperature 2730 be- them in the air and burning them in a tall shaft furnace tween the granules till revolatilized below. It is this smoke low zer( o the centig de scale, or -460° Fah. If we take from 4,5 to 100 feet, 12 feet in diameter, with a strong grate � � J:a which produces the general absorption at the sun's limb, 2�3 CUbIC lllches of all', or any gas, measured at 0' C., it 4 feet from the bottom. It is charged with alternate layers and the " rice grain" structure of the photosphere. The wIll become 274 at +1° C., or 283 at +10° C., or 3'73 at of coal and cement stone. The properties of the cement are reasons for supposing the precipitated element to be of the +100° C., an at -10° O. it is only 263, at _40° it is only largely dependent on tlle temperature employed in burning; . carbon group (carbon or silicon) is simply that no other sub­ 233, and at thIS� rate It should become only 1 cubic inch at a white heat is best, but if the temperature is too high it will stances present the properties indicated by the cloud masses -272°, and at minus 273' it should occupy no space at all, no longer ullite with water, and may cven be melted to a of the photosphere. It is pretty clear that the substance has or at least not be a gas any longer. As this temperature is glass. If the temperatUl'e does not exceed a red heat it a boiling point above that of iron, for iron vapor at a lower not yet attainable, we cannot positively assert that such unites readily with water and gets hot, like ordinary lime, temperature exists in its immediate nE'ighborhood. The would really be the case. but possesseB very little strength. The color changes with . element is not rare one, and its molecular weight cannot Maxlmum thermometers are made by placing a little float the burning and forms a criterion for judging thc quality. a . be great, for though precipitated below the upper natural of steel upon the mercury, and the thermometer placed hori- In normal condition it forms a gray, sharp powder, with a limit of its vapor there are few elements found in abundance zontally or nearly so. As the mercury expands it pushes shade of green, but not- glassy. above it, and those in genen.ll of low vapor density. It is along the float, which does not, however, follow the mer- The manufacture of Portland cement is now carried on in possible that the light coming from the sun is radiated from c ry when it contracts; hence we are able to ascertain the every part of the world where limestone and clay are to be � solid or liquid particles of carbop just at the point of vapor· Inghest temperature reached during any given interval. To found. In order to obtain a good cement, not only must the ization; but Mr. Hastings is rather inclined to suspect reset the thermometer it is raiscd to a vertical position and proper heat be employed in burning, but the proper propor­ tllat the photospheric material is silicon. There is also good a slight tap given t it, which causes the float to drop down tion of clay, usually 25 per ccnt, mu t be used , and the clay � s reason to suppose, he thinks, that carbon is precipitated at a on th: mercury agam. must have certain propertIes, such as a large proportion of higher level, possibly along with the less common element A SImple and more accurate form of maximum thermo- silica, must be very tinely divided, and must be very inti­ boron. meter, employed by Bunsen in measuring the temperature of mately mixed with the limestone. Analyses of Portland The clouds of carbon or other smoke would naturally be the Geysers, consisted of an ungraduated thermometer open cement from various sources show the percentage of lime to drifted into spaces of downward flowing c1ll'rents, thus form· �t the top, :uch as could easily be made by a person of but vary from 55 to 62 ; silica, 23 to 25; alumina, 5 to 9; oxide ing sun spots, the characteristics of which are readily ac· httl expel'lence. When placed in the spring, of co urse, a of iron, 2 to 6; soda and potash, usually less than 1 per � counted for by the necessary behavior of smoke clouds sink· pOl·tlOn of the mercury would flow out and escape. At any cent. ing into regions of higher temperature. This explanatIOn subsequent time the thermometer could be placed in an oll A calcareous marl found near Rufstein forms a natural of sun spots and thf1r allied phenomena is certainly plausi­ bath beside a standard thermometer, and heated until the Portland cement on burning without any other admixture. ble, and we shall look with interest for what older stu mercury had entirely filledthe tube and was abont to flow The analysis shows that it contains 21'77 per cent of insolu­ dents of the sun shan have to say about it. over; at this moment the standa.rd thermometer is read, and ble· subs-tance containing 16 per cent of silica. The portion shows the temperature to which the other thermometer soluble in hydrochloric acid consists of 70·64 carbonate of had been exposed. The ordinary minimum thermometer lime; 1'02 carbonate of magnesia; oxide of iron, 2 '58 ; THE !dATANZAS INTERNATIONAL FAIR.-Mr. Benjamin contalOs alcohol instead of mercury, and the float is either alumina, 286. The�e figures lead us to expect that a marl Giberga, general agent for the United States of the ap of glass or of steel covered with enamel, so that it is containing from 20 to 25 per cent of insoluble matter, with proaclling Cuban World's Fair, announces that the opening drawn back by adhesion, but cannot be pnshed forward. 70 of carbonate of lime, will probably furnish a good cement day has been definitely fixed for February 10, 1881.

© 1881 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC 66 AN IMPROVED MOUNTAIN RAILWAY SYSTEM. tion of the chain comes into contact with tbe loose central The slotted cylinder has overlapping sliding piston plates [Continued fr om sprocket wheel the driven shaft, only the loose wheel is first page.] on provided at the ends with a pin and pivoted curved guide ing place, and during tbe season is filledwith numbers of revolved, the shaft remaining stationary; but when tbe bar fitting in an annular groove on the inside of the end invalids, who go there in search of health. The hot sul­ double portion of the chain engages the outer wheels, which pieces of the outer cylinder, which devices draw the piston phur springs for which this region is noted, are iocated at are fixed on the driven shaft, the shaft is revolved until the plates inward and outward, forming a piston of variable La Raillere, 125 meters higher up the mountain, and more double portion of tbe chain has passed over it, when it restll size as the shaft rotates. tban 915 meters distant. until engaged by another douhle portion. By means of this An improved machine for packing boned hams and shoul­ To travel over thlS fatiguing route, to go and return, often ingenious contrivance the driven shaft may be rotated either ders has been patented by Mr. William Hoefjen, of New twice in the same day, in the capricious weather of thc regularly or irregularly according to the relative proportion York city. The invention consists of a cylindrical recepta­

mountains and in the crowded omnibu�es, is uncomfortable of double and single chain. This movement should find a cle, the upper half of which is pivoted on its longitudinal and even dangerous for infirm persons. The waters cannot ready application in textile machinery, and in fact in all edge and is provided with a lever lock, by means of which be conveyed from La Rail- the lid can be gradually lere to Cauterets WIthout closed, compressing the meat modifying their temperature in the cylinder; the meat is and their chemical composi­ then further compressed by tion to which their therapeu­ closing the front of the cylin­ tic properties are due. It is, der by means of a suitable therefore, necessary to con­ disk and dri ving a piston for­ vey the sick to the springs ward, after which the disk at that they may receive the the front of the cylinder is full benefit of the watcr. removed, and an envelope of This railway has been pro­ suitable material is drawn jected for the purpose of con­ over the front of the cylinder, veying the bathers from Cau­ into this cnvelope the meat is terets to La Raillere rapidly forced by the piston. and comfortably. 1\. gate that may be opened All systems, with the ex­ by an approaching vehicle or ception of that of M. Edoux, by a person on horseback require the consumption of a without dismounting, and large amount of fuel, which closed in the same manner, in this region is very expen­ has been patented by ]tI l', sive. This inventor utilizes N aihan Scarritt, of Kansas the powerful waterfall at La MOUNTAIN RAILWAY SYSTEM.-TRANSFERRING THE CAR. City, Mo. The invention Raillere, which, in connec- consists of a gate made in tion with gravity, constitutes the motive ]lower of the rail­ classes of machines where intermittent rotary motion is em· two like sections that are pivoted on horizontal r.xes, ano of way, ployed. novel mechanical devices for operating the gate sections. The mode of operating the railway is as follow� : The car This invention was recently patented by Mr. William P. A simple and amusing game t hat call be played by any is raised vertically by means of hydraulic elevators to a Drew, of Preston, Minn. desired number o f perROns, and does not require any spe­

greater height than its destination, which_ in the present ... , .. cial skill to understand its operation, has been patented by IMPROVED WOOD SCREW. case, is I.. a Raillere, and is then allowed to descend as far as Mr. Niels C. Larsen, of 'New York city, The invention that place by its own gravity upon an inclined railway. The engraving shows a self-countersinking wood screw, consists of a spirally-grooved cone contained within a fig-ure To return, the car is transferred by its own gravity to a recently patented by Mr. John Eckford, of San AIl1OIl 1U, with an aperture in its upper part, which figure rests IIpon

second railway inelined in the opposite direction, The cars Texas, It will work in all kinds of wood, and clears Hself a flat conical base having a spiral groove provided with a are proviaed witb efficient brakes, by means of which the of the chips made in boring. The screw has on the under· series of numbered recesses in its upper surface, so that a speed may be effectually controlled, side or hevel a series of bits or cutting edges alternating small ball that is passed into the aperture of the figure will In practice, the car is not raised the vertical distance of with deep intcrspaces, which completely fill the uncler sur run through the spiral grooves of the con() and along the 125 meters at a single lift, but this distance is divided into face of the head, These notches increase in width and spiral grooves of the base, and will finally stop in one of

five parts of 25 meters each. There are five the numbered recesses a greater or less distance towers at intervals of about 40 meters, In each from the end of the spiral. one is placed a hydraulic elevator, similar to Mr. George 0, Keiter, of Spring City, Pa. , has those introduced by M. Edoux into the hotels patented a meat and vegetable cutter so con and houses of Paris. The top of each tower is strueted that the substance to be cut is fed to a little more elevated than the foot of the next the cntter automatically, The cutters can be one, and is connected with it. by an inclined adjusted to cut thicker or thinner slices, and can bridge, The car is raised by the hydraulic ele­ be used to slice substances smaller than the cavi vator to the top of the first towel', runs by its ties of the feed boxes. own gravity to the base of the following one, is An improved copybook, which prevents the ECKFORD'S IMPROVED WOOD SCREW. raised to the next level, and so on. Together scholar from copying his own writing as he ap they form a gigantic staircase with steps 25 pro aches the bottom of the page, and enables meters high. The last landing place is 135 meters above depth from the screw shank to the crown of the head. ThIS him to see and study the original copy very distinctly, has Cauterets. form allows the chips to escape readily. been patented by El mer P. Newman, of Dimondale, Mich. The return way, which is on the side of the mountain, ter­ The cutters are formed on the screw head by forcing it A sand guard for car axle boxes, patented by Mr. Henry minates in the second tower. The cars descend vertically while hot into suitable dies. In other respects the manufac­ Roth, of New York city, consists in a band fastened upon only in the first two towers, which contain two compartments, ture of this screw does not differ from that of the common the inner end of the journal box, and open at the lower one for hoisting tbe car and one for lowering it. form. In use, this form of screw saves a great deal of side. The opening in the inner end of the box is thus pro­ At La Raillere the inclination of the car is reversed, and time and insures a good fit between the head and the wood tected from sand. the car is transferred to the return track by means of a plat­ in which it is bedded. A fire escape, patented by Messrs. Eduard Kamin and form supported on wheels and provided with rails. The 4 ••, .. Heinrich Egherts, of Bremen, Germany, seems to be simple, car on arriving from Cauterets rolls upon the platform. RECENT INVENTIONS. compact, and reliable. It is of the life rope variety. The Tbe latter moves by its own gravity on rails slightly in­ An adjustable tension, with sufficient power for springs velocity of descent is regulated by a vibrating balance me­ clined in opposite directions (see Fig. 3), so that when for folding or cabinet bed�teads, i� secured by a spring chanism the rails of the platform join the return track their inclina­ patented by Mr, Herman A. J. Rickett, of New York city. Mr, Gorham N. Winslow, box 290, Newton, Mass. , has tion will have been reversed, and tbe patented an improved velocipede or car will, of its own gravity, return to tricycle in which the driving wheel is the second tower. The movement of propelled by hand power, connection the transferring car is controlled by a being made between the crank shaft hydraulic piston. Tbe gradient of tbe and drive-wheel shaft by a shaft and railway to La Raillere is 0·005125 per bevel gearing. me tel', and of the return road 0 043961 An improved glass button and a per meter, mould for attaehing the eye thereto, The department engineers prefer this has been patented by Mr. August Ha­ plan to all others, The question of mann, uf Hoboken, N, J. In this im· construction will be taken up at the proved button the strain upon the eye next session of the Chambers, is distributed through the cap, which

..�. is firmly attached to the glass at all NEW MECHANICAL MOVEMENT. parts of the circumferep.ceof the cap. The engraving represents a novel Mr. Erwin B. Newcomh, of Cumber­ mechanical movement for converting land Mills, Me., has patented an im­ a continuous rotary motion into an in­ proved machine for winding paper termittent rotary motion, The driv- and similar materials from a loose con­ ing shaft carries a tri pIe sprocket DREW'S MECHANICAL MOVEMENT. dition into hard rolls, especially ma­ wheel , which is keyed on or otherwise terials of a brittle nature-such as, for fastened, and the driven shaft has tbree sprocket wheels, two This is a spiral spring sustained at one end and havinp: a instance, enameled paper, which is usually wound by hand of WhICh are secured to it, while the third is movable on shaft connected with the opposite end and extending on account of its liability to curl at the edges and become the shaft, The endless chain which connects the cbain through the coil. On the free end of the shaft is a drum on broken. Wheels of the two shafts is made of three separate sections which winds a belt extending to and connected with the A device for stretching and smoothing thread, more espe­ -a median section alternating with two onter sections hinged bed. Two of thc�e arrangements for each bed are cially of silk in twists, sewings, embroidery, organzine, and arranged parallel to each other and separated by a space preferably used. The tension of the spring can be adjusted tram, has been patented by Messrs. Lewis E. Lcigh and equal to the width of the openings in the narrower section. by shortening the belt, Lewis Leigh, of New Haven, Conn., whereby through spe­ This chain thus formed, as will be noticed, is double for A rotary engine, patented by Mr. Gabriel Jasmagy, of cial construction of the bobbin stand and cap and corrtlated a portion of its length, while the remainder is single. Brooklyn, E. D., N, Y. , is a cylinder with interior slotted appliances, an even tension of any desired degree upon When the driving shaft is revolved the chain is carried cylinder half the diameter of the exterior cylinder, monnted all threads in the different processes of manufacture is forward at a regular rate of speed. When the single por- on shaft journals in the end pieces of the outer cylinder. secured.

© 1881 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC - I SIMPLE MAGIC LANTERN. titutifit �mtritau. te st ng Railway Relic. An In re i ity. The deposit had been known for some time, but noth­ All that is required for tbis apparatus is an ordinary One of the most interesting relics we have seen in some ing had been done with rega.rd to its development. The an­ wooden packing box, A, a kerosene band lamp, B, with an time is a page from a Boston paper of 1825, containi ng a pic­ nouncement of the proposed porcelain factory called the Argand burner, a small fish globe, and a burning glass or ture of the "Hetton Railroad," as designed by William attention of the owners of thc deposit to its possible value, common double or plano-convex lens, C. In one end of Strickland, Esq., civil engineer. The stupendous line was and the two interests have recently been brought together. the box, A. cut a round bole, D, large enough to admit a to be seven miles five furlongs in length, and was to extend The kaolin oecurs near Bremond, Texas, where a bed of " portion of the globe, E, suspended within the box, A, with from the Hetton collieries, in England, to the town of Sun­ eighty acres or more lies close to the surface. The depth or the lamp, B, close to it. The globe is filled with water from derland, on the River Wier. From the picture and the ac­ the deposit is not given.

which the air has been expelled by boiling. companying description, we find this railroad climbing hill • • • • • Now moisten the smface of a piece of common window and descending dale, and making no attempt to follow any Water Cresses In Winter. glass with a strong solution of sulphate of soda, or even grade. Several stationary engines are used to transport the The Gardener's Jfagazine thinks that many of the writers common table salt, dissolved in water, and place it verti­ coal wagons over these irregularities of the surface, and in the horticultural papers do not know that frost kills cally in a little stand or clip, as shown at F, so that the finally a locomoti ve, made of thick sbeet iron, weighing five water cresses. The delectable Na sturtium oJfi cinale is pro­ light from the lamp, B, will be focllsed au it by the tons and possessing twelve horse power, takes them in tow perly classed as a hardy plant, for it takes care of itself as globe, which in this case answers as the con- a weed, and who, therefore, shall accuse it of denser. The image of the glass will then be tenderness ? Where cresses are fast rooted and

projccted on the wall 01' screen of white cloth, flourishing in a brook or any other water, it will W, providing the lens, C, is so placed in the be found that after a coat of stout ice has been p'ltb of the rays of light as to focus on the wall formed the crop is gone entirely. That is to or screen. In a few minutes the sal t solution on say, all the succulent leafy stems that might the surface of the glass, F, will begin to crystal­ have been cut before the frost came have been lize, and as each group of crystals takes beauti­ destroyed by ordinary freezing, if only to the ful forms, its image will be projected on the extent of about seven to ten degrees. It follows, wall or screcn, W, and as it is watched it will therefore, that to preserve cresses for winter use g-ro}V,as if by magic, into a beautiful forest. of anywhere out of doors shelter of some kind is fern-like trees, and will continue to grow as long necessary. There are many ways of doing this. as there is any solution on the glass to crystal­ It is not unusual for the market growers to let in lize. Then, by adding a few drops of any of a flood of fresh water when a sharp frost is ex­ t he aniline colurs to the water in the globe, the pected. This covers the plants, and the ice is image on the screen will be illumined by shades formed so far above them that they escape its of co lorcd light. effects. Another plan is to lay planks or tree loppings ovcr the bed, and rough contrivances of •••• • SIMPLE MAGIC LANTERN. PowerCul PUlllplng Machinery. this kind will carry a crop through a moderate Tbe San Francisco Bulletin announces the <',lm- frost, but a continued and severe frost will find pletion at the Hi sdon Iron Works of the largest pumping en­ and pulls them to Sunderland. These locomotives are able its way through such penetrable stuff. Where it happens to ginc ever built. It is to bc used in draining the Chollar, to pull ninety-ton trains. be convenient, a frame is the best protection, and those Norcross, and Savage shafts of the famous Comstock mines Below the general view of the road is a cut reprcsenting a wbo have to supply the table plentifully in winter would do at Virginia City, Nevada. The engine occupies a space 65 train. The engine is neither a graceful nor a complicated well to arrange their plans with a view to the use of frames feet by 20 feet, and weighs between 2110 and 300 tons, which affair, and consists chiefly of boiler, smokestack, and piston. ultimately. Th&t many who should know do not know that the underground machinery will increase to about 1,000 tons There is no cab for the engineer, who stands on a platform frost is destructive in its effects on cresses is not surprising, in all. The engine aecumulates water at 1,000 pounds pres­ beside the boiler and takes the weather as it comes to him. because hitherto the subject has but rarely obtained any sure to the square inch, in a reservoir at the surface 60 fcet The tender is equally primitive in its construction, and ap­ special attention.

high, from which it will be conducted by a pipe 2,400 feet pears to be about the size of an ordinary box wagon. The ...... to the bottom of the shaft, there to operate a pump which coal carts look very much like tbe bobtail dumps of the Glass .Making in Ohio. will raise the seepage water 800 feet to the Sutro Tunnel, iuto present day. rive new glass works were started in Ohio last year, a nd several more will be added this year. The latest official sta­ which it will be discharged. The water which does the The letter-press on this page contains a description of the work returns to the surface by another pipe. The system Hetton Road ; a general article on the value and utility of tistics give 19 firms employed in glass manufaeture, with 32 can be extended to 3,000 feet in depth, or take water from railroads; an extract from a letter from Han. De Witt Clin­ furnaces, having 292 pots and employing 2,032 men. In mines half-amile away, simply by extending the pipes. The ton, comparing railroads with canals to the former's injury, the production of window glass tbere are employed 7 fur­ new system is intended to dispense with the heavy and cum­ and a series of answers to questions respecting railroads by naces, with 66 pots; flint glass, 19 furnace� with 199 pots; bersome pump rods heretofore used. The engine is com­ Thomas Tredgold, an English civil engineer, who was ad­ green glass, 4 furnaces witb 27 pots. The glass works are pound, with the Davey differentialvalve motion. vanced enough in his. ideas to believe in railroads. The in Bellaire, Columbus, Ravenna, Kent, Zanesville, Steuben­ entire page shows that it appeared 3.t a time when the ques­ ville, Martin's Ferry, Bridgeport, La Grange, and Newark. IMPROVED CATTLE FE EDER. tior� of railroads vs. canals was being agitated. The great .. ·e.• NEW MILKING STOOL. The engraving shows an improved cattle feeder invented expense of the former seemed to be the chief difficulty in the by Mr. Wm. Griffiths. of Shrewsbury, England. It cousists minds of the canal advocates, who could not realize the The combined milking stool and pail holder shown in the enormous profitswhic h would go to pay those expenses and engraving is the invention of Mr. G. W. Williams, of Eau enrich railroad men to boot. Governor Clinton's arguments Claire, Wis. The seat or stool carries a suppurt for the pail, are rather amusing in the light of our present railroad facili­ and is provided with a circular guard rail for retaining the ties. pail in its position. There are two apertures in the seat The relic is weather-stained and exceedingly old-fashioned in appearance. It is the property of Mr. F. H. Munsell, of the Central. And when we look at this picture and think of the great four-track line it seems as if the relic must be a thousand years old. One cannot believe so much had to be learned in the space of fifty-five years.-Bujfalo Co urier. .. Ie • ., Apprentice Systelll Reviving. We are pleased t.o see that the Ames Manufacturing Com­

pany, of Chicopee, Mass. , are doing something toward a re­ turn to the old apprentice system. The company have been very much troubled to get skilled help, and also by having men leave after tbey have learned enough to begin to be use­ ful. They have now adopted a plan something li:J:e the former system, only the term of service is not more than three or four years instead of seven, and tbey are over­ whelmed with applications. The men sign a contract to stay to the end of the term, and the company will teach them IMPROVED MILKING STOOL. the differentbranches of the business, so that when they go forming a handle by means of which it may be easily car­ (lutthey will be masters of the trade instead of knowing how ricd. The pail support is pivoted and is capable of moving to run but one machine or to do one particular kind of work. up or down to accommodate itself to inequalities in the The company keep ] 0 cents a day fro m their pay until it gronnd surface. amounts to which is given to them at the end of the $100, ------�..�.� .�. �.------­ apprenticeship. Hard Soap by a Cold Process • .. ,.» ., Mr. R. F. Fairthoro, Ph.D., lias contributed the following GRIFFITHS' CATTLE FEEDER. The Yield oC Wheat. recipe to the Dl'uggi8ts Oirculflr : To test the bearing qualities of the leading varieties of A good hard soap can be easily produced four pounds of four triangular troughs with r acks above, fitted t o a wheat the Sup€rintendent of the Ohio Agricultur al College if of olive or sweet almond oil mixed with two pounds of square frame having T-section iron uprights supporting a Farm sold seed w heat to farmers in various parts of Ohio soda lye, of the strength 36" Baume, are stirred until of the curved corrugated roof, troughed at the eaves for carrying and other States, requesting report of yield from eaeh. The consistence of thick paste, when it should be poured into the rain water to the corners. The racks run up from the results are shown in the following comparison : Fultz 2 4re moulds, covered by several folds of muslin, and kept in a center of the trougha to each upper angle, forming a tri- ports average 25%,bushel s; Cla�son, 10 reports av era e 23% I warm room f r t enty hOUl S. By thiS reatment the P 'o­ angle. It is fed from either end of tbe roof, and will hold I bushels ; S ilver Chaff, 15 reports average 26}4 bushels�; V el- ? � : � � cess of sap mlficatIOn, or unIOn of the aCI s in tbe OIls lth as much fodder as a man can carry. The whole structure vet Chaff, 11 reports average 26 bushels; Gold Medal, 12 reo � �V the alkal , S complete. When these maten�als are firstmixed is of iron and mount ed on wheels, two of whicb can be ports average 21% bushels ; Sandomicka, 7 reports average i I tbe temperature of the mass rises, and in order to effect the locked at pleasure sbould it be desired to make it a fixture. 24Yz bushels. entire union of ingredientsso as to form the compound called .. 4 • I • .. 1'" • lUanuCacture In Orleans. soap, it is necessary that the heat .thus generated should To DEADEN THE NOISE OF HAMMERING IN SHOPS, it Porcelain New be has been suggested to place rubber cushions under tbe legs A happy coincidence of enterprise and discovery has just maintained for some time, hence the necessity for covering keeping of th€ work-benches. We have found wool, felt, or any occurred in the Sou.h. While Mr. Surgi, of New Orleans, tbe moulds and them in a warm room. very tb'ick loosely made woolen texture a much better mate- was arranging for the setting up of a porcelain factory in He has found that it is desirable to use oil that is slightly rial fOl thIS purpose than rubber. Pieces suitable for these that city, expecting at first to import the kaolin to be used, rancid, or, if free from rancidity, to add about ten per cent for has become is perfectly pads can ordinarily be selected from tailors' clippings, and the Assayer of the Mint received from Texas, analysis, of oil that so. Oi! tba t sweet re- the est qual quires two or three da saponification. may be bad for little or nothmg. samples of clay which proved to be kaolin of fin : ys to effect

© 1881 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC 68 Jeituttfit �tutrieau. [JANUARY 29, 188 I. hard steel (no matter how hard), the dh:k was put on one of second halo, and inthe path of this circle of light, were other the journals of a circular saw which was driven at a very parhelia on either side of the sun ; and on the opposite side t s Dangers of' Electric Light Wires. high mo ion ; and that di k was employed for many years of it, from the sun, was another or third parhelion . This afterward to gum saws of all sizes. ci cl d scri To the Editor of the Scientific American : r e was very brillian,t, e bing a diameter of about leOo. During the p ast season, having occasion in a new shop to Intersect ng this bright circle, the points Absence at sea prevented me noticing sooner your obser­ i at of the two par · make a goodly number of cutters for the power mOUlding helia, pa s ed ig t in vations on the death of the fireman on board the Livadia, s a somewhat less brilliant ring of l h form machine, we made an other sheet iron disk, whieh was fitted of an e,!ipse, with its longes diameter some V;O° and the who was killed by an electric light cnrrent. 'If not too l ong t to the mandrel of one of the little circular saws, which re­ sh t 80. A the lli s we e thre behind the time of the occurrence, I would like to add my or one t the northern end of e p e r e volves apout two tllousand times pel' minu te. After the parhel ia, as represented in diagram. These mock suns were experience on the subject, in connection with Siemens ma­ periphery had been dressed off as true as practicable, that beautiful. To complete this phenome­ chines, which you presume would be equally dangerous all very distinct and disk of soft iron would (and will) cut off a b ar of cold steel non t er e fect a rainbow as we in mid· under tbe same conditions. h e was as p r ever see four inches broad and one-fourth of an inch thick in one summer, describing an arc of about 35°, w ith its crown rest­ I have myself received the current capable of giving four minute, making a kerf as true and smooth as a good saw ing on the rim of the second or outer halo. directly over the lights (each of 400 candle power) through the legs, trunk, will cut through a piece of timber. The disk will save an sun. In fact this rainbow was of such brill iancy that it left arm, thumb, and one finger, between which I had caugh t immense amount of filing w hen making cutters for moulding was too dazzling for the uncovered eye to look at, unlike a wire. I do not say I liked the sen sation, but could have machines, as we can cut slots into the heel ends of t he cut­ the soft mellow tints in our summer rainbow phenomena. endured it if necessary ; the finger and thumb w ere rendered ters, and cut and dress off the edge ends faster than twenty The duration of this most rare spectacle was an hour and incapable of motion, and the wire was so fi rmly held by men can dress the steel away with chisels and files. One can fifteen minutes. them that it took a good tug to drag the wire th rough by A "gum " an old cross·cut saw, or a mill saw,- or drag saw, or :F. M. MORG N, main force. The only resistance the current had to over­ large circular saw with such a disk in a few minutes, with Assistant Principal , Sa uk Center High School. come was my shoes and some damp boards. out a ny apprehension whatever of cracking or injUl'ing the Sauk Center, Minn., December 31, 1880. In another case I know of an operator who inadvertently ­ saw blade. After a large s aw has been gu mmed by an iron took a wire in each band, thus completing across his chest a New Solvents tor Nitrocellulose. disk, if one has a small emery wheel of the proper form he current of same strength as in my case, but without any can dress up the teeth almost to a perfect cutting edge with­ 10 the Editor of the Scientific American: harm resulting. The muscles of the hand were strongly m out a file, thus saving an enormous expense for files. In the preparation of nitrocellulose co pounds, which contracted, and he was unable to call out for help, although are kno n I have found in some instances, when gumming cross-cut w as celluloid, and are also used as val'll ishes, some he was perfectly conscious it was close at hand ; but by new solvents ha been at nte in Ge many Parkes. two-men saws, that the steel of certain kinds of saws would ve p e d r by walking back until he could exercise a strain on the wires A ng others he suggest the use of utio be case-hardened a little on both sides of the kerf made by mo s a sol n of tetra· he dragged them from between his fi ngers as I did. This, chloride of carbon and camphor, either alone with gums, S the diSk. That very thin film of case-harden ed steel would 01' I think, shows that currents such as are generated in iemens e i , d stu , etc. He l so wear away a new file rapidly. But by employing au cmery r s ns oils, ye ffs a proposes to use the machines are incapable of causing death to a p erson 1Wt c r on and camphor, when the luti n t k s wheel instead of fi les until all the case-hardened steel had bichloride of a b so o a e aff ected with heart disease. If, however, passed through the place under the aid of heat �nd pressure. Camphor, t oo, is been removed, the expense for filesis always small. Indeed, brain or spine it might be more serious, possibly resulting s t when to melting point ; we use files only to fit up the very points of the teeth. a good olven heated its at this in temporary ullconsciousness. t m ur un r d sso1tfo s the I may add, for the advantage of beginners, that the true e perat e and de pressure it i e nitrocellu­ As the Livadia's fireman seems undoubtedly to have been as be m d way to lit up the periphery of a disk is to cut it with heavy lose fast as it can ixe with the melted camphor killed by the dynamo current, I can only suppose that the This mas . to which shears as nearly round as practicable, after which hold a until it forms a stiffma ss. s other sub­ ml1chinesthere used were constructed to give cnrrenis of and e ed into mr)nlds. piece of a grind�tone or sandstone so that the edge of the stances may be added, can be roiled pr ss high tension for sake of getting a con siderable number of T lower the melting point he oil, pa affin , dilik will strike it w hell in mOlion. 'Ve always use a stolle o adds r e turpentine, ligh ts circuit. alcohol, benzol, ether, etc ., whereby thinner solutions re <'n one and file, and then attempt to cut steel a litt.ie, thns working a Perfect insulation of the leads throughout the entire circuit obt in . offthe periphery until it is as smooth and true as it can be a ed should be deemed a necessity, especially in a ship or other nitrocellulose can be made made. Then the cold and soft iron when in h igh motion Another powerful solvent for structure of iron. This is best done by using covered wire, by c d i g sulphurous cid gas through granulated cam­ will literally melt the hard and cold steel and drive the melted on uct n a not omittin,q to COVel' any joints that may be made. ho , di s lving camphor sulphurous acid. metal from the bar in a stream of white-hot siEsing and burn- p r or by s o in Your suggestion about protecting the lamps and terminals A soluti of camphor benzole uc h hat. ing steel dust. S. E. T. on in of s quality t no is a very good one, even where the insulation of the leads un eft wlien is e, Orange, N. J. pleasant odor is l the compound don works has been attpnded to, t reason that a man renewing ------__ for he in •__ ,h. �' �.___ very rapidly with the aid of heat and pressure. Oils, gums, the carbon q may be up a laddcr or in a position from 'rhe llI eteor. resins, and dyes can bc added according to taste. Turpen which he might easily fall in case he got even a slight shock, To the Editor of the Scientific American : tine and camphor also dissolve it with heat and pressure which by st r li g him might cause him to lose his a nc . ­ a t n b la e I send you a diagram of a most singular atmospheric very quickly. Nitrocellulose softens rapidly if sprinkled I thi is better tbat the exact dang r attendant nk it amount of e phenomenon witnessed here on the 30th ult. The display with al cohol, ethel', or other solvents of gun cotton and then on any system may be known, so tbat it may be guarded p essed into hot m0111c!s. in the heavens of so peculiar a combination of reflection and r against and so avoided, and also to prevent those who other­ Sometimes it is better to dye tlw nitrocellulose before it is wise could inform themselves from forming exaggerated dissolved inst('ad of dyeing the compound, as brilliant and notions of what that amount really is delicate colors are obtained in this way of greater beauty J. W. L. than by the usual manner. If the compoun ds are to be used S. S. City of Berlin, Piel' 37, New York. as lakes, the above-named solvents can be used, but of course January 5, 1881. larger quantities of the sol vent are. required than for making .,.. .. solid bodies. The solvents can be used alone or mixed with The New COlDct Pcnnule. gums, resins, pigments, and metallic bronzes, to obtain the To the Editor of tlteScientific Americ an : greatest variety of waterproof paints for surfaces, as well as Telegraphic announcement was received by me December cement for capping bot.tles. The solvents of nitrocellulose 17, 1880, of the discovery of a new comet by Pennule at above given, as well as the bi sulphide of carbon mi xed with Copenhagen, Denmark, on the 16th nit. Dense clouds pre­ benzole and alcohol, are likew ise good sol vents for shellac. vented any observations of the object until the even ing of D. 1. Z. December 31, when in a very few minutes I picked up the [The tetrachloride of carbon is a colorless liquid boiling 1700 Fah. ; sp cific gr v t , 1'56. It CHn b comet and secured a good observation. It was at discovery at e a i y be made y the in 18 hours 49 minutes; north action of chlorine gas upon bisulphide of carbon, or on 10 degrees 3·j minutes. Whcn observed by me on the 31st, chloroform ; also by the action of pen tachlorill e of anti it was, by estimation, in right ascension, 19 hours 47 min­ mony upon bisulphidt of carbon ; sells at $3 pCI' pound. ­ h c rh n very bil liquid; s cific utes ; north declination 19 degrees 30 minutes. This broug t The bichloride of a o is a mo e pe the comet about midway on a line drawn from in gravity, 1'62 ; boiling at 2480 Fah. It is generally made to Epsilon Delphinus-the last in the tail of the from the terchloride. It is quoted at $17 per pound in Ber­ Dolphin. Good observations were also obtained on. the two lin ; hence we finda strong objection to its use in the arts at D SCI. M ] following evenings. present. -E . A . The motion of the comet is northeast something more than .. . Easy Test CO l' the Purity oC Olivc on. one degree daily; so that its position lg Improvmg. and being quite a bright telescopic comet, it may be readily seen in When it is desired only to ascertain whether th e oil is moderate telescopes for some time. The present direction plll'e or n ot without precise reference to the nature of the of its motion is toward Zeta Cygni. �)ils used in adulteration, take equal quan tities of olive oil It is nearly 3 minntes of arc in apparent diameter, has a known to be pure and the oil to be tested, place the sa mples considerable condensation not quite central, but no tail. in separate test tubes, into which a goorl thermometer may WILLIAM R. BROOKS. also be inserted, and heat each separately to a temperature 482° h. p e . il bec me Red House Observatory, of Fa The ur o will o somewhat paler dur- heating, whi i l tu ker PheI ps, N . Y ., J anuary 4 , . 1881 ing the le the adulterated oil w l rn dar . _____. __ . pure oil will emit a pleasant smell, while the adulterant • I • , .. The THE METEOR OF DECEMBER 1880, AS SEEN AT Cutting Hard Steel with Soft Iron. 30. oils will give off an offensi ve odor. SUNK CENTER, MINN...... _-- Editor tific .. I • , To the of the Scien American : To Prevent Clonding of Mirrors by lUol!!ture. About forty years ago, having often heard that hard steel refraction of the rays of light was of such rare occurrence I A writer in the JI"ttlwja cturcr and Bllildcl' says that by could be cut readily with a c ircular disk of sheet iron when doubt if the like was ever before seen. You may the better coating over the snrface of glass mi l'l'ors with glycerine their driven at a high motion, I made a disk about ten inches in understand me if I ex phtin from the diagram. It was first cloudi;lg by the accumulation of condensed water vapor will ut -p n i ng A.M. The diameter o of a piece of heavy stove ipe iro , hav a observed at five minutes before eleven o'clock, be prevented for a considerable time. The attraction of round eye at the center about one and a half inches in diaD1e- mercury registered at the t.ime 5° below zero. Tbe sky the glycerine is so great for the water as to absorb the latter tel'. I then put a stick of hard wood in the turning lathe, was clear, save that the air was full of float ing frost crystals as fast as deposited. This hint may prove of great use to off true, ing w n m dr l l i this turned it mak a oode an e for ho d ng that gave a leaden aspect to the heavens around. The sun, dentists, who are frequently troubled by the clouding of iron disk, just as a circular saw is held true on a metallic as I have tried to represent, was surrounded by a double mouth-mirrors, and it m�y also be of value to those who are mandrel. The periphery of the disk, after it was secured halo, both very perfect and distinct in outline. To the right compelled to shave themselves in chilly apartments. h hal - 4' to the wooden mandrel swinging in the lathe, was ground and left of the SUIl and on the rim of t e first o were I • SALT WATER FOR STREET USEs.-The town of Tyne- and filed until it wo uld run as true as a millstone. The disk very bright plirhelia or mock suns. P assing th rough the e m th England, has lately comp eted a rrangeme ts for was s.ecured to the collar or shoulder of the wooden mandrel sun and these mock suns and around th whole dome of the ou , � . ing f m the ma�IllS all the prIllelpal by putting foul' screw s through the disk into the wood. heavens, seemingly, at about 20° from t he horizon, was a supply salt water ro of S . h r ghfares of the pl ace alt water IS to be used or While the disk was revolving at a high motion th e soft sheet , great circle of light. This had the appearance of the large t o ou : � nds. S - u in the sewers watenng the streets, and supplymg iron would cut off a ten inch cold·steel filein a few seco ring of atum very bright and abo t '!4 of a degree , pflush�nga t , After we were satisfied that soft iron would cut cold and i width. Again, about 15° from the rim of the outer or . I ublIc b hs

© 1881 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC ti�utifit �mtritau. JANUARY 29, 1881.] J DYNAMO·TELEGRAPHY. crease proportionately the electromotive force of the line The Minnie H. Gerow (1,804 tons American), from Until within a comparatively recent period all attempts at generators. This is obviated by a governor which regulates Ii the Champion Press, 2,481, 790 = 1,903 pounds per ton transmission of telegraphic messages with dynamo· electricity the speed of the motive force and keeps it within practical measurem ent. The Western Empire (1,399 tons Ameri. have proven futile. limitations. can register), from the Champion Press, 2,022 per ton. There seemed to be no probability that the old voltaic rlat· The same system of generators might be used to energize The Minnie H. Gerow, from the International Press e qu tery system, invol ving multitudinous inconveniences, would the fi ld of force magnets as is re ired to generate line cur· (Taylor hydraulic, 64-inch cylinders), 2,644,906 = 2,0�8 automatic in ever be supplanted, and there are at the present time only rent3, thus makiug the system its operation ; pounds per ton. But in all of these cargoes of 1,903, 2,022, two systems of dynamical telegraphs which are operative from but this feature dollsnot appear to have suggested itself to and 2,028 per ton measurement, tie pullers were used for a successful standpoint, both being of very.recent origin and Mr. Field. In this manner any change of speed in any one which is claimed an advantage of 20 per cent. If the pre­

as yet comparatively unknown to the public. of the energizing machines would only affect the line field I sent cargo of the Mary E. Riggs had had this advantage. u d For the successf l operation of any telegraph line two im· of force magnets a proportional amount, as above sug· her 2,011 poun s per ton American, and 2,095 British, portant elements enter into consideration, viz. : gested. would have been 2, 413 and 2, 514 per ton or say 20 per cent 1st. A steady or uniform current. Thus it will be seen that if any one of the five genera· larger than any cargo of single bales ever cleared in this 2d. Delicate adjustment of receiving instruments ; and any tors increases or decreases twenty per cent from the normal count.ry. - variation of the former necessarily precludes the possibility rate it only has a proportionate effect of one twenty·fifth of Since the above, th e British sh ip Ben Lomond, of 887 of the latter, so that they may be operative under all condi- the whole line current, which in practice is found to be in- tons register, cleared at New Orleans by her agents, Messrs. tions of the line. appreciable. , Forstall, Ross & Clayton, with 4, 363 bales cotton under It is scarcely necessary to add that electricians have never The broad idea of energizing the field of forcemagnets by deck, none in cabin or crew spaces, weighing 2,054,848 d fully appreciated the difficulties to be overcome in this class' an indepen ent generator is not new per Be, as is seen in the poun ds, making 2,316 pounds to the ton measurement. I of telegraphy, and their attempts heretofore but verify this Wilde machine; out Mr. Field claims to be the firstto ener· This is the largest cargo per ton ever taken by a sail vessel assertion. gize a series of fiel d of force magnets in this way, ane! just from an American port. The larger part of this cargo was c These fluctuations of current are due to several causes, how much invention is in volved in this idea it is not the "doubled." The o ,'ton was tied by hand (by colored men), viz. : province of this article to discuss. and consequently without, the 20 per cent advantage clai med

1st. Any change of velocity in the generator. Dr. Lugo has recently invented and patented a much sim· for steam " band pullers. " It was all compressed at the 2d. Any variation of external or internal resistance (the pIer method of avoiding these difficulties, dependent upon Southern Press by the 90 · incb cylinder Morse Compress. · latter being often the result of the former, owing to high well known electrical laws. Not more than three years ago the average cargoes of ships

normal internal resistance); and either necessarily varying He UAes a single current generator on the l ine with a shunt from this port. did not exceed 1,425 pounds per ton register ; the electromotive force, and hence the current to line. wire of low resistance, connecting the opposite poles thereof; and for other modern-built presses the average is now about 3d. To a total discharge of the magnetism in the field of so that the total resistance is that due to the lines, the shunt, 1,725. The above cargo of 2,316, wit hout tie pullers, there· force magnets on opening the line, and thus completely and the maciline. fore, exceeds recent average compressing by 35 per cent, or breaking down the currents until the line shall again be The resistance of the shunt is less than that of the external 524,773 pounds, in a siGgle cargo of a small ship like the a closed. lines and greater than thlltof the machine itself. Ben Lomond, and at the r te of freight received makes a This might p roperly be included under the same head as There resnlts from this combination. under well known gain of £820...... :say. $3,936. The proprietors claim that un·

a f ble circumstances the · the second, inasmuch as a total discharge of the field of laws, a prop ortion te division of current between the line der more avora 90 inch Morse Com· d a force magnets is, theoretically speaking, simply the result of and the shunt; a much larger portion, of course, going press can consi er bly excel the above. an infinite resistance offered to the current. through the shunt because of its low resistance. .. 4 •• .. can The Keely Rotor Deception. A dynamo machine produces a current of electricity by a. It is obvious, then, that the field of force magnets series of Ilctions and reactions in its internal mechanism ; never be discharged, for there is always a path of low resist- It is stated that immediately after the annual meeting of that is to say, the armatu re of the machine acts upon the ancefor the current. Hence the electromotive force is depen· the Keely motor stockholders, held two weeks ago, a couple field of force magnets, and these III turn react upon the arma· dent only upon two causes for its variations viz., a change of of gentlemen who are heavy on the motor stC)ck called upon ture at each revolution, and thus a set of actions and reac- velocity of the generator and a change of resistances between Mr. Keely and demanded that he should at once name a d ay tions ensue until a max mum effect is attained. This results the shunt and the line. The former it is proposed. to regu· and date for a public exh i bition of his wonderful apparatus; when the neutral fluids (so to speak) balance each other. late by electrical governors, such as are well known. depend- They had a very plain talk with him, and announced that e n Now, any inc�ease in the xternal or li e resislance acts to ent upon the current sent to line, and the latter is in a meas· they voiced tile sentiments of most of the parties intere�ted. discharge the field of force magnets, and a break in the line, ure automatically regulated by the shunt itself, inasmuch as Unless the engine was put to work within a short time and

which necessarily occu rs on opening a key to transmit asig. changes of fluctuations which result from changes of resist sawed wood, sen t a locomotive to Jericho on It pint of water, nal. increases the resistance to an infinite amount, and hence ances in the external line necessarily increase the flowin the and did a hundred other things claimed for it, they would totally discharges the field of force magnets_ Hence, inas· shunt itself, and hence vary the resistance of the shunt by- resist further payments to the discoverer. much as it requires a definite time to charge the line by the heati ng it. Rence there can be no change of resistance in Keely was not the least disturbed by their threats, and above described series of actions and reactions, it is obvious the internal machine, because normally it is much less than when they found this they began to persuade and coax him, t hat there would ensue at each break such fluctuations of that of the shunt. Of co urse in practice these adjustments as a b oom iq the stock was needed. T he man of mysteries current as would totally prevent any transmission of sig. mnst be made dependent upon varying circumstances of the declined to accede to their requests, but said : "I see my nals. external lines, but certain ratios may be attained which will way as clear as sunlight " Then he eased their minds by Furthermore, SUCll an increase of external resistance reacts produce the best results, and theoretically this will be when statiug tllat he would make no further demands upon the upon the machine and heats it internally, thus offering these line resistances equal that of the shunt. company for funds for his. own use, because he had enough IInother objectionable element. When they pass below this limit the system is, of course, to live on. This was very assuring, and made the stock· Thus we have a series 9f changes, which. acting under inoperati ve; but there exists a sufficient limit under ordinary holders happy . If they did not give him tbe money to com. vary ing circumstances, produce fluct nati ons in the line cur· circumstances to afford a perfect working system. This plete his invention, he told them that he w ould keep his se· rent, beyond the limits of accurate adjustment of delicate reo limit, it will bl'! understood, is dependent upon the relative crets to himself. This caused some bitter words, and Mr. ceiving instruments required on long lines of high resistance. sectional area of the external line and that of the shunt, Keely was the recipient of some unvarnished opinions The problem, then, to be solved is : 'II which affords s ufficient resistance to prevent the machine Already tbey had spent over $500.000 on the machine, and 1st. To prevent the total discharge of the field of force from heating ; thus in practice the generator never grows could see no appreciable results. Keely plainly informed. magl'lets OIl any variation of external resistance ; or, at least, warm. h is visitors tilat he would not give an exhibition for two n a to provide some means for a co �t nt relation between the An attendant at the squnt may regulate variable resistances months at least, because the engine needed some altera resistances and the electromotive force of the machine. by testing the warmth thereof. Hence as long as a mean tions. 2d. To prevent undue variations of current caused by an temperature exists a uniform current flows to line and no Keely has had a new engine built at a cost of $10,000, and. increase or decrease of the velocity of the generator. change need be made. the lower one has been placed on the lower floorof the build- Two systems have been devised which involve all of the Both of the above described systems are in use, and the ing on Twentieth street. Keely promised that when the ex. principles d essential required by the problem : one the inven· best results are attained ; it being found that stea y currents hibition is given both engines �hould be placed in operation, e d tion of Mr. Stepilen D. Fi l , Jr., and the other of Dr. at all times flow on the line. so as to show t.he improvement in tile new one over the old. Orazio Lugo, of New York city. It is then entirely probable that within the next decade we The callers were compelled to depart without being able to To obviate the firstdiffieult y, Mr. Field energizes his field shall find our large telegraphic corporations operating their convince Keely that a time for a boom was near at hand. of force ma gnets by an independent generator, actuated elevators, supplying motive power. heat, and light through The stock of the Keely Motor Company is now held at by an i ndependent power, the circuit from th e COlllmnta· out their buildings, and electricity for .their lines from one about $7 per share. This time last year it was worth $18. tors being through the field of force magnets of said gen- common source of power. . The highest it ever reached was $300, when 3,000 shares were erator, thence through the coils of the field of force mag· Thus saving annually thollsands of dollars, and being h ap disposed of in New York at the figures named. The average nets which develop the line currents. This circuit is entirely pily rid of numerous an noyances consequent upon such a sys· price has been about $150 per share, and the transactions at independent from the line circuit, and constitutes, as it were, tem of forces as now exists by a concentration thereof at one- those rates have been large. Of the present stockholders but an infinite snpply of electricity to energize the field of force common center. C. J. KINTNER, few were on the original list, they having all been able to magnets, or at any rate an inexhaustible supply dependent U. S. Patent Office, get out at the top price. Keely has been at work some seven e £In the power and capaci}y of the gen rator. ... (. I .. years.-Phitadelp7til� Reco1·d. Hence, any change of resistance in the line Improvements In Ootton Pressing. can have no • 4.' .. appreciable effect upon the field of force magnets. The new Morse Compresses in New Orleans are produc Paraftlne as a Wood Preserver. To obviate any change in the current due to a change of ing astonishing results by way of largely increased cargoes A German chemist, Dr. Schal, has established the useful velocity of the generator, he connects up a series of line gene· of cotton from this port. . fact that wood impregnated w ith paraffine4s preserved from rators whose field of rorce magnets are energized as ahove, The ship Mary E. Riggs, of 1,277 tons American reg. rot, especially when employed in alizarine manufactures, and c onnects the commutators and said l ine generators to ister (1.226 British), received a cargo of 5,400 bales of cot- where it is exposed to the decaying action of damp, acid, common supply points, heing necessarily at the opposite poles ton, 'lleighing 2.568,64:-1 pounds; making 2.011 pounds per and alkaline lyes. Wooden vessels which become totally of the mllchinc. Each generator of currents is a u t.on line ct ated American and 2,095 pounds per ton British measure. rotten in two months last for two years when im pregnated by an independent pulley. so that allY change of velocity of ment. with paraffine. The preparation of the wood is effected by any one generator can only affect the sum total of currentil The flrst cargo of this ship from this port was 3,740 bales ; drying it in w arm air for three weeks, then steeped in melted by its proporti onal ratio of gain or loss. the last, and largest (previous to the present one), was paraffine to which has been added some petroleum ether or Theoretically, t en an infinite ene a o d h number of g r t r!:! woul 4,364 bales. weig hing 1.943,498 pounds. Her present cargo sulphuret of carbo . In preparing this bath great care must, required n be to produce, the best results, bearing in mind, of of 5,400 bales exceeds he1tlargest, previous cargo 1,036 bales, however, be exercised, owing to the inflammability of its in· course, that such a series implies a range of velocities or or 625,142 ponnds, exceeding her largest previous cargo gredient�. To prevent the paraffine from escaping from the changes of relative velocities varying from zero to infinity. 1,404 bales of same average weight. With freight at one I pores, the wood should be coated with oil varnish or solyble It is fo practice that a und in series of five generators pro· cent per pound and five per cent primage, the value of this : glass. washed after drying with diluted hydrochloric acid. duces satisfactory results. This, is of course. apparent if increase. for thiB medium · sized vessel, is abou t $6.60{). The silicic acid thus formed clogs up the pores from the we consider that a change of velocity in any one from a This cargo was compre�sed, without the advantage of a'1 outside, and protects the paraffine from the action of water. normal i� velocity not liable under ordinary circumstances " t ie puller." in the ordinary course of business by the Paraffine. melted with equal parts of linseed or rapeseed oil, to be more than ten per cent. Factors' Press, one of the seven larg-e Morse compresses. is also, according to Dr. Schal useful for coating iron ves· It is apparent that any change of vel ocit y in the genera·· The only cargoes of single bales taken by sail vesseis ap. sels, which in chemical manufactories are otherwise very or wh t ich energizes the field of force magnets would in· proximating this one are the following: ! liable to rust. ,

© 1881 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC IMPROVED HAND PRESS. 1titntifit(leInents Cor !m the Shop.trita n. SPRING·MAKING TOOL. The engraving shows a domestic hand press for frnit, iron Cementfor Closing tIM Jo ints of iron Pipes.-Take of A hand tool to be used principally by jewelers for mak­ cracklings, hominy, and other articles which require sepa­ coarsely powdered iron borings, 5 pounds ; powdered sal­ ing wire spirals for shirt studs and buttons is shown in the ration from the liquid which they may contain. The inven· ammoniac, 2 ounces ; sulphur, 1 ounce; and water sufficient annexed engraving. The mandrel upon which the spirals tion consists of a perforated bowl or receptacle having a to moisten it. This composition hardens rapidly ; but if are formed is secured to an ordinary tool handle, and a car­ rigid b&ndle extending at rigbt angles to the plane of tbe time can be allowed, it sets more fi rmly witbout the sul­ rier is fitted to the lower portion of the mandrel, which is bowl, and a perforated pres�er head conforming to the bowl phur. It must be used as soon as mixed, and rammed threaded, the pitch corresponding with that of the spiral

and connected by a slide with tbe handle of the bowl. The tightly into the joint. to be made. The end of the wire is placed in a slot in the sliding presser head is connected by a link with a lever 2. Take sal-ammoniac, 2 ounces; sublimated sulphur. 1 end of the mandrel, and while the bandle is turned with handle pivoted to the main handle. By bringing the presser ounce ; cast iron filings or turnings, 1 pound ; mix in a mor­ one hand, the carrier is held in the other hand, an d tbe wire head down on the material tar and keep the powder dry. When it is to be used, mix is pressed down upon the contained in tbe bowl by it with 20 times its weight of clean iron turnings or filings, mandrel by a small lever means of the lever, the and grind the whole in a mortar; then wet it with water pivoted to the carrier and liquid is expelled through until it becomes of convenient consistency, when it is to be ! grasped between the the perforations. This in· applied to the joint. After a time it becomes as hard and thumb and finger. vention was lately patent­ strong as any part of the metal. The crook at the end of ed by Mr. J. T. Raile, of Cement for Un iting Leather and Metal.-Wash the metal the coil is formed by bend­ Whitesborough, Texas. with hot gelatine; steep the leather in an infusion of nut- ! ing the wire back upon ... galls (hot) and bring the two together . the end of the lever. Ce rrt(lnt fo r Leather Belting. -One who has tried every. This invention was re­ GOLD IN NEW YORK thing, says that after an experience of fifteen years he has cently patented by }I r. A. STATE. Two hundred - found nothing to equal the following: Common glue and R. Wilbur, of Baltimore, and eighty-three notices isinglass, equal parts, soaked for ten hours in just enough Md. of discovery of gold and i water to cover them. Bring gradually to boiling heat, sil vel' were officially enter­ a •' and add pure tannin until the whole becomes rOflY, or ap- ed at Albany, last year. NEW INVENTIONS. pears like the white of an egg. Buff off the surfaces to be The alleged deposits are jointed, apply this cement warm, and clamp firmly. An improvement in that chiefly in Hamilton Couu­ Steam Boiler Oement.-Mix two parts of finely powdered , class of devices that are de­ ty. The law prescribe" litharge with one part of very fine sand, and one part of signed for releasing horse that mines of gold or sil­ a quicklime which has been allowed to slake spontaneously instantly from the vehicle ver found in New York by exposure to the air This mixture may be kept for any to which he may be at­ shall be property of the . length of time witbout injuring. In using it, a portion is tached, has beel! patented State, but gives to the dis­ mixed into paste with linseed oil ; or, still better, in boiled by Mr.White[oord S_ Mar­ coverers or their assigns linseed oil. In this state it must be quickly applied, as it tin. of Maybinton, S. C. the right to work them for soon becomes hard. An iron rod is attached tu twenty-one ears free of y Tu rner Ce ent. -Melt oue pound of rosin in a pan over each end of the whiffletree any royalty on condition m the fire, and when melted, add one-quarter of a pound of and extends forward a that they file with the pitch. While these are boiling, add brickdust until by sbort distance alongside Secretary of State notices dropping a li tl e on a cold stone, you think it hard enougb. the shafts or thills. The describing their discov­ t In winter it may be necessary to add a little tallow. By short leather traces are at­ y eries. After the twent ­ means of this cement a piece of wood may be fastened to tached to tbe front ends of one ears the Legislature y the chuck, which will hold when cool ; and when the work these rods by means of keys may dispose of the mines is finisbed, it may be removed by a smart stroke with the . or eyebolts. whicb may be at its discretion ; but the tool. Any traces of the cement may be removed from the ' withdrawn-for the pur­ disc verer", their rep­ o or work by means of benzine. pose of releasing tbe horse resentati shall be pre­ ves Wo /tCtsto n'd Wldte Ce ment fo r Large Objects.-Beeswax, 1 from the vehicle-by means ferred in contracts for ounce ; rosin, 4 ounces; powdered plaster of Paris, 5 ounces. of cords or strapH that pass working them. HAILE'S HAND PRESS. :rti elt together. To use, warm the edges of the specimen, through a ring on the TOOL FOR lIIAKING SPIRAL and apply the cement warm. crupper or back-strap of SPRINGS. Gutta Perclu� Cement.-This higbly recommended cement the harness, and extend IMPROVED OIL-STOVE WICK TRUlMER. is made � melting together, in an iron pan, two parts of back over the dasher of the In ordinary oil-burning stoves it is necessary to remove common pitch and one of gutta-percha, stirring them well vehicle, so as to be easily the top of the stove, and any utensils which may be in use together until thoroughly incorporated, and then pouring accessible to the driver. in order to trim off the crust which forms on the wicks and the liquid into cold water. When cold it is black, solid, Mr .•Tohn W. Donne!. of Bedford, Iowa, has patented a prevents the free operation of the stove. It is necessary to and elastic ; but it softens with heat, and at 100° Fah. is a self-adjusting driver for millstones, by which the stone is i put out the fire before the wick can be trimmed. thin fluid. It may be used as a soft paste, or n a liquid balanced on the top of the cock head, and thereby ad­ Beside the great inconvenience and delay in trim- justed with a minimuUl of friction. The inven­ ming the wick with shears in the common way, the tion consi�ts in the combination of a yoke pivoted wicks are wasted, and with the sharpest shears they to the upper end of a mill spindle so as to swing in will be poorly trimmed on account of their great a vertical plane, and four levers arranged in 'pairs, width, and an uneven burning surface will be left one pair being pivoted to each side of the yoke and which causes the stove to smoke and throw off a suspending another yoke, which serves to make all bad odor. Kerosene stoves are often condemned the levers move together. The levers pivoted to for tbis reason alone. the pivotal yoke extend above the point of the mill By means of the simple iuvention shown in the spindle and are provided with set screws, which engraving these inconveniences are aVOided, and bear against the bail at points lying in the same the wick is quickly and evenly trimmed. This plane and in line with the point of the spindle. device is in every way superior to the old me­ A snow scraper, patented by Geo. F. Bond, of thod. Troy, N. Y. , is an improvement in apparatus for A wick should never be cut ; it is only necessary clearing ice fields for ice harvesting. Side boards to remove the crust, and the stove or lamp burns or runners are pivoted or hinged at the front end freely with a flame of the proper form. and provided with apparatus whereby they may be This invention is simple in its application and made to assume the V-form, or closed into a parallel is thoroughly practicable. It consists of a wire rod position for discharging their load at the will of the carrying one or more lateral arms extending over operator. the wick tubes. ThiH wire passes through the front A sugar washing process and apparatus, pat.ented of the stove, and is provided with a ring or handle by John V. V. Booraem, of Brooklyn, N. Y., acts by wbich it may be grasped and moved back and to thoroughly wet and wash the crystals of sugar forth over the ends of the wicks while they are with wate; or Rirup, and deliver the mass in a per­ turned down. By this means the crust is remove,! fectly homogeneous state to the centrifugal ma­ and a clean and free burning wick is left, without chines. For this end a perforated pipe delivers extinguishing the flame or removing any part of water in a finely divided state upon the sugar just the stove or furniture. prior to the passage of the latter through crushing Each wick tube is provided with a guide which rollers, the pipe and rollers being arranged in rela­ is bent up at the ends forming a stop for the trim­ tion with each other to secure the object sought. ming attachment. Oil stove manufacturers may, After crushing the sugar is further worked by re­ with advantage, adopt this simple but useful and volving screws. effective invention. An improvement in tile and brick kilns, patented This invention has been patented by Messrs. by Mr. Eber Davenport, of Wayne8ville, Ill., saves Walker and Williams, and is owned by Walker, time, labor, and fuel. The kiln is circular, has fur­ Williams & Co., Sing Sing, N. Y. naces and fire walls arranged around its peripheral ...... wall, and a central opening in the top. The circu­ A Use Co r Cott()D Seed Hulls. lation of the heated ai r and gases is first upward The Chicago Raihoay Review reports that the use near the out�ide wall, then downward, the.n upward of cotton seed bulls as a substitute for cotton waste IlIIPROVED OIL·STOVE WICK TRIMMER. again and out at the central opening, the deflection in pi\cking the journal boxes of cars and locomo. of tbe heated currents being effected by the firewa lls. tives has been adopted on several roads, and others are pre. state, and answers an excellent purpose in cementing metal, crown wall, and vertical passages with bottom flues formed paring to adopt it. It is claimed that the hulls are actually glass, porcelain, ivory, etc. It may be used instead of putty in laying the bricks or tiles wben fillingthe kiln. superior to ordinary cotton waste for packing, and would in glazing windows. . A patent on a folding car step, granted to Mr. Josiah W. be preferable at tbe same cost. But the .. the cbeapest cotton .. , • , I Radbraugh, of Columbus, Ohio, covers a combination of waste is worth 7� cents a p ound, and the superior grades THE miner's inch is the amount of water flowing in one I folding steps of a car with mechanism whereby the steps on range as high as 14 cents Cotton �eed bulls can be deliv­ second from an orifice 1 inch x 1 inch, under a head of 6 both sides of a car may be si ultaneously adjusted by a. ered in any part of the U nited States at one cent a pound. i measured from upper of l si a lever. nches, the side the orifice. ngle movement of m

© 1881 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC titntifit JANUARY 29, I88I.J J �mtritlln. 71 THE COMMON HORN1lILL. the North the foxes, hares, bears, and birds, with very few taining hand. But the most .ingenious device to escape cap­ The commoll ll Ornbill (Tmetoce1'oS abyssinicus) is a strong, exception�, assume the prevailing white color of the sur­ ture is that shown by the Bheel rob hers in the accompany­ short-winged bird with a short tail and comparati vely long rounding objeets_ Man has not been blind to these hints. ing illustration. It often happens that a band of these rob­ legs. The beak is very large, curved slightly, flattened on There are various tribes of savages who successfully fmi· bers are pursued by mounted Englbhmen, and unabie to the sides, and is provided with a short but quite high pro- tate stumps and stone� by remaining immovable in crouch reach the jungle, find themselves about to be o vertaken tuberance at the root. This protuberance begins on the cen- ing positions so as to baffle t heir pursuers. upon one of those open plains whicb have been cleared by ter line of the beak, projects forward to about one-third of This m i micry is carri ed to a wonderful degree of perfec ..· fire, the on ly shelter in sight being the blackened trunks or d country, as the length of the beak, and may be open or closed in part, tion in In ia. That strange Dr. Latham says, leafless branches of small trees that perished in the flames. For men so illed pos uring tbis is and has the general appearance of a sk in t helmet. The legs are much more pow· I sbelter euough. Quiekly divesting erful than those of other horn bills and tbemselves of their scanty cluthing, have very strong claws. The sixth r I they scatter it with their plunder in ,/ feather of the wing is the longest, and small piles over tbe plain , covering the point of the wing projects only a them with their round shields so that

short distance bey ond the upper arm they have the appearance of lumps of feathers. The color of the bird is ab­ earth and attract no att ention This solutely black, excepting ten yell owish accomplished . they snatch up a few white feathe of the eye sticks, throw their into _ con­ rs wings. The body a is dark-brown, the iris lead blue and torted position, and stand or crouch red, and the beak is black excepting a immovable until their unsuspicious spot on the upper beak, which is yel­ enemies have galloped by. low in front and red in the rear. The When all is safe they qui-ckly pick length of the bird is about four feet. up their spoil and proceed upon tbeir It is found in Central and Southern way. Africa. The Rev. J. D. Woods gives an in· .... t sting ----... ..� -, �.... ---- ere account of thesc mHrvelou� The White Aut's Parallttell!. mImICS. I quote the following: At a late meetin g of the Philadelphia " Before the English had become Aeademy of Natural Sciences, Dr. R. used to these maneuvers, a very ludi S. Kenderdine exhi bited specimens of crOllS incident occurred. An officer, the wonderful parasites foun d recently with a party of horse, was chasing a by Dr. Leidy in the intestines of the small body of Bheel robbers, and was white ant, where they occur in such fast overtaking them. Suddenly the my riads ns to constitute a mass greater robbers ran behind a rock or some such obstaele, which hid them for a mo 111 bulk th an the food of the insect. When the intestine is ruptured millions ment, and when the soldiers came up the had m st.eri u l disappeared.­ of ·these living occu pants escape, re­ men y o s y minding one of the pouring out of a After an unavailing search , the officer multitude of persons from a crowded " ordered his men to d ismount beside a "0 meeting-house. So n umerous are these '-- clump of scorched and withered tree�; parasites, and so varied th eir form, and the day being very hot, he took off movement, and activity, that their dis­ his helmet and hung it on a branch by tincti ve characters cannot be seen until '- which he was standing. 'fhe branch they become more or less w idely dif­ in question turned ont to be the leg of , fused and separated. a Bheel who burst into a scream of The termit es or while ants are so - _. _- laughter, and flung the astonished offi­ common, easily obtained and preserved cer to the ground. The clump of scorched trees u denly became meta- alive, and their parasites are so exceed_ s d ingly numerous and con stant in their morph osed into men, and the whole occurrence, that once the fact becomes THE COMMON HORNBILL. party dispersed in d ifferent directions sufficiently known the insects will be before the Englishmen could recover fav orite subjects to illustrate at once the infinity of life and I "of a t ee ming, ingeniOUS, and industrious but rarely inde­ from their surprise, carry ing with them the officer's helmet the wond('rs that are revealed by the microscope. Thc pendent population . It is a coun try of an ancient litera­ by way of trophy." forms observed, together with a species of microscopic plant ture and ancient architecture," and, he might have added, of in situation, are fully Marine Fanna of" the New England Coast. found the same described and bcauti- a modern degradation. A c ountry where such a society as fully illustrated by Dr. Leidy in the forthcoming numberof the murderous thugs is possible ; a country where robbers To the current number of the American Jo urnal of &ience the Journal of the Academy are educated from childhood for the profession in which and Arts, Prof. A. E. Verrill contributes an article on the , , • • � they take great pride, openly boasting of their skill. One remarkable marine fauna discovered during the present sea­ HUMAN TREES OF INDIA. _ of our most skillfVI aud adroit bank robbers would be con- son off the southern coast of New England by tlle natural­ DANIEL C. BEARD. BY sidered by these India experts but a bungli ng amateur. ists connected with the U. S. Fish Commission. The sta­ All those who feel a sufficient interest in the subject to 'Th e scientific manner in which these robbers prepare for tions at which dredgings were made are all located in the study or notice the facts must at times be struck with amaze- their raids shows a thorough knowledge of the dangers of regions designated on the charts as "Block Island Soun d - ment at the wonderful resem- i ngs, " and nearly all proved blance of certain insects and to be exceedingly rich in ani· oth er animals to vegetable mal life, the vast abundance and in animate olJjects. So of individuals of many of exact is this resembl ance in the species taken being al­ some installces as to deceive most as surprising as the the most experienced. Wal­ great number an d variety of lace, the great naturalist, was the species themsel ves. Crus­ very anxious to secure a spe­ tacea, mollusks, annelids, cimen of a certain brilliant and echinoderms were most lJutterfly, but was unable for numerous_ The very large some time to capture one on number of specimens ob­ account of the c reature's sud­ tained on the three trips has, den unaccountaule and myste­ as yet, been only partially ex­ rious d isappearance. He final­ amined' but enough has al ­ ly discovered that the outside ready been done to prove this of this insect's wings was an region to be altogether the exact representation of a leaf. ri chest and most l"f�markable When the butterfly alighted dredging ground ever dis­ covered on our coast. Of upon a shrub and closed its wings it completely deceived mollusks, about 175 species even this experien ced scien­ were taken , 120 of which tist. Some speci es of lob­ were not before known to sters found at Bermuda so occur on the southern coast closely resemble submarine of New En gland ; about 65 stones, even to the coating of are additions to the American sea weeds, that I have passed fauna, and of these about 30 by an aquarium containing are apparently undescribed them supposing the tank to species. The star-fishes and be uninhahited. The com­ ophiurians were exceedingly mon katyd id , whose con­ abundant and beautiful at stantly-repeated notes, late in HumAN TREES OF INDIA.-BHEEL ROBBERS IN HIDING. all the . stations, and many summer, w arn us of the ap- species not pre viously known proauhing frosts, has a representative in South America, their call ing, and the best guards against the same, choosing to our coast were taken, several of these appearing to be whose wings not only resemble a green leaf, but, to add to darkness for their forays. When their dnsky bodies are least undescribed, while others were known only from Northern th e deception , the tips of the wings are ragged and dis­ observable they remove their clothes, a noin t t hemsel ves Europe or from the deep waters off Florida. Many of the coiored, having the exact appearance of a leaf that has bern with oil, and witb a single weapon, a keen-edged knife sus- species have oT;lly recently been obtained from the northern disfigured from the attacks of caterpillars. I once had one pended from their neck, creep and steal like shadows noise- fishing banI,s off Nova Scotia. One new species of Archas­ in my studio, and it was with great difficulty that I could lessly through the darkness. If detected, their greasy and ter was particularly abundant, several thousands of speci­ I convince visitors that it was not an artificial insect with slippery bodies assist them in el uding capture, while their , mens having been taken. But the two largest and most wings made of real leaves. In the snow-covered regions of ra�or-bladed knife dexterously severt3 tbe wrist of any de- j beautiful species of tbis genus were Archaswr A[jassi�ii(new),

© 1881 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC $ titufifit !Uttritau� [JANUARY 29, 1881. A. t t lds]Jidus 'I' he Year. MISCELLANEOUS INVENT IONS. and Florro. Of Odon as er over 100 were taken. One of the most eonspicllous star fisheswas the remarkable Tbe Egyptians, it is said, were the first who fixed the Mr. Abraham Witmer, of Safe Harbor, Pa. , bas patented Pteraster multipes. Sal's, one specimen of which was over six length of the .year. The Roman year was introduced by an improved car starter. Coiled springs are engaged by inches in diameter, and very thick and heavy. Its color Romulus, 738 B. C., and it was corrected by Numa, 713 B. C., clutches operated by the wheels when the car is stopped, when living is rich purple above, with the lower side orange and again by Julius Ooosar,45 B.C., who fixed the solar year and the springs thus being wound up, the momentum of streaked with brown, and with large dark purple suckers. as being 365 days and 6 hours. This was denominated the car is stored up as a force to assist the subsequent start­ A large and handsome orange-colored species of Luidia the Julian Style, and prevailed generally throughout the ing. Means for pJacing this arrangement under the control (apparently L. elegctns), often ten to fifteen inches broad, Christian world till the time of Pope Gregory XIII. The of the driver or conductor of the car are provided. was very common, but nearly all the specimens dismem­ calendftr of Julius CoosaI' was de fecti ve ill this particular, Mr. Wallace H. Phelps, of Alliance, Ohio, has invented bered themselves before they reached the surface. Large that the solRr year consisted of 365 days 5 hours and 49 min· an improved drill for coal. It is a large auger provided specimens of two Floridian sea urchins were also taken. utes, and not of 365 days 6 hours. This differe-nce at the with a peculiar screw feed and means for holCling it in ad· time of Gregory XIII. had amounted to 10 entire days. justment, and the bits or cutters are formed of S-shaped �'.I " To obviate this error Gregory ordained in 1582 that that cntting knives formed with cntting edges at both ends. done Agriculture. "hat Machi nery has for year should consist of 365 days only; and in 1751 it was The shape of these knives renders them effective and dur­ various agricultural shows held last autumn in differ­ The ordered to be so used in England; and the next year 11 able. ent parts of the country cannot fail to impress all who visited days were left out, the 3d of September, 1752, being reckoned A curious combination of water races with gates at differ­ them with the extraordinary developments made in recent as the 14th, so as to make it agree with the Gregory Calen­ ent heights, water wheels, tanks, and pumps, has been pa­ years in mechanical appliances for agriculture. It is well. dar. The Russians still adhere to the J uliar. Calendar tented under the title of "water power," by MI'. Robert therefore, to notice the benefilswhi ch this industry has de­ (called now Old Style), which is 12 days behind the reckon · Thamm, of Oshkosh, "Vis.• by which means the water can rived from the genius and the labors of the mechanician. ing of the Gregorian. be made to act upon a single motor, or a series of motors, We may go back in thought to the time when the spade, the The year 1881 will be a mathematical curiosity. From the water acting successively upon the motors in the order boe, the sickle, and the flailcomprised the farmer's store of right to left and left to right it reads the same. Eighteen of their elevation. machinery, and when the plow was the rudest contrivance divided by 2 gi ves 9 as a quotient; 81 divided by 9 gives 9; A patent for a spark arrester has been granted to Messrs .. h'lrdly worthy to be called a tool. Then every man tilled if divided by 9 the quotient contains a9; if multiplied by 9 Geo. Gunther, of Bath, N. Y .• and William Kowalski, of the soil or engaged ill pastoral pursuits because it was all the product contains two 9s ; 1 and 8 are 9; 8 and 1 are 9. Brooklyn, N. Y. The lower part of the smokestack has a one man could do to provide himself and his dependents If t.he 18 be placed under the 81 and added the sum is 99. jacket., and the upper part of the stack is attached to the with food. Then each man was forced to clothe himself If the figures be added thus, 1, 8, 8, 1, it will give 18. Read­ lower part by brackets. In the upper part of the stack is and be his own mechanic for this sim pIe reason. lIe labored ing from left to right it is 18, and 18 is two-ninths of 81. By placed a deflecting cone with its apex downward over t.he long and with infinite pains, and the ancient sentence that adding, dividing, and multiplying 19 9s are produced, being opening in the lower part. The blast is turned outwardly man should earn his bread by the sweat of his brolV came one 9 for each year required to complete the century. and downward, 'a nd a portion of it emerges through the hOme to him with unmitigated force. In course of time im­ ...... opening between tha two parts of the stack, while the proved and effective tools so lightened the labors of the agri­ A CURIOUS GRAVE. sparks are retained in a space betwp.en the upper II.lldlower culturist, and so increased his products, that the opportunity The practice of burning the dead was common among parts, the lower part projecting upward into the upper to make a division of labor arrived, because there was food the ancients, and was in vogue during the first two centuries part. to spare for the mechanic. This condition of things became of the Christian era. In Italy, the ashes of the dead were Mr. Jonathan Cornell, of t:landy Hill, N. Y. , has patented more and more firmly established, until it ciJanged tbe generally buried in tbe ground or deposited in vaults, while an improvement in paper pulp washers, which washes tbe whole social and political aspect of human affai rs. And among the Celtic people inhabiting Gaul and Britanny the pulp faster than strainprs constructed in the ordinary man­ now what do we see? The true " landlord " is not the owner urn was freqnently inclosed in terra cotta globes and then ner, and enahle, the operator to see into the washers to Oapital of an English estate, proclaims a writer in and Labor, watch the progress of the work, and to clean the strainers but the farmer who comm�LUds an army of farmers, with when necessary by water discharged through a hole against brigades of plows, reapers, aud other machinery upon the the inner surface of the st.rainers. plains of Western America. He makes laws for countries Mr. Oley C. Hanson, of Eureka, Cal. , has patented an im­ thousands of miles away, and his products rule the world's proved shingle machine, in which, by a peculiarly con­ markets. The genius of agriculture to-day is the mechanic ; structed carriage for conveying the block to the saw, a tbe soul of agriculture is the inventor. One farmer can now, novel sliding crank feed mechanism and a device for chang­ with the help of machinery, feed a hundred men with greater ing the lead of the saw, he secures simplicity of construc­ ease than at one time he could feed himself aloue. The tion, speed, and regularity in the operation of the machine. farmer supports the railroads, for stocks rise and fall with A rectilineal motion of sulky plows is secured in an in­ the good and indifferent reports of what the harvest shall be. vention patented by Mr. Samuel H. Taylor, of Kansas City, He supports lines of steamers with his wonderful freights of Mo. Bars with lRteral slots form the conneClion of the breadstuffs, provisions, meats, cat.tle, and sheep. He main­ plow to the sulky shaft, which permits the draught pole of tains the millions of artisans who clothe and shelter him, the sulky to oscillate latemlly without affecting the direction and who provide for every one of his wants outside of the of the plow, which can be raised or lowered at will by the field. operator. The mechanical power of the age is like a series of con­ Messrs. George Biehn and Rudolph Weidauer, of Racine, centric and eccentric circles, of which the farmer stands out Wis., have patented au improved band cutt�r for thrashing in tbe principal center. These all revolve with and about machines so constructed as to cut the bands rapidly and agriculture, and the same force sets all in motion. It is the surely and deliver the grain in gobd condition to the feeder. farmer's duty now to make the most of his opportunities. interred. One of these spherical graves is shown in the The feeder is protected from being accidentally cut by the He should be the foremost man of the age. His influence (mgraving; it was discovered near Lincoln, England, by the knife of the band cutter. should be felt everywhere. It is felt everywhere, for the Rev. John Carters. The globe is roughly made of terra An' improved heel for boots and shoes, patented by Jean wealthiest merchants and capitalists and the most active poli­ cotta. It has a diameter of several feet, and contaills an Leycuras, of Paris, France, provides improved menns for ticians all ask themselves how far the farmers can be de­ urn, the shape of which inuicates its Roman origin. A� at mounting the heels upon the shoe, secures increased solidity pended upon before they make a movement. in their spceial that period Roman legions occupied England, the ashes are and greater rapidity in manufacture, and completely masks pursuits. But the farmer sbould feel this himself. It is probably those of a soldier from the Gallic provinces. The nails, screws, and threads. The heel is provided with a cir­ one thing to have power, and another thing to be cognizant urn is made from white clay. cumferential groove, and the upper leather is secured at its of the possession. Let the farmers consider now their posi­ edge in the groove by nails driven from the outside. .1.1 . An tion and as thel" take a view of it, let them consider what Treatment of Whooplug Cou�h Gas Work8. ' ' in overlapping edge, or strip of leather, is arranged to turn up the owe to the power and influence of machinery. One According to the Lancet, a series of recommendations on over and mask the nail heads. most; conspicuous example of the results pointed out may be the treatment of whooping cough in gas works has been noted. A few years ago Minnesota spring wheat was graded made to the French Acade.mie de Me decine. Some time ago Flre8 In Coal Mine8. very low in the grain markets and brought a low price. a committee of three was appointed to investigate the suo­ Unfortunately for the Western farmers this grade of spring A vein near Coal Castle, Schuylkill County, has been burn ject, and of these M. Rogel', the President of the Academie, wheat was the only one they could produce. A new process ing for forty-five years. A huge fire was kept in a grate at is the sole survivor. He has lately presented a report which in milling waE introduced. Elaborate machinery was in­ the mouth of this mine to prevent the water in the gutters is of considerable interest. Before considering the commu­ vented to perfect the process. The best wheat by this pro­ from freezing. One night, in 1835, the timbers of the drift nication, he described the arrangement of the chambers for cess was the grade known as "Minnesota spring," t.hereto­ caught fire, and when discovered t.he flames were beyond purifying the gas, and the chemical products which patients fore despised and rejected-literally " rejected," in fact, in control, and the mine was abandoned. Many efforts have would breathe therein. The purifying chamber is a large the markets. Afterward this grade became sought by millers, been made since to work the mine, as the coal was of re room with doors and windows freely open. Each contains and the value advanced to a point equal to, and sometimes markably good quality ; bllt although it has been flooded twenty-four vessels, holding five cubic meters of depurating more than that of the previomly much-sought winter wheats many times. the fireconti \lues to rage, and the intense beat . substance-lime and sulphate of iron, mixed with sawdust­ If Minnesota farmers produce forty million bushels of wheat makes it impossible for miners to labor even in slopes which through which the gas has to pa3s. When the workmen are annuallv, thi� auvanced value, due to the new process, puts were opened some distance from the burning vein. No vege­ · emptying and refilling these vessels the children with whoop­ several millions of dollars yearly into their pockets; and tation grows on the surface above this pit of fire, and it is ing cough are placed around it, and inhale the vapors whieh what vast amount of comfort and happiness may be se­ dangerous to walk across it, as many places have caved in, a escape. They are in an atmosphere containing ammonium cured ,by the right use of so much money! This is but one and there seems to he but n. thin shell of earth over it. Near sulphide, carbolic acid, and tarry products. As to the effi­ instance of the vast concatenalion of circumstances which �Iauch Chunk there is Summit Hill Mine, which has been cacy of the trea.tment, M. Commenge records 120 cases in points the moral here alluded to. burning for about twenty-five years, and va<;t SUlll S of money whicb the treatment was persevered with. In 20 the treat· have been expended in fruitless efforts to extinguish the ... '.I. ment failed completely, in 48 improvement followed, and flames. Supposed P" eventive tor r et Beetle8. Ca p 101 were cured. .M. Bertholle merely states that of 341 .. � .. . A Telegraph Q,uillala 'l 'oothwaMh. writer in the Germantown suggests that, as cases 122 were improved and 219 were cured. Failures 01' E. BENNETT, the larvooof the bacon beetle (Dermestes lardarius), an insect deaths are not mentioned. Besides the 490 cases improved BY ALEX ANDER PH.G. closely allied to tbe carpet beetle, will shun thelr 'food when there were, it appears, 671 cases not included, because the An excellent toothwash containjng glycerin is made as tallow is placed near them, their repugnance to that sub­ treatment was not persevered in, and t.hese perhaps include follows : �. Soap hark, ground, 4 ounces; glycerin, 3 stance being so great that the insects will devour each other a large numb!'r of fa.ilures. The remote situation of most ounces; diluted alcohol, sufficient for 2 pints; oil of

rather than approach it, the same peculiarity may be quite gas works, and the exposure involved in the treatment III gaultheria, 011 of peppermint, aa 20 drops. possibly met with in the larvoo of the carpet beetle ; and if �inter. must necessarily limit. the application of the method. Macerate the soap bark in the mixture of glycerin and so the coating of floors and filling the cracks with tallow M. Rogel' thinks that it acts only upon one element of diluted alcohol for three or four days, and filter through (the cracks being their place of concealment) would possibly whooping cough-the catarrh-and that it is contra-inClj· a httle magnesia previously triturated with tbe volatile prove an effectivedestroyer of these troublesome pests. The cated in febrile attacks of the disease. and would be danger­ oils. experiment could be easily tried. If good mutton tallow be ous in complicated cases. The method, however, is easy of Thus made, a much better preparation is obtained than by employed there could be no hurtful absorption of the grease, use in some localities in summer, and seems worthy of macerating the bark in the dIlute alcobol, and adding the especially when the carpets have linen backs. further trial in suitable cases. glycerin afterward.-American Jo urnal of Pha�.

© 1881 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC JANUARY 29, 1881.] leitutifie )nrtricau. 73 [New York Tribune.] , Q. Recurring to the question that h �s b �en ask�d you A. As far as my acquaintance with scientificmen is COII­ nt erestl ng Tests 1'f.Iade by the Government Chemist. upon this suit-the result of these examlDatlOns which you cerned, my personal opinion is derived from my investiga· I . .. . . I urn twn and from readl1lg; I should think the opinion was that Dr. Edward G. Love, the present Analytical Chemist for have made-�s it y o� oplDlon th at a m th ese va�lOus powders such as you have examIned, alum, or any compound of alumina, would be decidedly in· the Government of the Umted States has recently made compounds, III bakmg injurious? . jurious. some interesting experiments as to the comparative value of is . . It i my oplllJOn, based upon actual experiments on Q. Do I understand you to say that any baking powder baking powders. Dr. Love's tests were made to determi�e . � hvmg� ammals. in which there are aluminous salts, or any resultant from what brands are the most economical to use. And as their . . . F. CHAND ER, alum which could be absorbed in digestion, is objection. capacity lies in their leavening power, tests were directed CHARLES � called on behalf of the plailltiff, able and injurious? solely to ascertain the available gas of each powder. Dr. being duly sworn, testified as �olIows: , . . ' Q . Dr. Uhandler, you resIde III the CIty of New York? A. Extremely so. L'ove , s repor t gives the followl'ng'. _ ., The prices at which baking powders are sold to consum· A. I do. Prof. JOSEPH H.- RAYMOND called, sworn and testified as ers I findto be usual ly 50 cents per pound. I have therefore Q. Your business is that of a chemist? follows: their relative commercial values according to the A. It is. Q. Would you be good enough to state your profession ? calculated • volume of gas yielded on a basis of 50 cents cost per Q. You are and have been Professor of ChemIstryin seve· A. I am a physician, sir, and a professor of physiology. pound." ral colleges 1 Q. You also were, and have been for some time, Sanitary A. I have. Superintendent in Brooklyn-is not that s01 AVAII. ABLE GAS. COllfPARA- NAME OF THE BAKING POWDERS. OUBre INCHES PER TIVE WORTH Q. Please state how long that employment of yourself A. I have, sir. EACH OUNCE POWDER. PER POUND. .. 1,27'4 50 '! Royal " (cream tartar powder) ...... cts. has been, and with what c:JlIeges you are now connected. Q. Now, sir, I will ask you your opinion, from this ex· .. Patapsco " (alum powder) ...... 125'2 49 ,., A. I am at present Profes'lor of Chemistry in the Aca· perience, whether the use of alum with soda, in a bakillg ...... 122 5 48 . .. Rumford's " (phosphate) fresh ...... demic Department or Columbia College ; the School of powder, is injurious or not, in its physiological effects? .. . . . , . 32'7 13 .. old ...... Mines, Columbia College; the New York College of Phy . A. I consider It to he dangerous. . ... 121·6 .. Hanford 's None Such " ...... 471" Surgeons, and the New York College of P Q. You examined this question for the Hoard of Health ,; Redhead's " ...... 117'0 46 .. sicians and haro .. Charm " (alum powder)...... 116'9 macy . in Brooklyn, some years ago, did you not? 46 .. 111'9 .. Amazon " (alum powder) ...... in ...... 44 .. Q. You are President, also, of the Board of Health, are A. Two years ago, sir, December. "Cleveland's " (short welght t oz.) ...... HOB 43". you not? By the Oo urt : .. Czar " ...... 106'8 42 ...... 102'6 A. lam. Q. What was the result of your investigation as to the use U Price's Cream " ...... 40 u . 98 '2 In your various employments, have you had frequent of alum in baking powder? .. Lewis's " condensed...... 88� ". Q...... 93'2 � , . "Andrews' Pearl ...... 8 occasion to examine the question of tbe wholesomeness of A. The result of my investigation at that time was this: "Hecker's Perfect"...... 92-5 86 " food, and the beneficial or injurious effects of its ingredi­ that the changes which took place betwcen the time that Bulk Powder ...... 80'5 80 " ents? alum baking powder was put in the bread, and the time the Bulk Aerated Powder...... 75'0 29 " A. I have. bread was eaten, the chemical changes were so little under­ N OTE.-" I regard all alum powders as very unwholesome. Q. I will ask you in regard to the use of alum with soda, stood by chemiots, that as a physician and physiologist, I Phosphate and tartaric acid powders liberate their gas too in a baking powder, whether or not it is neutralized-is there considered it a dangerous experiment. freely in process of baking, or under varying climatic any injurious constituent of alum left ? Dr. }lott, the Government chemist, in his review on the changes suffer deterioration. " A. There is an injurious constitutent left after the mix· subject in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. makes special mention ------,�.�,�.------­ ture of alum and bicarbonate of soda. of having analyzed the Royal Baking Powder, and found it [New York Tribune.] Q. Without using any nicety of chemical terms, what is composed of pure and wholesome materials. He also ad I'ises Alum Baking Powders In Court.-Interestlng Testi­ your opinion about the use of alum in a baking powder, in the public to avoid purchasing baking powders as sold loose mony oC Scientific Men. combination with bicarbonate soda and other ingredients, or in bulk, as he found by analyses of many samples that Within the past two years a bitter controversy has been for raising bread-whether injmious or not? the worst adulterations are practiced in this form. The wao-ed between manufacturers, on account of the use of A. I think it is dangerous to the digestive organs, and label and trade mark of a well known and responsible manu­ alu as a cheap substitute for cream of tartar, by many � liable to produce serious disturbance of the liver of the indio facturer, he adds, is the best protection the public can manufacturers of baking powders. The handsome profits vidual making use of such powders. have. yielded by using the substitute haye induced dealers as well HENRY }10RTON, President of .. Stevens Institute," called �s manufacturers to push them into the hands of consumers, in behalf of the plaintiff being duly sworn, testified as fol- DECISIONS RELATING TO PATENTS. �ometimes under definite brands, frequently by weighing lows: Unlted States Circuit Court.-Northern District oC out in bulk without any distinguishing name. Q. You are President of Stevens Institute? New York. Are such powders wholesome? The Royal Baking Powder A. I am. UNITED STATES STAMPING COMPANY JEWETT et at. Co., who make a cream of tartar baking powder, declared !l8. Q. And have for many years beeIi a chemist? Blatchford, J. : that they are injurious to the public health, while others A . I have. 1. Patent to E. A. Heath, No. 119,705, granted October who make alum powders claim that they are not. The Have you bad occasion to examine the substances Q. 10. 1871, not anticipated by invention of Weber, the proofs whole matter as to the effects of �hese alum powders has which are used in the composi tion of baking powders ? tinally been brought into the courts, and the case was tried failing to show beyond a reasonable doubt that Weber was A. I have. in the Superior Court of New York city before Chief Justice prior to Heath. Q. Did you, some time ago, examine sample of Dooley's 2. Sedgwick, reported substantially as f llows in the New a Where the decree in a former suit against one license o Baking Powder? York Su n: of a patentee was for a simple dismisRal of the bill a claim A. I did. that the plaintiff is e�topped from suing another CONOLUSION OF A LITTLE TROUBLE BETWEEN A CHEMIST licensee will Q. Is that it, sir? [handing can]. not be entertained. AND AN EDITOR. A. Yes, sir ; tha� is it. 3. .. • Where a patent has been allowed and ordered to issue. Dr. Henry A. Mott against Jabez Burns, has Q. Well, w�at kind of alum dId It contam? The suit of and an llssignment has then been made authorizing the Com- the fact that this country produces at least A. It contailled potash alum. brought to light missioner to issue patent to assignee, and patent issue to in. nt kinds of baking powders. Neither Burns . Did you make any extract of that alum, to show the forty·two differe Q ventor, the assignment not having been recorded until after r Molt has been found guilty of making the baking pow· kind? no . .. the issue of the patent, He ld that the legal ri ght to the but Burns, who is the editor of a periodical called the A. I dId ; I extracted a large quantIty of It as potash alu , ders lII patent became vested in the agsignee on the recording of tbe jVill, erely mulcted for libel in his eff rts and it is in that bottle which I have uow here [showing bot· Spic; has been sev . � assignment. _...... Dr. Mott, it appears, IS a chemist, tie] ; that is potash alum which came out of the alum bak------to make his paper spicy. I _, , ....._----- and 'atone time was employed by the United States Govern· iug powder that was in that can. Our Trade with China. powder which ment to analyze different specil!lensof baking Plaintiff's Counsel offers said can of Dooley's Baking Recent official reports show an encouraging increase in Bureau. had been recommended for adoption to the Indian Powder in evidence. American trade with China, whose vast and undeveloped the cream of tartar baking Q. No Dr. Mott reported in {avo I' of w, sir, have you made any experiment in the bread markets offer enormous opportunities for our manufacturers powders for the Indians, lindagai nst the al�Ul baking p�w­ made from baking powder, to see whether there was any and farmers. The forty-two kmds of bakmg ders. chemist analyzed soluble alumina in the bread itself? A few years ago wheaten bread was al1 but nnknown in A. I have ; I took powders. a portion of this powder and mixed it China. The multitudes of returning Chinamen carry home hour. Then the came with The jury were out about half an � flour in the directed proportions, and baked a s mall with them not only a knowledge of wheat but a prefr-rence Dr. Mott $8.000, to WhICh the loaf with it; then I soaked this loaf-the in with a verdict awarding interior part of it for it. One steamship from San Francisco carried to China, of $150. -in cold water, and made an Court made an additional allowance extract, in which I readily de· last year, 1,400 tons of flour; and the entire shipment for interest in the wholesomeness tected, by the usual tests, alum-that is, alumina in solu· As the public have a large a 1879 was 235,789 barrels. The vast wheat fields of the is called upon to use as food, the following ble condition. of VI'ha tever it Pacitic coast areli kely soon tofind an ample market fortheir testimony of some of the Does any extracts are introduced from the Q. baking powder in which any alumina salts products among the millions of the Celestial Empire. injurious effects of alum powders : enter, contain alumina, in your opinion, prominent men as to the which can be During the same year California found in China a market absorbed in the process of digestion-are not such objection­ DR. MOTT : for half her quicksilver product, or 36,696 flasks. Of other by the U. S. Government? able? Q. Were you employed products the total shipment from the country was not large. was employed as chemist, to analyze all the A. Very decidedly objectionable, in my opinion. A. I was, sir; but the variety indicates great possibilities offuture develop­ ; to express an opinion as to the analysis of Q. Why do you say-from what system of reasoning do articles of food ment. The exports to China for the year, the last for which uess and purity. you make it out-that because alum is injurious, alumina is their healthful official reports have been published, included clocks, to the l the jury the baking powders that you ex· injurious? Q. Please tel value of $50,397; cottons, colored, $270,000 ; cottons, un. the employ of the government. A. Because the injurious effect8 of alumina, when it gets amined while in colored, $1,302,000 : dl1lgs and chemicals, $13,700 ; glass· be difficult to remember them all ; I could into the stomach and reacts on the organs, are the same ; A. It would ware, $14,000 ; silver bullion, $1.831,000; maChinery, $9,000; my- books; I examined twenty-eight powders; was this hydrate of alumina meets in the stomach the gastric refer to other iron manufactures, $9,000 ; firearms, $17,000 ; lamps, sixteen at first. juices, and reacts with them the same as alum would; it gi ven $22,000; kerosene, $690,000 ; ordnance stores, $9,000; pro­ the Oo urt : forms, in fact, kind of alum in the stomach with those By a visions, such as bacon and other meats, butter and cheese, Give your best recollection. acids, and whatever alum would do, it would do. etc. , $42,000 ; refined sugar, $7,000; tobacco, $52,000; Bak- cloth. Q. And one of the powders included was " Dooley's Dr. SAMUEL W. JOHNSON. Professor of Chemistry in the ing, $10,000...... __ ing Powder?" Scientific School, Yale College, being duly sworn, testified ------...... ,-<1 , .. ---__ A. Yes, sir. al'! follows : To RENDER IVORY FLEXIBLE.-Ivory is readily rendered Q. And the " Charm ? " Q. You have had much to do in the examination of sub· quite flexible by immersion in a solution of pure phosphoric A. Yes, sir; the " Charm " and "Patapsco." stances that enter into food, and the adulteration of food ? acid (specific gravity 1 '13) until it loses, or partially loses, Q. Please state in which powders you found alum. A. More or less ; yes, sir. its opacity, when it is washed in clean cold water and dried. A. I found alum in Dooley's "PatapsCQ, " .. Charm," Q. After the use of alum with soda, in a baking powder, In this state it is as flexible as leatber, but gradually hardens Side," "Queen," " Vienna," "Orient," "Amazon," "Lake in your opinion, is there any injurious substance left? by exposure to dry air. Immersion in hnt water, however, L "Twin ,sisters," "Superlat.ive," " King," "White ily," A. In my opinion, there is an injurious substance left. restores its softness and pliancy. Tbe following method . Hon· . Monarch," "One Spoon," "Regal," "Imperial," .. Q. What, sir. two years ago, was the prevailing opinion may also be employed : Put the ivory to soak in three ounces " est," " Economical," .. Excelsior," "Chartres," "Grant's, among scientific men, as to the effec t of the use of alum in nitric acid mixed with fifteen ounces water, In tbree or baking ow " Giant." p ders ? fOUl" days the ivory will be soft.

© 1881 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC 74 1titutifit !tutritau. Lightning Screw Plates and Labor-saving Tools, p. 60. be seen. This is nsually designated " multiple refiec· (11) A. F. T. asks how to make jet black to H. P. Steam Engines. See adv. p. tion." writing ink. A. Blne galls, 4.Xi oz ; bruised cloves, 4 40 45. 1 drachm; cold water, 40 oz pure sulphate of iron , 1M The Cltargefor In sertion under this Iteadis One Dollar National Institute of Steam and Mechanical Engineer. (3) C. H. B. inquires : What acid or other ; OZ. ; a linefO'i' each insertion ; about eigltt words to a line. ing, Bridgeport, Conn. Blast Furnace Construction and liquid will destroy or decompose any kind of wood wiLh pnre sulphnric acid, 35 minims: sulphate of indigo Advertisements must be received publication offi ce Management. metallurjlY of iron and steel. Prac­ the greatest rapidity ? A. Wood is chemically com­ in the form of a thin paste, and which should be neu­ at The tral or ne y so, M pure water, ahout 1 art as eaJ'iy as Thursday morning to in next iS8ue. tical Instruction in Steam Engin eering, and agood situa� posed of two parts. lignin and cellulose. The walls of arl oz .; qu . Boll appear tion wheu competent. Send for pamphlet. the galls gently 1).2pint of water for an hour, adding tbe vegetab le cells are formed of the former: the fil ling in Ladies who board or live in hotels, will do well to se- Eclipse Portable ngine. See il ustrated adv. , water for what is lost by evaporation. Strain and E l p. 30. matter of such cells by the latter. Lignin may be se cure one of Frothingham Emery's Patent Portable squeeze the galis (in a press). Cool, filter, and add the & Nickel P:ating-.-:':ole mauufacturers cast nickel an· parated from wood iu a pure state by boiling sawdust· Safety Jewel Cases. AttachabJe to bureau drawers, etc., iron salt dissolved in water and filtered; add tbe acid, odes, pure nickel salts, importers Vienna lime, crocus. successively in alcohol, water, weak potash solution, keeping secure jewelry and ornaments from dishonest etc. Condit. Hanson Van Win!l:le,NewarK, and agitate briskly, then add the indigo, shake, and filter. & N. J., dilute mnriatic acid, and, finally, water. Liguin is not domestics. Manufactured at 20 Vesey St., New York r 92 and 94 Liberty St., New York . sol uhle in water, alcohol, ether. or oils; it is, however, Imp oves by age. city. See advertisement on last page. Clark Rubber Wheels adv. See page 2 . soluble in strollg nitric acid, which, on the other hand, (12) ­ For Sale.-A 10 H. Wood and Mann Portable En­ 9 C. H. S. asks : What are the ingredi P. has no action on the other cons tituent of wood, the cel gine and Boller, in good condition. The E. ingraham Reed's Sectional Covering for steam surfaces: any ents of the lightning stove polish sold by men on the & lulose, which is readily soluble in snlphnric acid, a n d by Co., Bristol, Conn. one can apply it; can be removed and replaced without · streets ? It is rubbed on witl) a cloth, re quires no brush­ injnry. J. Locke, Son, Cortlandt St., N. which is converted mto a substance similar to dex­ ing, aud gives a bright luster. A. Pure graphite, or Books for Engineers and Mechanics. Catalogues free. A. & 32 Y. it. trine. From this the inference will at once be drawn a pab e ow er by rin E. F. N. Spon, Broome St., New York. Silent Injector, Blower, and Exhanster. See adv. p. 60. plumbago, reduced to an imp l l p d g d & 446 that a solvent of wood must be composed of both acidg. ing and bolting. Repairs to Corliss Engines a Specialty L. B. Flan­ The American Electric Co., Propri etors and Mann­ · . Whether these had better be employed in s uccession or ders )lachine Works, Philadelphia, Pa. facturers of the Thomas Houston System of Electric (13) C. a i mixed together iu the form of nitrosul phuric acid, one or G. H. asks : What prepar t on Lighting of the Arc Style. See iIIus. adv., page 61 . (weighing much less than paint) will e ectually water­ Driving Clocks for Equatorial Telescopes. Address two experiments will determine, such experiments to be ff 'l' h. Flschlein, 158 Pavonla Ave., Jersey City, Rollstone Mac. Co.'s Wood Working Mach'y ad. p. proof a canvas canoe ? A. Try paraffine mixed with l N. J. 29. made on sawdust of any special kind of wood that onr its weight of boiled oil. Melt by h eat dissolte in nventors, Attelltion .-Apparatus wanted to discharge J<' ire Brick, Tile, !lnd Clay Retorts, all shapes. Borgner correspondent may havc in his miud when puttillg the or I O'Brien, M'f'rs, 23d St., above Race, Phila .. Pa. benzole. coai. barges by steam shovel instead of band shoveling. & query. C. Hebener, 24 Exchange Place, Boston, See Bentel, Margedant & Co.'s adv., page 60. (14) e i in R. )laS8. (4) R. G. and others ask how to construct A. J. S. asks: Is tb re any a r pure The greatest attraction at the last Am. Inst. Fair was '1'ysou Vase Engine, small motor, 1.33 H. e c ent ater ? so, in what proportion; or how much to the P. ; ffi i a simple and inexpensive sand blast apparatns for en­ w If the Cider Press of Messrs. Boomer Baschett, where it and non-explosive; price $50. See illus. adv., page gallon All natural waters hold air in solution. & ro. graving glass and hard metals. A. Well dried sand, ? A. was daily operatioD. New York Office, Park Row. The quanti ty is usually small and very variable in 15 Use Vacuum Oil Co. 's Luhricating Oil, Rochester,N.Y. contained in the cylindrical vessel, is allo wed to fiow . For Sale. -·A Valuable Patent Invoice File and Holder, A, Steam Hammers, Improved Hydraulic Jacl... and Tube in a continuous manner through the tube, hose D. S. Can you inform including dies and formers !lecessary for the manufac­ C, ,y (15) J. asks : 1. me if length and inclination can be altered at wi il , so as to there is to be had a mincral (or other) powder WhlCh ture of same. Sample file, 50 ets. Terms and circulars Expanders. R. Dudgeon, �4 Columbia St., New York. regulate the fall of the sand. The tube on e n the free. Moore, Patterson Co., Saltsburg, Fa. Diamond Planers. J. Dickinson. 64 Nassau St., N. c v yi g will answer the following requirements, namely: Color & Y. current of air or steam terminates just above this spout, a bright full yellow: insolubility in hot or cold water or Wanted-State aud County Agents to introduce a New 50,000S awyers wautcd. Your full address for Emer· In a nozzle containing; a s eries of fineholes. 'rho sand, sllgar solution: au impalpably finestate of division as and Valuable Patent. Address, with references, Box 43, son's Hand Book of Saws (free). Over illustrations 100 nrged on by tbe jet, is thrown violently again8t the is cen in e Lake Forest, III. a.nd pages of valuable information. How to straighten s th best German ultramarine; not poisonous saws, etc. Emerson, Smith Co., Beaver Falls, Pa. unless takeu in quautities over ten grains ? A. Reduce Leveridge, 3 Cortlaudt St., New York, & Send to Johu D. the deepest yellow glass, pure crown, free from lead, the for illustrated catalogue, mailed free, of aU kinds of Frank's Wood Working Mach'y. Sce ilJus. adv., p. 60. color of which is due to silver, to Scroll Saws and Supplies, Electric Lighter:'!, Tyson's impalpable powder by Pecrless Colors -For coloring mortar. French, Rich­ Steam Engines, Telephones. Novelties, etc. milling. Then pass 1t through a silk sieve. 2. Is there ards Co., 410 Callowhill St., Philadelphia, Pa, & any way of preparing a cement of rubber or otber gum Wauted-Second-hand Iron Planer, 6 foot bed, plane Peck's Patent Drop Press. See adv. page 45. which I c ould nse to firmly attach two pieces of leather to 24 in. wide. Must be in best order. Give maker's , 16 name, weight, and price. Moseley Co., Elgin, Ill. For Pat. Safety Elevato"s, Hoisting Engiues. Fricl,ion without impairing its p liability ? It must be entirely & Clutch Pulleys, Cut-otf Coupling. see Frisbie's ad. p. waterproof and strong. A. See p. 2510, No. 158, SCI­ Wanted·-An experieuce1i Mechanical Engineer as Su­ 60. & T C perintendent. One well known to the trade and compe­ For Separators, Farm Vertical Engines, see adv.p.61. EN IFI AMERICAN HUPPLEMENT. tent to estimate. Give reference. and address Atlantic Tight and Slack Barrel machinery a speciai ty. John (16) J. L. S. asks (1) for a receipt for a N. Steam Engine Works, Brooklyn, Y. Greenwood Co., ochester, See ill us . adv. p.6t. var i or p & R N. Y. n sh aste, or solution, by which to cover or sat­ Wanted-Second-hand Root Blower. S. Moulson, Elevators, Freight and Passenger, Shafting, Pulleys urate wooleu felting to make it waterproof (against Rochester, N. Y. and llangers. Graves Son, Rochester, N. warm water) and at the same remain pliable. A. IJ . S. & Y. time a. Dissolve 1 par Americau Inventions Wanted to Sell Abroad. Ad For Patent Shapers a nd PlanErs, see ills. adv. p. 60. t of pure gum rnbber (caoutchouc) cut in dress FOX, St. Aubyn St .. Davenport, England. shreds in about 20 parts of bisulphide of carbon free J. R. 50 ­ For Heavy Punches, etc., see illustrated advertise from dissolved mlphur. Pass the feltin g, first thor­ Why ri8k boiler explosion from mud ? It can be avoid­ ment of HlIles Jones, on page & 61. ed, at nominal cost, by Hctchkiss' Mechanical BOiler onghly dried, through this, then expose to tbe ail' un til Comb'd Punch & Shears: Universal Lathe Chucks. Lam­ Cieaner, 84 John St., N. Engineers make ten per cent the smell of the solvent has d isappeared. Do not use Y. bertville iron Works, Lambertville, See ad. p.60. selJing other parties than employers. Send for circular. N. J. the sol vent [00 strong-di lute with bisulphi de Paraf . 0. ­ Blake " Lion and Eagle " Imp'd Crusher. See p. 45. fine, parts: boiled o Saunders' Pipe Cutting and Threading Machines. See 10 il, 2 parts : benzole (pure), 40 Mineral n parts. Apply as above. Also a receipt for adv., p. 45. La ds Prospected, Artesian Wells Bored, by 2. a cement Pa . Diamond Drill Co . Box <123. Pottsville. Pa. oee p.60. for cementing felting together. A. See Ahhe Bolt Forging Machines and Palmer Power Ham­ marine giue- 2510, No. 158, mer specialty. Forsaith Co., Manchester, N. H. Wren's Patent Grate Bar. See adv. page 45. p. SCIENTIFIC a & AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. List 25.-Descriptive of over 2,000 new and second­ For best 101V price Planer and .MatCher. and latest (17) W. T. asks (1) how to prepare the hand machines, now ready for distribution. Send stamp improved Sash, Door, and Machinery, Send for silversolution in electro-silver-pla ing. A. Pure BHn i t nitrate, for same. Forsalth Co., Manchester, H. catal ol{ue to Rowley Hermance. Williamsport, & N. & Pa. 272 ounces: cyalllde of potassium (pure), 4)4 ounces: n in e water, gallon. Dissolve Pure Oak Lea Belting. C. W. Arny & Son, Manufac­ The only economical aud practical Gas E gine th 1 the cyanide in a portion of turers. Philadelphia. Correspondence solicited. Otto " Silent. built by Schleicher. the ater and the silver nit market is the new U \I rate in an other, mix welJ Schumm Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Send for circular. glass plate,E, or other body placed within its range, Two Pateuts for sale. R. Munroe, Fitchhnrg, Mass. & together until clear. 2. Is one cell of gravity battery and thus an abradi g action. By varying tbe Penfield (Pulley) Blocks, Lockport, N. Y. See ad. p . 61. exerts n sufficientfor silver-plating small articles, such as spoons, Within t.he Ir,st ten years greater improvements have quanti ty of the sand, the volnme and the velocity of forks, etc. ? A. Hardly. The exposed surface of zmc n been made in mowing machines than a y other agricul­ the current, as well as tbe diameter of the jet, more or should abont equal the surface of the work tbe bat tural implement. It is universally ackncwledged that m h. less rapid effects are produced. Holes may be drilled the Eureka Mower Co., of Towanda, Pa., are making in glass and iu substances milch harder than �lass by (18) J. H. V. & Co. ask : Can you inform the best mower now in use, and every farmer should means hi apparatus, us of any solder with which we can mend small cast write to the manufacturers for catalogue, with prices:. of t s In engraving on g lass very little pressure is needed, the current from tbe bellows iron (2 oz.) castings with a heat that will melt hard Eureka V egetable Boiler Scale Eradicator, strictly sold of an er.ameler's lamp being quite sufficient. In this er? We find, by using commoo solder, mur ati perfectly harmless to iron. 'Yarranted HINTS CORRESPO:NDENTS. tbe i c vegetable, and '1'0 acid in short time way the divisions on graduated tubes, the labels on bot­ a rusts under and Jets the solder to remove scale of any thickness, and to prevent scaling No a tention will be paid 1.0 commnnications nnless t loose. A. Silver solder will answer yonr purpose, pro­ Circulars and par· tles, etc., can easily be engraved in laboratories with from either fresh or salt water use. accompanied with the full name and address of the N. but little trouble. The portions of he glass which are viding the fracture is clean and fresh. Paint t.he ad. ticulars of G. E. Brinckerhotf, Liberty St., Y. t 101 writer o n . to remain clear are covered with paper, or with an elustic j i ing surfaces sparingly with borax ground to a fin e For achinists' Tools, see Whitcomb's adv., page 28 not be M Names and addresses of correspondents will varnish, these subs\ances being sufficient protection cream ou a slate or slab. CJamp or wire the joint Jenkins' Patent Valves and Packing"T he Standard." given to -inqnirers. against the abrading action of the sand. firmly, and apply the silver solder in small pieces around Jenkins Bros., Proprietors, Dey St., NewYork. We renew our request that corres ondents referrin 11 p , in g the casting on the joint, sticking them with the borax will be kind e o h to Presses & Dies. Ferracute llach. Co. , Bridgeton, N. to former answers or articles, n n� (5) �Gks cream. J. J. F. how to remove the hard Heat in a charcoal fire or blow-pipe fiame nntil name tlle date of the paper and the page, or the number bnrnt the cylinder head of a stcam engine. the solder flows. soft solder has Superior Mailcable Castings at moderate rates of oil off A. If been previously ap­ of the questiou. Richard Pim. Wilmington, Del. 'I'ry a small quantity of a strong solution of caustic plied to the castin� it ca n not be soldered with silver P. Correspondents whose i nquiries do not appear after potash in alcohol. solder. See soldering in HUPPLE'lENT, No. Wood Working Machinery of Improved DeBign and 20. a reasouable time should repeat them. not then pub­ Workmanship. Cordesman, Egan Cincinnati, O. If (6) H. C. & Co., lished , they may conclude that, for good reasons, the W. W. asks if the oil that is caught (19) F. P. asks : 1. What is tbe best The " 1880 " Lace Cutter hy mail for 50 cts.; discount by the cups under the hangers or journals can be used preparatiou to nse on a stove pipe, to keep from rust· Editor declines them. It ing , m t to the trade. Sterling Elliott, 262 Dover St., Boston, Mass. Persons desiring s pecial information which is pu rely again. A. It should not be used again without purifi­ i'o ething not very expensive, al houg-h durable, The To ols, Fixtures, and Patterns of th e '1'aunton of a personal character, and not of general interest, cation. According to Simm's process the waste oil is yet will not cause the pipe to burn out. A. Apply pure dissolved out from the impnri ies by bisulphide of car­ graphite tplumbag-o) ground Il'oundry and .\ lachine Company for sale, by the George should remit from $1 to $5, according to the subjec t, t to a very fiue powder aud mixed with Place }l achinery Agency, 121 Chambers St" New York. as we cannot be expected to spend time and labor to bon filtered, and the bisulphide distilled off in a retort a l ittle water, then rub over with .ome of ackete the sa Experts In Patent Causes and Mecbanical Counsel. obtain such information without remuneration. j d with hot water or steam, condensed and col­ me, dry. 2. Which i s the best foot and power Park Benjamin _Bro ., Astor lJ ouse, New York. SUPPLE­ lected so that it may be used again for a similar pur­ lathe, and where madc-all things considered-for range & 50 Any numbers of the SCIENTIFIC A,mIUCAN pose. of w ork, l ight running, moderate cost, durability, ac­ Corrngated Wrought Iron for Tires on Traction En­ MENT referred to in these columns may be had at this curacy in the work without gines, etc. SoJe mfrs., Lloyd, Son Co., Pittsb'g. Pa. office. Pricc 10 cents each. dead centers, 80 methmg H. & (7) H. C. G. asks how to color violing a sultable for ordinary w orkshop or amateur varied Mallelble and Gray Iron Castings, all descriptions, by dark cherry similar to the Cremonas, and how to pre­ (1) W. C. L. asks : Will a combination of work; screw cutting included ? A. See our advertising Erie Malleable Iron Company, limited, Erie, Pa. pare the stain and shellac. A. S tam-Dragon's blood in a chamber explode If ex­ columns, also coal gas and air coufiued 2 .. Hints to Correspondents." 3. Will Power, Foot, and Hand Presses for Metal Workers. ounces, spirits of wine 1 quart. Digest with occasional posed to heat ? A. We have not heard of any instance pure virgi n India·rubber. dissolved iu about 8 or 10 times Lowest prices. Peerless Punch Shear Co . Dey St.,N.Y, agitation nntil dissolved. Varnish-Coarsely powdered & . 52 of suc an explosion having taken place wi Its own weight in benzole, do to mend boots ? If er h thout COll­ s and Informatiou on all Industrial P es gum copal aud glass each 4 oz. ; alcohol , 1 pint; cam­ Recipes roc ses. tact with a fiame. , viceahle, how sh ould it be used ? Should It be applied­ Park Benjamin's Expert Office, Astor House, N. Y phor, ).2o z. : heat. the mixture with frequent stirring 50 a ks scientific in as varnish over the worn or d amaged parts, or put u nder (2) W. W. G. s : What is the a w ater bath so that the bubbles may be counted as they For the best Stave, !larrel, Keg, and Hogshead l'l a­ pressure with a reason for he fact that the moons of Jupiter may be suitable size to covel' the defect or A. t rise, until solution is complete, and when cold decant uhirery. address H. Cross lev, Clevelaud, Ohio. damaged part ? And If pasted or cemeuted on under seen by reflecting his image in a common looking glass the clear portion. pressure, will it e serviceable ? A. Natioual Steel 'l'ube Cleaner for boiler tubes. Adjust- or mirror held horizontally, that the mc'ons y be b Yes: patch and put 18, ma wri es ; , under moder te pressure uut l r able, durable . Chalmers-Spence Co., 40 John St., N . seeu refiected in the gl ass A. What are imag ned to (8) T. P. t In glazing sash when the a i d y. How are uppers Y. r i 4. on leather boots and The Brown Automatic Cut-off Engine ; nnexcelled for be the moons viSIble nnder such circumstances are not glass is crooked or convexed, which IS the proper side shoe; mended without nsing thread, workmanship, economy, aud durability. for in- so reality, but only a redu l a the to place next to the wood, the convex or concave side ? etc.? Can a piece of leather, of suitable size, be Write m p ic ting of the body of pasted or cemented formation. C. Brown Co., Fitchburg. Mass. planet itself. The following are tha optical pri Ciples A. The concave side, for the simple reason that the over the defective parts on the H. & n convex a a body of the boot or shoe, making a mend and Best Oak ' anned I.eather Bel ting. Wm . F. Fore- involved the formatio of hese false satelh tes : When side gives the window a better appe r nce when neat also P III n t placed outward. servIceable ? A. See marine glue (second receipt), p_ paugh, Jr .• Bros., Jetferson ,t., Phi adelphia, fa. the lIght fro a luminous body fal ls upon a mIrror held & 53 l IU 2510, SCIENTIFIC A MERICAN SUPl'LEMENT, No. 158: also Stave, Barrel. Keg. and Hogshead Machinery a spe. as described, two primary reflections reach the eye of . (9) P. M. H. writes : I have a cast rubber cement, same page. the specta o , one from the first surface of the glass, the iron ket- cialty, by Holmes, Butfalo, t r E. & H. N. Y. tie that IS cracked: how can I repair the damage ? A. ot er from the back or silvered surface, WhICh is mu ch Downer's Cleaning and Polishmg Oil for bright metals, � (20) E. E. S. asks how to m l arti· Sulphur 2 parts ; blacklead (plumbago), 1 part: melt plate s al b te than a ins , the oldest and best in the market. Highly recom- ngh r th t from the outer surface. But t is cles of steel and brass with gold, silver. and nicl,el, is tbe sulphur in an old iron pot over the fire,then add the mended by the New York, Boston, and other Fire De- not all. When the rays from the Sl vered side were without a batt ry . Gi lding by dipping : Distilled I blacklead, stir well together, and pour on t on an iron e A be t . partments throujlhout the conntry. For quickness of I ing transmitted to the eye, par of them, when en ­ water, 17 pmts ; pyrophospbate of potassa or soda, 28 plate or s mooth stone. Apply with a hot iron after the cleaning and luster prodnced has no eqnal. Sample countering the upper surface of the glass, were stopped, ounces; solutiou of hydroc an purc acid), it manner of tinsmith's soldering. y ic acid O' J1l five gallon can sent O. D. for $8. H. Downer, the minored surface, C. A. 17 refiected back to to be agam sent ounce; terchloride of gold, � ounce. Put 16 pmts of Peck Slip, New York. F. D. M. Will forward to the eye from a point differentfrom those at asks . water expand or the water a porcelam or porcelain-lined iron vessel, (10) III Wright's Patent Steam Engine, with antomatic which the previous, or primary, refiections were contract in freezing ill wa er pipe b r cut two 1 W a t u st when it and gradually stir in the pyrophosphate, heat, filter, . The best engine oi! made. For pricee, address Wllliam made. The thicker the plate of glass the greater will freezes or when it begins to thaw out ? A. Water con. and let It cool down . Add the gold chloride dissolved Wright, "nufacturer, Newburgh. Y. be the 'I N. separation of those images. ThIS phenomenon tracts on cooling, but in congealing It expands. The in water, and then the hy drocyauic acid. Heat tbe bath Split Pu!leys at low prices, and of same strength and m ay very easily be seen and studied by holding a plaID rupture of water pipes IS caused by the change of the nearly to the boiling point for nse. (Hydrocya ic ac d lJ i , it appearaMe as Whole Pulleys . Yocom 80n's Shaftlnjl piece of glass on a level with the lace, watching water from tbe liqUid to the solid state-not by the mllst be remembe ed, is very isonous and & np in It r pO , It must be Works, Drinker Philadelphia. Pa. he refiected image of the fiamefrom the gas or a tha in though It is o St., t lamp, w g, nly then that the damage to the handled accordingly.) When heated the liqUid becomes Presses, Dies, and Tools for working Sheet when, the glass properly beld, from four to etght or pipe becomes apparent. Cousult Ty ' .. Heat s if 18 ndal s a a colorless. If a red or violet IS developed, add a few Fruit other can Bliss Williams, these supplementary mages will 1 ode otion. Metal,N. etc. i. ten of redected readIly M of M " o e hy c a articles thor. & tools. & B'klyn, I I drops m r dro y lllC acid, Cleau the

© 1881 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC JANUARY 29, 1881.] 75

oughly; dip them in a strong aqueous solution of mer­ torpedo warfare, and the like. The anthor's wide ex­ Cultivator, R. Bell ...... 235,986 Railway spike, Greer...... 230,020 B. ·H. Curtain fixt.ure, L. Washburn ...... 236.126 Railway switch, automatic. J. S. Clements ...... 236.136 curous nitrate, theu. for a few ,econds, in the hot gold perience as an engineer has admirably fitted him for W. Reaping machine. C. Scarr ...... 235,903 bath, rinse in clear water, dry in warm sawdust, and this part of his task. Though treat.ing of difficult sub­ Decoy duck, J. Appleton...... 235,845 A. Dental engine, portable, B. Quattlebaum ...... 236,080 Refrigerating rooms, apparatus for, A. Hayt ... 235,870 burnish if desired. Silvering by dipping: To a satur­ jects he has successfully endeavored to sct down the J. E. Dolls, colororing the eyebrows, etc., of celluloid, Refrigerating rooms, construction of, Tiffany.. 236,111 ated aqueous sol ution of bistJlphite of soda in pure information given in manner so clear that the non­ J. iL W. B. Carpenter ...... , ...... 235,933 Refrigerator, G. E. Sciple ...... 235.906 water add solution of nitrate of silver, with constant technical reader will be easily able to follow him. The Door hanger. S. A. Drake...... 236,006 Refrigerator, E. T. Timanus ...... 236,112 stirring. until the precipitate at first formed ceases volume is particularly timely at tbis jnncture, when Helay, L. Voelker ...... 236.122 to Draught equalizer for side reaping machines, A. W. redissolve. Use thc bath cold in porcclain enameled the great problems of restoring onr commercial and Drain pipe, burning, Murtagh ...... 236,006 River channels of sediment and forming levees, a J. iron vessel. Clean and dip as th c gold bath. We naval marine, and of providing for the defense of our Dress protector, M. Graham ...... 236,019 relieving, N. Sewell...... 235,967 in M. Rock drill. electrical, Holcombe Cheever.235,947, 335,948 know of no s�tisfactory method of coating with nickel coasts, are attracting the attention of our legislators Egg bailer. L. M. Couchoud ...... 235,998 & Electric lighting device, D. Bancroft...... 235,978 Rolling machine, mctal, Reynolds ...... 236.085 without a battery. and citizens. G. S, F. Elcctric vapor bath , Iloffman Palmer ...... 236,030 Rotary engine, W. Dudley ...... 236.007 & _ G. M. CHRISTMAS BOOKS Saddle, harness, IV. Jones ...... 235,949 (21) R. asks for a receipt for making . By Charles Dickens, ElectJ;ical apparatus, adjustable armature for, T. It. a gold and silver wash suitable for small brass articles. Sails, reefing, Gomlie ...... 235.868 New York : 1. K. Funk & Co. 2 vols_ Cochran...... 235,997 J. See answer to E. E. S., above. Ele.ctricity, Jlght.ing cities by, H. C. Spalding .... . 235,913 Sawing irregular curves, gauge for, Parks A. 8yo, paper. Each 25 cents. & Electricity. lighting towns by. C. Spalding .... 235,914 Streeter...... 236.075 A Christmas Carol, The Chimes, The Cricket on the H. (22) 1. A. B. wants to know the cheapest Engine stopping device. G. Dougherty ...... 236 004 Scale, pendulnm, C. Batt ...... 235.982 Hearth, The Battle of Life, and the Haunted Man, with II. . F. and best deodorizer or deodorizing process for kerosene SCissors, O. C. Hayward...... 236,026 sixteen full page illustrations,printed on clear type, are Explosive compound, W. Heick...... 235.871 or petroleum . Hydrocarbon c.erivatives of petrolenm Eyeglass, Borsch...... 235,930 Screw pOlishing machine, C. Steinfels ...•...... 236,103 A. here given for fifty cents. The books comprise Nos. H. -EllCh a3 kerosene-possess a characteristic odor which Eycglass holder. Clark ...... 235,995 Seeder and cultivator, Nauman Stoddard ...... 236,067 and of the standard series, the excellent quality F. A. & cannot be totally removed without altering the identity 48 49 Fare box. S. R. Ruckel...... 235,900 Sewnge, method of and apparatus for removing, and extreme cheapness of which we have several times Fence hoister� etc., T. Jones ...... 235,877 I. Shone ...... 235,910 of the substance. The nnpleasant odor imparted to it B. ta ken occasion to speak. Filter and cooler, water� Chapman Miles ...... 235,934 Sewer trap, E. B. Ward...... 236,125 by impurities wbich it commonly contains may be re­ & Filter, water, Over ...... 235,823 Shade and refractor combined, S. Goldsmith ... 235.866 moved by the foliowillg treatment : Agitate it briskly JOSH BILLINGS' COOK BOOK. New York : G. E. J. Fire escape ladder. Krause ...... 236.044 Sheet metal can, W. Flint ...... 236,013 E. J. W. with three per cent of oil of vitriol, wash ont the acid W. Carleton & Co. Shirt, A. lS.Horn er...... 235,875 Fire extinguisher for railway cars, J. Berg ...... • 235.847 with water; dIgest, with frequent agitation, for several cen t's worth of proverbial philosophy badly spelled, Shoe button fastener. G. Wilkins ...... �35.974 A Fire kindling stick, C. Rieger...... 236,088 A. hours with 5 per cellt of clean , fresh chloride of lime. some poor engravings, and few burlesque recipes as Fleam, Reinhold Scbreiber ...... 236,084 Shot, drop, H. J. W. T. Wintherlich ...... 236,134 a & . . . .• & settle and wash ant with water. Remove moisture by destitute of wit as are of resemblance to English Fore end stocks, fastening for, A. King ...... 235,881 Sinking tubes and running tunnels and drifts by thcy C. agitating with pow<.lered chloride of calcium. Settle speech. Fruit drier, Rusk ...... 236,093 pneumatic pressure, H. R. Leonard ...... 235,955 J. lIf. Fruit drier, domestic, H. Dake ...... 236.000 Skate, roller, Mackay ...... 235,887 and <.lecant. )1. J. Furnace. F. Schaffer...... 235,904 Skate, roller, S. M. Tinkham ...... 236.113 [OFFlCIAL.l (23) L. D. M. asks whether there is any Game apparatus, A. Christie ...... 2:15,993 Slate, manufacture of artificial. H. Reinhold ...... 236,083 law against turning out or filing off one .ide of United Game apparatus, N. C. Larsen...... 236.047 Soldering iron, V. Storch ...... 236,106 States gold and silver coins to make bangles of them, INDEX OF INVENTIONS Game board, P. Lawrence ...... 235.951 Sower and cultivator, combined seed, E. Emmert Gangway and life raft, combined, Barstow .. 235,987 (r) ...... 9 ,518 oragainst melting coins for the sake of the gold or silver. WHICH J. E. FOR Spinning frames, etc., mechanism for compressing Heetion 5459 Revised Statntes, reads : "Every person Gas burners by automatic means, apparatus for A. Letters Patent of' the United States were lighting and extinguishing, W. Effer...... 236,010 drawing rolls of. P. Dawson ...... 235,936 who fraudulently, by any art, way, or means, defaces, C. nd n Gas lighting apparatus. eJectric, G. D. Bancroft ... 235,979 Spoons and forks from celluloid and analogous mutilates, impaire, diminishes. falsifies, scales, or Granted in Week E i � the Gas, process of and apparatus for manufacturing, material, manufacture of. M. C. Lefferts...... 235,954 lightens the gold or silver coins which have been or December W. Kidder...... 236,039 Stamp, branding, A. M. Darrell (r) ...... 9,516 28, 1880, M. which may hereafter be coined at the mints of the Stamp canceling device, Eo Osgood ...... 236.U74 Gate, N. Scarritt ...... 236.094 United States, or any foreign gold or silver coius which EACH BEARING THAT DATE. Steam boiler, Elward ...... 236.011 A.ND Gate, S. Small ...... 236,099 J. H. Steam engine. portable, T. )[cGregor ...... 236,055 are by law made current or are in actual use and cir­ L'rhose marked (1')are reissued patents.l Glass button and mould for manufacturing the cnlation as moncy within the United States, shall be same, Hamann ...... 236,022 Steam generator for cooking and laundry pur- A. poses, Smith ...... 235,969 im\lrisoned not more than two years and fine<.l not printed copy of the specificationand drawing of any Governor, steam engine, F. Heyer " ...... •. ... 236.029 J. E. A Steam pipe covcring, E. H. Ashcroft ...... 235,8<6 more than two tholL'and dollars." We think this law patent in the annexed list, also of any patent hisucd Grain separator. A. A. Russell ...... 235,965 · . St.ove, cooking, C. H. Dunton ...... 235,939 prohibits the defacement of coins as in making bangles. since 1866. will be furnished from this office for one dol­ Grinding mill, J. Stevens ...... 236,104 . Stove grate and bearings, Jewett ...... 236,036 lar. In ordering please state the number and date of the Guard finger and sickle bar, P. Deevy ...... • 235,855 We do not know of any provision that prohibits the J. patent desired and remit to :\lunn Co., 37 Park Row, Harness, O. E. Hollister ...... 235,874 Stove grate, b0ttom, A. S. Newby ...... 235,891 melting of coins for the sake of tbe gold or silver. & Harness loops, machine for forming, Perkins Surgical bandage, J. Jacques ...... 236,035 New York city. We also furnish copies Of patents & lien ...... 236.078 SWing, portable, W. J. Watson ...... 236.127 MINERALS, E'rc.-Specimens have been re­ granted prior to 1866 ; but at increased cost, as the speci­ A fications not being printed, must be copied by hand. Harvester, corn, G. A. Harvey...... 235,869 Syringes from celluloid and other plastic ma- ceived from the following correspondents, and Headlight. locomotive, I. A. WiIliams ...... 235,92·j terial, manufacture of, Lefferts ...... 235,953 )1. C. Hinge, awning blind, IIrown ...... 235,927 Tanning, composition for use in, Trenk ...... 2.16.115 examined, with the results stated : Addressing machine, Darling ...... , .... 236,001 F. 11. H. F. A. Tanning extract, L. Wilcox ...... 235.9Za Amalgamator, D. Smith ...... 236,100 Hinge. strap, D. 'Vashburn...... 236,124 II. W. B. Dr. H. P.-It is quartz rock . C. and O. L.­ Telegraph line, underground, E. A. KitzmilJer, . .. 285,883 ....q. T. Hinge, wire, Dudley �lans:field ...... •.. 235,859 G. Angle shears. W. C. Sellers ...... 235,008 & A fair quality of fire clay. See column of Business and & Telegraph, telepbonic. C. A. Randall...... 233.0R1 Assay furnace, W_ Judson ...... 236.037 Hitching strap, J. D. Stotlemeyer ...... 235,107 dealers.-J. E. Telephone, C. Dickson ...... 235,856 Pcrsonal for the addresses of poor Axle boxes, oil guard for car, G. Tiller ...... 235,917 Horseshoe calks, securing, O. Lampe ...... • 2�6,046 :r. 1'. S.-A J. quality of peat.-O. A. T.-The are consists ch efly 1Iose connections, clamp for, Broughton ...... 235.931 Telephone, A. Gower...... 236,021 P. i Axle. car, Sigourney ...... 236,oo7 J. F. J. �l. � Telephone lines, electric signal for, L. S. Wbite ... 236,131 of carbonate and snIp hide of copper-·it carries a small Axles, machine for machining, F. D. Bliss ... . .•• 235,929 Hot air furnace, L. Gould ...... 235.945 , � Telephone support and switch, S. Bergmann ...... 235.988 quantity of silver.-F. G. semi-decomposed lJale tie, T. eber ...... 236,128 Hydrocarbon furnace, B. Sloper ...... • 236.09� D.-A A. IV Tenoning machine, H. Molby ...... 231\,060 Bale tie. White ...... 23.'5,973 Ice cream freezer, N. Kidney ...... 236.040 feldspathic rock, with a little quartz and talc.-D. Mc. J. Ice machine, O. Kropff...... 235,950 Tether, J. Rodger ...... 236.091 . G.-Coal shale-of no commercial valtlc.-P. C.­ Bandage, W. E. ull...... 236,033 M. II Textile fabrics. drying. Delharpe ...... 235.937 Barrel, metal lined wooden, L. Barlow ...... 235,980 lvory� born. etc., factitious material to imitate, A. Limestone-of no value to lithographers.-.J. G.-Hcma­ J. Hyatt, Lockwood, Stevens ...... 236,034 'l'hill coupling. G. W. Fried ...... 236,014 Bat, I'ame, Kreutzer...... 236,045 & tite-an iron ore.-W. St. J.-The rock is a common C. Thrashing machine, W. Robinson ...... 235,897 Beehive, W. Read" ...... 235.896 Journal bearings. composition from mineral wool F. mica and talcose schist-not the ., tin bloom " of J. Tickets. apparatus for issuing and registering, Belt lifter, Stapelmann " ...... 235,970 for, G. Senter ...... 235.909 J. F. F. miners. It would hardly pay to dig deeper.-C. Knitting machine, Moore ...... 236,0£2 Maskelyue ...... 236,053 H. G.­ Billiard table chUCk, V. Estephe ...... 235,861 I. N. N. Tin can linIng, W. Bartlett ...... 235,981 The crystals are smoky quartz-of very little economic Billiard time register, automatic, H. Von Leesen. 236,123 Knitting machine ribbing attachment, F. Kittell. 235.882 F. Tobacco, manufacture of coherent compressed, I. value.-H. S.-Chiefly carbonate of lime-·not valuable. Boiler. etc., covering, Peirce ...... 236.077 I,amp, D. Arndt ...... 235,926 1. N. A. Lindsley ...... 235,886 -G. J. G.-Quartz pebbles. -J. F. S.-Ferromanga­ Boueblack, kiln for drying and revivifying. W. R. Lamp, F. Taber ...... 236.108 Tobacco smoking tube, compressed, Lindsley ... 235,885 nese-iron and manganese oxides .-II. T. C.-It is a ElmeOlhorst...... 235,942 Lamp cone, J. S. Goldsmith ...... 235,8fi7 1. Lantern holder, Churchill ...... 235,994 Tongs, pipe. O. Morsc ...... 235,957 fair quality of carbon black. If properly packed migbt Book, copy. E. Newman ...... 236.070 J. J. P. Tool handle. Stohlmann ...... 236.105 Boot and shoe heel, F. Richardson ...... 236,086. 236,087 Life preserving mattress, A. A. young ...... 236,135 F. A. command a market here. Traction engine, P. T. Kissane ...... 236,041 Boot and shoe stiffeners,machinery for moulding, Life raft, T. B. Griffith...... 235.9J6 Lock, A. Prouty ...... 235,963 TrUCk, railway car, T. Browne ...•..•...... 235,852 S. llrior.... •...... •...... •.•...... 235,962 B. \V. Lock and latch. combined, C. Batt ...... 235,983 Tug hook and clevis, L. W. Burrllll ...... 235,991 Bottle filler, E. Kleiber ...... �36,043 F. NEW Tug, shaft, O. W. Morley ...... 236.063 BOOKS. AND PUBLICATIONS. Bottle stopper. �l orschhauser ...... 9,521 I�oom, S. O'Neill...... 236,073 J. (1'). .••• . OHICAGO IE Dougies, stomach pumps, and other surgical in- Loom, T. Thomas ...... 236,110 Turning flat-sided oojects, machine for, Preuss 236,019 F LD, 151) and 157 Dearborn S. C. Loom, Wyman ...... 235.975 Umbrella and sun shade. F. M. C. Farrdesche ..... 235,943 street, Chicago, Ill. Dr. N. Howe editor. struments from cellulOid, etc., manufacture n. Loom for weaving cartridge belt fabric. A. ;\lills.. 236,058 Valve for oscillating engines, Garrison ..... , 235.864- An illustrated field of, G. Ot.to ...... 235,958 M. 1. weekly devoted to Looms for weaving seamless corsets, etc., feeding Valve gear, steam engine. Marsh ...... 236,052 sports. Price $4 per year. Box trimming machine, T. Vanier ...... 236,120 E. A. Bracket stand, B. Denison (r)...... 9,517 mechanism for. Stiegler ...... 235,915 Valve, safety, Mclling ...... 235.889 A. X. J. \Y . This journal , nnder the editorship of Dr. Rowe, has Lubricating crank pins, device for. Merrick. 236,056 Vehicle spring, L. Rodenhausen ...... 236.090 Brick, pottery, etc., kiln for burning, Schlimp 'V. H. & VelOCipede, G. Winslow ...... 235,925 taken a foremost position among paperE devoted to Honzik ...... 235,907 Measurements upon fabrics, machine for register- N. SpOl't Vinegar generator, S. Clark ...... 235,996 Buckle, Pratt ...... 235.895 ing, T. Shaw ...... 235,968 J. and sporting. It is well edHed, and each week contains G. Buckle, Molloy ...... 2J6.001 Meat and vegetable cutter, G. O. Keiter ...... 236.038 Wagon bodies, crate cover for, E. J. Malone ...... 236,050 articles of milch valuable information for lovers of J. �'. Meat cutter. E. Bourne ...... 235,�50 Wagon bow socket, R. P. Williams ...... 236.133 dogs Buildings, construction of, W. Older...... 236,072 and horses. It is the only illustrated papcr pub­ U. Wagon brake, Real ...... 36,052 Burnishing machine. W. O. Way ...... 235.921 Mechanical movement, G. T. Beck...... 235,984 J. 2 lished in this country devoted to sports of the field, and Wagou hound brace holder. L. Mortensou ... 236,064 Butter cooler and water holder, comb'd, P. DorIon 235,857 Metal vessels, machine for making rims for tops J. ;}I. is well worth its snbscription price to those who are Button hole cutting machine, S. Tripp 235.918 of, W. Jones ...... 235,878 Washing machine, E. Bourne ...... 235,849 D...... • W. foud of out-door sports. Button or stud, Cooke Spencer, ...... 235,853 ;}letallic line or cord and fastening for suspend- Watch regulator. L. Eaton ...... 235,940 & Jr.. . Watch, stem winding and setting, Eisen ..... 235,941 Cans, sealing fruit, G. T. Hunsaker ...... 235,879 Ing pictures, etc., G. Hookham ...... 2:36.031 II. J. Water elevator, W. Mayfield...... 235,956 WAR Smps AND NAVIES OF THE WORLD. .Qant dog, T. Cassidy ...... 235,992 �liddlings purifier, G. T. Smith ...... 236,101 D. F. Weaner. calf, Dupee Housum ...... 235,860 . Car brake, S. Leach ...... 236,018 �lillstone dreSSing macblne. G. F. Letellier...... 236,049 By Chief Engineer .T ..V. King. Boston: S. & Millstone driver, Donnel ...... 236,003 Welt trimmer, Deacon Miller...... 235.854 A. Williams & Co. 1880. 8vo, cloth, Car brake, G. Smith ...... 235,912 J. W. & Wick trimmer and burner and chimney cleaner, Car brake. automatic, S. P. Tallman ...... 235,916 Motor, B. P. Kimball ...... 235.8S0 pp. 623. Sixty-six pages of engravings. combined lamp, Coyle. Jr ...... 235.999 Car coupling, }lcDoug"ll Shaw ...... 286,054 Nut lock, S. Rosensteel...... : ...... 236.092 J. & J. Mr. King has had exceptional facilities for making a Car, dumping, Van Wormer ...... 236.1�1 Nut warmer and preserver, F. A. llowdoin ...... 235.990 Wind wheel. J. Gilstrap ...... 236,018 M. .. thorough study of the naval progress of Europe during Oiler. car axle bOX, Merritt ...... 236.057 Wood, preserved. H. MUller ...... 236,065 Car heater, M. C. Root ...... 235,899 J. D. H. Wool washing machine, F. G. Sargent ...... 235,901 recent years, and has brought to the task a degree of Carpet cleaners. stretcher for. Bixby Brooks ... 235,848 Ore feeder•• Hendy ...... 235,872 & T. W. Wrench, J. Totten ...... 236.114 practical experience and insight quite as exceptional. Carpet exhibitor, A. Peterson (1')...... 9,522 Ore fiume aI\drlffie bOX, comb'd, B. Farwell... 235,944 �[. .. Writing on manifold papcr, stylus for, L.H. Rogers 235,898 He entered the United States Na vy wben thc steam Carriage dash frame. H. Davies...... 235,905 Ore separator, E. B. Hastings ...... 236,923 Carriage seat, W. S. DUrie ...... 236,008 Ore separator, dry, Bourne ...... 235,851 Yoke tip, neck, C. "human ...... 235.911 marine was in its infancYl and served in the first pad­ W. O. E. J. Carriage shifting seat, C. Mellinger (r)...... 9,520 Overalls, G. Evans ...... 236.012 Zinc, mannfacture of chloride of, Maliett, 236,051 dle wheel frigate, the first screw war ship, indeed in all K. P. Jr. Carriage spring gear, 'Varnock ...... 235,920 Packer, oil well, L. Stewart ...... 235,972 tbe pioneer naval steamers with the single exception of A. Carriage toP. Deline ...... 236,0�2 Packing, metalliC, T. Tripp ...... 236,116, 236,117 the Fulton. He has been Government Inspector of J. Carriage top, A. Norcross ...... 235.8in Packing, piston. F: B. Stevens ...... 235,971 DESIGNS. ocean mail steamers, and Chief Engineer of the New 1l'. Carriage top, cbild's. Hazelip ...... 236,027 Packing, sectional �team. G. C. Phillips ...... 235,894 Button, Waldron ...... 12,081 J. N. C. �'. York Navy Yard. He was Chief Engineer of the Cartridge belt, Mills ...... 236,059 Padlock, permutation, G. Farnham ...... 235,862 Carriage step pad. M. Beecher...... 12.1179 A. F. H. North Atlantic fleet in the early part of the civil war, Catamenial sack, Korff...... 295,884 Pantaloons and overalls, Mandel...... 235,888 Glassware, King Swift ...... 12,080 J. J. & . . Catarrh remedy, D. Olcott ...... 236,071 Paper. machine for winding dry enameled, B. and subsequently was snperintendent of the construc­ J. E. Key bow. G. S. Barkentin ...... 12.077 Celluloid tubes, necking. W. B. Carpenter ...... 235,932 Newcomb ...... 286,068 Stove, Bascom Heister...... 12,078 tion of all t.he armor clads built west of the Alleghanies. & Paper pulp engine. J. R. Abbe ...... 295.844 More reccntly he has been chief of the Bnrcau of Engi­ Check row cords, coupling hook or button for) G. D. Haworth ...... 236.025 Pencil case. C. Downes ...... 230,005 neering. Most of the information embodied in the . . H. Cloeese cutter. L. Smith ...... 236,102 Pencil sharpening machine, H. Van Houser ...... 236,119 present work was gathered during :"leveral tours of ob­ J. TRADE MARKS. Chnck. nipple, A. Saunders ...... 235,902 Pessaries from cellulold, etc., manufacture of, G. Cigars, L. Andrae...... 8.133 servation abroad under orders frOln the government of ...... � Cigar box, Robe>ts ...... 236,089 Otto...... 235,959 Cigars. Boston Cooperative Association ...... 8,135 the United States. made for the purpose of studying J. M. Cigarette machine, L. Bejotte ...... 235.985 Petroleum. burner and apparatus for bnrning, E. Medicine, Collins ...... 8.137 J. H. C. . recent progress in naval arehitecture and the mechaui­ ...... Clay press. Wilcox Pearson ...... Schultz ...... 236,095 Medicines, certain proprietary, Chamberlain Co .. 8,136 & , ...... 286,132 & cal appliances for use in naval warfare. The result is Clay to obtain porous and slagged bodies, prepar- Planter a.nd fertilizer distributer, seed, C. E. Oil , wool, Place ...... 8.138 I1 \V. H. a comprehensive treatisJ containing a vast range of ing. G. Praetorius...... 235.961 Gardner...... 236,015 T Wing, Allen ...... 8, 3 obacco. plug che C. IV. 1 1 Clock, J. H. Gerry ...... 236,016 Planters, reel for check lines for corn, G. D. fresh information touching the construction, motive Ha- Clock winding attachment, H. Gerry ...... :!36,017 worth ...... 236.024 power, and armament of modern warships, naval artil­ J. English Patents Issued to Americans. Clothes line fastening, E. Rice...... 235.964, Plow. gang, C. Myers...... 235.8!J1.l lery, marine engines, torpcdocs, and torpedo boatB etc. A. Frocr December24 to December 28, 1880, inclusive. Catlin pedestal. R. Taylor ...... 236,109 Plumbago from its ores, separating. Dreher 235,858 The navies of all t.he naval powers are separately de­ F. H. J. Collars and cuffs, method of and apparatus for Pocket. Vogel ...... 235,919 Barrel machinery, IIolmes. Buffa.lo. N. Y. scribed, dwelling especially npon the changes in types W. E. & B. turning. Turner ...... 236.118 Pocket register. Horn ...... 236,032 Cartridge belt fabriC, A. Mills. Washington. D. C. 1. P. F. of war shi ps, and in armor and armament made during Collars, sweat pad for horse, Eo R. Jones (1')...... 9,519 Postmarking and canceling machine, T. Leavitt .. 235,952 Cast)'ating horses, G. L. Matthews. New York city. the past deCade. Mnch information is also given with Cooling, disinfecting. perfuming, etc., apparatus Power press. L. Lewis ...... 235.865 Coal·i,levator. G. W. Wood. Faribault, Minn. J. regard to naval dock y&rds, methods of contracting for for. G:Praetorins ...... 2;15.969 Pressure brake. fluid, G. Westinghouse, Jr...... 235,922 Condenser surface, R. lllumenberg, Washington, D. I. C. Copying press. S. Sammons ...... 235)f>6 Pulley, suspension clothes line, D. H. H. tel., O. Lugo, New York city. ships and machinery, naval administration, the per­ J. & J. ' Dynamo-elec. Cornice, window. Hermann ...... 236.028 Payne ...... 236.076 Gold, extraction of. O. Bailcy, White Cloud, Kan. sonncl of navies. naval expenditures. and related mat­ J. Corpse preserver. J. Forshay ...... 235.863 ters. Extremely valuable also are the chapters on re­ H. Pnlp strainer, L. Zeyen ...... 235,976 Linch pins. W. Gardner. Hartford. Conn. Corset, C. Bates ...... 285.928 Pump attachment. S. Donaldson ...... 235.938 Mining apparatus. O. S. Preshrey, Port He'Jry, cent progress and improvements in artillery construc­ T. N. Y. Corset, L. S. Bortree .. '" ...... 235,989 Pump reel, sand, W. R. Edelen. • •.•...... 236,OOY Sac�harine matter, oxtraction of, B. Odio al., N. Y. r-ity. tion, the different systems of great guns, gnn trials; et Corset. I. Newman...... 236,009 Pnmp, steam, Schultz ...... 235,9U5 Safety valve, G. Copeland, Boston, Mass. armor plates and war ship materials and tests of them ; M. W. Cot, folding, Avery ...... 2.'15,977 Punching machine. W. C. Sellers ...... 286.096 Submarine ve els and guns, Ericsson. New York city. it. E. & •• J. the different systems of marine engines and boilers ; Cranks, apparatus for overcoming dead pOints in, Railway crOSSing, White 236,130 Tobacco. manufacture of. J. Lindsley, Pawtucket, R. C. H...... •...... I. steam and bydraulic stearing gear; torpedo explosives, • ...... froll, C. Weir ...... 236,129 Wood turolng machioery (2), F. Hanson, Hollis, Me. P. E. Jay...... 235,876 Railway F.

© 1881 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC Ititntifit !ttttritau. CET THE BEST AND CHEAPEST. � THE AMERICAN SONGSTER. "rtlll "'�;'" TRADE MARIC� The Greatest Novelty and Wonder of the Day. Made of meW, nickel-plated. The Songsters are painted in a varl- i 1 fe m n Si lver Finish. �fla��g� fi�tr3 �:��� ���tO �tJi�� s6�� ���j�� X�i��bsti��fa&���J handsomely made and finished, and not liable to get out of order. It is highly appreciated by ladies who use It to teach birds to sing. It ""'-""" , supersedes the bird-olgan, and when used near a bird it will induce It ..I.A. rA.Y &.eo"'." .,J 1111'I IIi'm.'0'" to start up its best notes immediately. Each bird Is life-size. 1881 five J • .A.. FA.'Y � CO • !II Catalogue, 376 11lustrations. by mail, cents. PECK & SNYDER, S et., (Cincinnati, Ohio V. S. A. 12£ Nassau t�_� New York. Exclusive "" . ___._._�_ Agents and Tm'(lo:-teI'R for the l:nit(·d States, oftbe "I------�-=--==�===--=== I CJJD�JDJ3���JDI) � iah Page, eacll in"ert o cents line. �y;A. ullifor'lnityof nener�l dura_ Inside i n - - - 7'5 � ��. r�,t�.�!!�'!'!tl?a.. tpnlper,l��h�" and f�1?Y�ft�� (PARIS FU R NACE CO.) Wlity. One Peri o11twears flu'ee ordmary saw •• Back Page, ench insertion - - - �1.00 a hne. , FOR SAL . A fine manufacturing property, located at Clayville, Saw (A bout eIght words to a Ime.) Oneida Co. N. Y., eleven miles south of Utica. �'wo UNIVERSAL GRIN DER. Engravin(J8 may head adverti8ements at the same rate distinct water powers and one s�eam engine,ShaftI !lg, per line, by 08 the 111'G88. measurem...etc. Works bUilt for manu�acturmg These Grinders conSist of a series of disks with bevel­ tisernent8 my«t be receiud at publication ojJ ice as early ocythes, Forks, Hoes, etc. For terms, descriptIOn, etc., ed edges locked together on a shaft. They revolve to­ Thursday morning to pear next i8sue. address ward each other at different rates of speed. They com­ as ap in B. F. AVERY & SONS, bine strength and durability. No friction j hence no Louisville, Ky. heat. They will p:rind an kinds of Grain, also Quartz s s n ��i�t 'c8�� co��Plt�bb e�rjjg��� 6h !'!HEPARD'S CELEBRATED Cotton Seed, and any number of artiQles���';;,n��ax in use��:�t by manufacturers and farmers. These Grinders Hre dis­ $60 Screw Cutting Foot Lathe. AN EXPERIENCED LEAD BURNER osed of on reasonable tt'rms. �end for Illustrat�tl E i h SAL Foot and Power Lathes, Drill Presses, �::;,t� r;�rJr¥¥ME��'kf"rlrW�'fdl�P�m8 �'6� O�c�,e���an��\�o��?st., -----�--La Salle, Ill. M1����� , Yt��� MOULDING �crt�I�TI��i:t�I.h���S����d�:?:�T!t't -,------Drills, Dogs, Calipers. etc. Send for LU1w(fraphed C romo Cards, lOco FOR ca.talogue of outfits for ama eurs or 50 h CONN.CARDCO.,Norno 2 alCII!,tllfOrd,ct . artisans. t Namein fancytype. �IIEI'ARD MACHINES H. J,. "" eo., 337 - -16 5 RRCE ST AS MURDOCH JR asl , aaa, 335. & (jiWeIStllciullnti,Front Street, MACHINISl S .sUPPLIES IN CINCIG E: NNRR MANTI perFoundr} cent. saved Use. in Ohio. J 33 labor. -- �----��---�--�------8 R A S S S ILVER. vnUHNIA FARMS AND 'COPPER. SENO F"6'�RE,ROO SHEET & UBE N HE.THRe:.E ME. TAplA�C.�UST Manufactured by for sale or free cataloffue.lUII,LS T I T B. exchanJe. \Vrite for REYNOLDS & CO., 500 R. CHAFFIN & CO., Richmond, Va. P. O. BOX 1169, NEW HAYEN, CONN m! or s �'rt Perfectly Smooth Thorou[hly Seasoned D IE i � ��,I;;,�l;;t�;��e m �� ���!�����a � I�A S' F LEX I B L E �:k� �teO:r ���7�f'tfi��t'it����� �g���% 'I �Ji���o i� � AND puzzlin(T passages which the learner finds SCIIin the';:\TU text'IC GEl'i� T,., "'" RUBBER MITTENS ' books f'elating to his art. Contained in Manufactured by our Patent Board Cutting Machines . • : AM I,' ifTIFIC AMEHICAN SUPPI,E­ tion of tb e AMERICAN, conti to examine abit; MENT,M.E. 1. in AndN theS � The same Dumber also contains the lules and Improvement., and tr, act aE Solicitors of Patents for KEN ES (JUHJ>U DRUN By LESLIE KEELEY,UM regulations for the formation of ke-boat clubs. the fORB.. In e •. E.O PI""Books Free.M.D., Sur­ Ingand mar.agement of ice-boats. Price 10 cents. v ntor geon, C. &1,. B.R. Dwight, Ill. Full assortment In store for immediate delivery. tbis hav� had TIIIRTY Shafts, Pulleys,SEI,LERS Han ""[ers, CO., Etc. In line of business they OVER WM. l�ibcl·ty 8u'cet, New EXPERIENCE. ancfno\v 70 YOI'Ii::. YEARS' have un�qualed /acilitieb' for thE Preparation of Patent Drawings, SpeCifications, and the Prosecution of AppHcations for Patents in the ..; United States Canada . and Foreign Countries. Messrs . rn attend t.he of Caveats, -'= ..:. Munn & Co. also to preparation ill 1: Registration of Labels, Copyrights for Books, Labels, -'=1: Reissues, Assignments, and Reports on Infringements �0 Ii of Patent" All business intrusted to t.hem is done !;;� with special care and promptness, on very moderate !:l O� i i -::l " termo, " 0 We send, free of charge, on application, a pal!lphlet 0 -'= �a. " w -'='" 0 r;; containing further information aboul Patents, and ho r;; Z � to procure them; directions concerning I,abels, Copy. � Machinery. Celebrated U Rchenck " Planers and Match_ Appeals, Infringe­ " 0 � e a a rights, Designs, Patents, Reissues, :a U 0 :�:WO :or::il:r :'9F��OD�� :B �:;oWOn��[!�RK���� JtING!: �g���: ment., Assignments, Rejected Cases, Hints on the Sale '" B. p.. Successor to Jno. SchenCk's Sons, Matteawan, N. Y. Patents, etc. Ql of '" CHROMO!,;. 10c. name new type, by mail. ..ts.- We send ,/ree o/charge, 50 4OAgts.Samples, U.In Foreiun Pate also 8 lOco S. CARD Co., Northford, Ct. S ps Laws, the � yno i" 01 Foreigh Patent showing cost and SPENCER, �Il. Agents wauted "" '" S' M. securing patents the principal il 112 method of in all cOlm­ Sells rapidly.free. � Wash'n St., SOME THOUGHTS THE TREAT- Particulars 0 1'1 Boston, Mass. tries of the world. American inventors sbould bear in ON 4� 50 rule, is G. A !'-gents' !.'r0l!tper week. WUl prove mind that, as a general any invention that valu­ ment of Disease. By James Clark, M.D. valuable ..00. 00. Sam te in this paper by an old and experienced practitioner predicting It or forfeIt $ Outfitand - C able the patentee, country is worth equally as • 5 c.·ee. that radical improvements must ere long take place in G. pIes worth $ .00 Address much in England and some other foreign countries. the treatment of diseases, and that maladies heretofore E. RIDEOUT & CO., 10 Barclay Street, New York. ------.------_____ Five patents-embracing Canadinn, s regarded as incurable will be brought under the control $55 66 Ollne Lubrlcatirur Com1lO1llld manUf'd by HOLLAND Engli h, German, of remedial measures; showing the importltnce of the & THOMPSON, Troy N.Y . Avoids hot journals, drip­ secure to skin as a de qr":tiu.g and eliminating element of the , , ping,l�tll&(llil'lm'lllil and waste. Send for lll"tlataloguel�I�Mij;II�liidof Grease and Cups French, and Belgian-will an iuventor the ex­ g o aI " · for all kinds of machinery. clusive monopoly to his discovery among about ONE g�gtie�l!rie�t iN°��iigifs �fs:::e:. Tt�\r�� lffr���� niU.l AND ment. 'l'he Abs,?rption Plan. The Inha1ation Plan. no IMPRO EMENTS HUNDRED FIFTY MILLIONS of the most iJltelligent Simple Durable and Reliable Requires... speCial GREAT V the business Cures bv ElectriCity. Importance of KeepIng the Skin Th' ened f or18'I ll t76 ra�e d" etrenI I ar:. ector• made people in world. The facilities of and in Good Condition. Contained in S cn:KTIFIO AMEltI� va1 ves. s S �ELLEn.� CO., Plnla. Recently in u s CAN Sl'PPLE>II' �T, No. To I w.n.f & steam comm ni ation are uch that patents can be ob­ �16. i'rice10 cents. be had c at this o"ilice and from aU newsdealers. The same num� tained abroad by our citizens almost as easily as at ber contains a valuable H Catarrh Cure," by Hans M. CRUSHING Wilder. home. The expense to apply for an English patent is -��------V O $75; German,$100; French, $100; Belgian, $100; Cana­ �a� �EnW�)tU: �1JAND cIfE'r tt icGRIll(�NDINGf'\v����: pel QUARTZ to g" iud QUARTZ. dian,$50. Adaresl!!I, new circuJal', 1'01' Copies of Patents.-Persous desiring any patent & SONS. Philadelphia, Pa. BAUGH !Beued from 1836 to November 20, 1866, can be supplied with official copies at reasonable cost, the price de­ THE BLAKE TRANSMITTER.-AN EX· pending upon the extent of drawings and length of planation of the more obscure parts of the microphone, DOPresses YOUR and OWNout.fits PRINfrom $3TIN6 to $500 . an!1o f type. Catlliogueand specifications. t�e method of showing its faults, when such Over 2,000 styles of Any patent since 1866, eXIst In It, and also of the method of locating the reduced price list free. issued November 20, at which faulty spnt. Description of microphone. How to put time the Patent Office commenced printing the draw­ up new microphones. How to discover faults and how Phila., Pa. to remedy them, How SCIEN­ H. HOOVER, ings and specifications, may be had by remitting to TIFIC A,n:RICAX SUPPI,Eln:NT.to adjust. ContainedNo. In �iiO. Price 10 thisoffice $1 . cents. '1'0 be had at this officeand from all VELOCITY ICE A COLLEC. newsdealers. OF BOATS. the of any patent 1836 SCIENTIFIO A copy of claims issued since tion of interesting letters to the editor of the o e e f r hed fOl $1. tt tl';��:�d t���� ��:r\S,.::.t willb u ms faste��:ilr ��gthan°'1�� the win d�as which;;.'h';- propels them. lliustrated When ordering copies. plea,e to remit for the same LEVATO Stealn and H llnd Power. Auto- with 0 p SCIENTIFIO state name patentee, C G �------L 1 ex lanatory diagrams. Contained in as above. and of title of inven- h e 1!1�o'lfPb��f..r��Te' eF°.fd WO MORSE-E 411 RS p� EM & cents. patent. ��:?1� !�"'e��:: � r. Iress,- -'---and 418 'c'l.'::��fr�\R�g " �plii�' te���tM;�Gt�:�nr�'::·an��wi.i�.s�r� TO tion , and date of W.- M. BOYD, BoX:79il, PI�t8burg, Pit, , '. A pamphlet. containing full directions for obtaining CENTENNIAL AND PARIS MANUF'G States patents, MEDALS. PORTER • United sent free. Ahandsomely bound CO. Book, ta 140 M.ason's Fricti()1l Clutches nnd mevators. The New ill Reference gilt edges, con ins pages and v e VOLNEY fi���r � r: Ii! LefWithfe l recentWater improvem Wheels,ents. many engravings and tables important to every pat- vi:�e;s�w rOO�, �o�rJ�����'�. I., U. S. A. , is cultural E!- I Prices Greatly Reduced. enlee and mechanic and a usef,,1 handbook of refer- w t e c Price rri' �n l �l�:e � 8000 in successfnl operation. n e for everybody. 25 cents, mailed free. Boller In use. • !'INE NEW l'AIil1'!!LE'l' rOIllS79 Address ��ll C:AIRY&M OEN' � Send for clr- MUNN & CO., ON @o?-� " Sent free to those in erested 0TE(! WIRE Of�SCRIPTI MFG. t �� ��},,�,imit ed. . . Pnblishers S('IENTIFlC AMERICAN, '34 2,9, ST· EVERY & NEWYORK CIT" Co., L _ ) c. James Leffel & Co" Ro'W, w� sTEf L SPRINGS. 37 Park New York. ------G. YOUNG,Gen. .• Springfield, O. Corner and 7th Streets, ---� -- �-- G. A��Tc���i�l st New York. BRANCH OFFIOE- 0/ jf' 1 L . EKOWE POCKET HELIOGRAPH, 10 iberty St , Major Macg-regor's. DeSCription Ci · ceedlng1y cheap, and diagrams of an p-x. Is notport,able. easily constructed heHo­ graph, which liable to "et out of order. and which ERFECTED R A has been ff)uud peculiarly effectivefor the purposes for From I,,(to 15,000 Ib, weight. true to pattern of uneaualed The most convenient and��y� economic al outfit for wrIt1lll1' Pen, PenCil, and Inkstand FinI Cone.. Can he ordered h n st Ste el Cast mall and e :not F forby :a� �� �;:�� stren

© 1881 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC 29, JANUARY J881.J J titutifi�-t ---�tutritau. 77

FIFTH EDITION. THEROSE'S COliPLETE PRACMACHTICAL IN)IACHINIST.IST : Thirteen. Yearsof Ago ROOTS' NEW IRON BLOWER. Drills and Drilling, Permanent Cure Catarrh ! Embracin Lathei Work, Vise nWork,e g go� EfPo�:,l'�:c����:. �� .fu���� R��:.M�fI�s� CATARRH was considered an incurable disease. I had then suffered fo r eighteen i��\rs� ngs years. I was first attacked by a slight cold, followed with deafness and ringing in the ��a::� b $f.���Vi . In one Volume, 12mo, 376 �rlgg ears, soreness of the throat, disgusting nasal discharges, weak, inflamed eyes, hawking, CONTENTS. rising of vile matter, black and sometimes bloody mucus, coughing, with great soreness I. AND TOOLS.-Round- CHAPTER LATBE MACHINE of the lungs. The liver and stomach were polluted with the diseased matter running POSITIVE BLAST. �g�r� f������ �����et ¥g�r10;�;:�/�J'����gsrdOeO¥do�}�� fr om the head. Compelled to resign my pastorate, I compounded my CATARRH C"'fT G AND F ED. T es SPECIFC, and cured myself. N ow at the age of sixty-seven, I can speak for hours IRON REVOLVERS, PERFECTLY BALANCED Brass Work. II. eIN s8PE 1m IO - abl of IS SIMPL.ER, AND HAS ��gl:� f�� b �b � ; with no difficulty, and never have had in the whole thirteen years the slightest return of W;�t�tfortS¥�g�� BO�sI i o�f ,p!gr� fJ:��a��� Table Copper. III. BraRss\; G TOOLSr g Tool FOR Holders LATHE. the disease. REV. T. P. CHILDS. FEWER PARTS THAN ANY OTHER BLOWER. IV.WURK.-Boring Tool for BO in 8C"EW-CU'fTING ,['ooLs.-Hand Chasing; '1'0 make P. H. & F. M. ROOTS, Manuf'rs, a Chaser ; To Calculate the Gear Wheels necessaryI to '.rhread in V. GENEHAL OBS EI:t T O S S ONcut a T E WOHK.a LathLathee. Dogs and riv r VA CONNERSVIL.L.E,IND. - D Emery To CatarrhalCatarrh cases have appSufflied to meer forer reliefs. Many : thou­ inLdAer H L the e s; Work ; Emery sands have received my Specificand are cured. We Cortlandt St. , Gr s; Centeri� Machine; a I deem S. S. TOWNSENO, GAen. gt . n it only fair that every , 8 Street, C ���h��� jEr����'?it� {�i;t��� ��� one who wishes should have the 16 Dey NEW 8���Rodsk:f%�a j P t nc5��Ck Rings i' � opportunity to ascertain whether we are able to accorn.. COOKE, Selling Agt., Cortlandt Street, YORK. is o j Ball Turning ; Cone Plate for 13or- • WM. a plish all that we claim, and for this purpose we add a few } •...... JAS. BEGGS & CO., Selling6 Agts. , 8 Dey Street, �fU��t�; E �� of the many hundreds of addresses of those who have �fp�C�!�al ulati�����gedi�1�i��� tl;�!;lBelts�� requiredj for�:��f� 'l'rans- for c n the Widthe of 6been 0 successf 0 0ully 0 treated, almost any of whom will doubtless respond to any I!r'SEND FOR PRICED CATAL.OGUE. �fc r� � �� r i inquiry by letter, if accompanied by a stamp to pay postage. We have ro� ;: thousands these certificates from clerg � !1i� :jtsh� Velocity� and�� iig�:: h tg;:� �l:l�tc:S ubcl�ar of all classes-physicians, ymen, w!l\Inches Transmit, in nt t witb the Smallestt e PulleyNumber being of q e judges, merchants, bankers, and business men. VII. Co ac Known. HAND TUR�IKassG.-Roug Work ; Scrapershing Out; j Th9t Graveri DEAR MR. CHILDS : I have used your Catarrh treatment hope­ Hr a e now threemont hs, and almost all this timein The Heel Tool; IN TH" L h Chucks.B lessness, as it seemed Imust die. By by VIII. DHlLLJ"G LA'£HIO.-Half-Round i and it beg-an to take effect, and I began to have hope j I improved rap· Cutters; Reamers ; Shell Reclmers. IX. BARS.ts; idly, soon could sit pa�sages of the head began to open, throat and bronchial tubes grew better, cough Small Borin BORING up, - g Bars. X. LAP�.-Allowance for Shrink- ce:ised, and I now can see to write. I now expect to get well and 9,0about my business again. l owe you a g h grea.t debt of gratitude. Indeed l owe my life to.Y0ur treatment. Homer. Champaign Co., Ill. ¥O�is?r�a�f��?s�,ugJ��t;,�-���SJ�J ��i\t!� D� ��a THOYIAS J. D.ULY, - r s g JUDGJr. J. r,Of.LETT, of Lima, 0. writes : "You will remember how terribly Catarrh had taken hold upon me. ������ E:fI'3� Wi� g�·m�� s n am cured: head free, air passages, all open, b � tl iI'f. Now I and breathing natural. 1 expre�s to you again \vhat I said TOOL STE J<:L.-.fj�Orgin l 6��';,�e�s1�� �II � - T - in a recent letter, thouE�nd thanks to you lor so sure a remedy and so very cheap." s '1'001 Hardening and em � A ¥ Too j e rd i e e s s DR. CHILDs-Dear Brother: My son, now in Madison University, New York, was �o badlv r l i afflicted F:: W�o�:�� ¥��g � rPo If;��� �s:r��� t�� �� W� with Catarrh I feared for a time. that he was incurable, and, when applied to you for medicine. Harden Malleable Iron ; Wr ght 1 The Crystallization of ou mv hope was faint. It acted speedily and efficiently, aIHI believe saved him from an early grave. H e is now M t r rs u I RUGG & RICHA RDSON. an j f n perfectly cnred. My' wife. who had becomp. very much reduced by a residence in farther India as a missionary, WITIlERBY,of Patent everuyf acdescrip�u e ��:e��� J�I��!� x1�i�¥A�� !�����d: has derived great benefitfrom your \\ ood \Vorking Ylachlnery of f:� a I Inhaling Billm. 1 can most heartily c ommend these med cines to the af· tion. Facilities ns rp ed. I e .k ! fiicted, believing they arc all they profess to be. THOMAS ..LJ<;N, Day ton, l u ou easse Mass.Shop Send formerly for Catalogue: occupied I� .� �is .!..�a r�e :? g �C ST c f�: AI O. R. B l & l 0., W r r ��Block� ; Chip¥�ping� ; Filing1 �; i¥:�Pa��er h � rili by a c st , p Tools for Scrap­ RFr.v. T. CHII.ns-Dear Sir: , think you have the true theory and practice for cure of Nasal Catarrh. and j Vise Cl mpEmery; Pening ; F;i t ng Brasses t P. I ing �urfaces t a s ti o also for the tretttment of the respirntory organs. M.,t throat is now so well restored that I can lecture daily hOll ed. ENGINEER'S [l-'U in Lin Ma s tti g y ind r ; ust TRAUTWINE'S CIVIL ra their Boxes ; , k thn ; Fi n C l e s w ithout a l lY difficulty, and findno difficulty whatever in preaching. You are at full 1iberty to use my name for J POCKET BOOK, illustrated with 670 eng' vings O S o the benefit of others. from original designs. Fourteenth 'l'houRand. Revised l pages. Tuck, gilt ed e. Pr p j �O oc � � £: � Neb. and Corrected. l6rno,67R g i ��:3s�:�1i���Sj ShrinkingR�:t te�k it ; U�1��es ima t�tet��ir the � � � ! E. B. F_\'IRFIEL :O D� 'ChanceI1or of the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, $5. :\Iailedon r e pt price. E. lo., Phila.c Refitting Work by e �o t Weight I i,� l �:: ec i of Claxton & Rey. as�:��� to�r�:e�� ,�::i�� �tr�ha� igi��� Thos. J. Daily, Homer, Champaign Co., 111. ; Judr:e .T. Collett, Lima. 0. ; W. S. Sandel, Willis, Texas ; Thomas A l l en, Dayton, E. B. Fairfield, D. D., L. J. D. Lincoln. Neb. ; Rev. E. S. Martin, Port Car bOll, Pa. ; Pip��des; 8teamand t r i al hr1{t�'6plings; 0, : MACHINISTS AN)) STEAl'f FI'I'TERS. e !'-- r t a a d E M ; h } ' Hardening ; 'rempering.Wa JOin XV.ts ; ToFIT MakeTING pCONXECTTNG ) We manufacture a Double-Acting Steam Jet Pump. Ob 1:ts �v �1 n r �t i io, ; \1 � �� !Ho�k�'r , fi rice . ��'. G w� r � 's �i� i ll RODS.--Dfifts ; Revl e M LLING MA­ � � � 7 M : IY] ! R R; v : Elevates water 75 with steam. It is the best rs Keys. XVI. Tenn. ; B. Hand\ ;?�, � �Fa� yette�! St. �alt: imore,� �� Md .; J. Riley,ii�· � S.�� Expr('s�� Ag"�{'nt.Tro\T, � � � �E. Marbt, le,� st econcmicalfeet in 45 lb. Locomotives, CH X E TOOLS. XVII. TO IC A LCUL TE T. Hl3 E. W. U. 0. : mo u Suitable for I S AND MILLIXG A COllcord, Jackson Co., Mich. Rev. E. 'r�. Harris, Dnrien� Wis. : C. Hurlburt, R. lllinois Indh na , Mills,and e agentsse. all rt t e country. PULLEYS, ETC. XVIII . . j A. 21o-2Hi H., t \\' want a h THE SPEED OF WHEELS. THlll i E bU O Write etc.for circular to J. B. in p s (If SLIDE V A L .-M vem n CRAXK .I�(!·lia�d� S;�i'n SON & CO., VE o e ts of Piston and j J ile\d:' �. ; : �iiO fat o do � � t;HERRIlfF'.own Steam Supply ; To Measure the Throw of an Eccentric. � !; �� ,V B� Iir�!!���� j}��'k��' :ft�lt;T�S�l��. �T . � ��� \ � �� fe C� : n I: � Pa., ers of " CoIl" Patents. TO SET' SLIDE A XX. PUMPS.­ Rev. J. Gain('s,Wat e-rford,_Miss. ; ISAac Hill. Kirkville. '''' upelloCo., la. ; M. AIR-hulel', Mattoon. Coles Co. !!I. ; I'ittsbnrgh, XIX. How A . A. '!.,. Suction Pumps ; Force Pumps ; VPistonLVIO Pumps.-IND"X . J. K. Siglried, Pottsville, Pa. ; Miss F. F. Demeut, Dyer Sta., Gibson Co., Tenn, ; Rev. Henry Stout, Raritan, l"t. J. By H U H R. T E SAME A T O Tile Slide E aine Embrac­ Valve Practicallya xpl d. �h.a1i 1ih.e Edi1iors Say: : ing simple and complete Pr ctica Demonstrations of pe at o element in la e Valve '\I ove­ i n e h uThe publishers find editors of the Journal and Messenger have known Rev. P. Childs for many years. the o r i oftr taci g the' etlects Slaidiation in their T. ruent,and llu s a n of V r s and feel every confidence in any statements he maY mllke. Our subscribers can Ieel every cOllfidence in biving Proportions by mple8 carefully selected from thdr cases into his hands for treatment."-Journal and Messenger,Cincinnati. ent andexa the most rec of "Buccessful The Complete practice. Practical By Joshua Machinist, Rose." "Whil� not FI"pposing"that an cases of Catarrh will be cured by the presrription advertised, the pnblishers "M.�., The authorP tte Ass st n etc. Illustrated of the Illustrated We ekly, after dilig-ent inquirv, have reasons to Iw lj�\'e that it has many cases proT('d ef· a rn Maker's i a t,'� by ; in engravings, • $1.00 fectuaI. We do not ordinarily insert medical udvertisements." -llLustrated Christian We ekly. 35 o e a o n r I �r:g�? � t�e ��gl{c���: p�f�e:� 6u�y v�:t�h! �:t�� "The publishers of the Congregationalis t, with multitudes of other people, are somewhat suspicion of I patent medicines as arnIe, and when we recewe.rl the advertisement of .Mr. Childs, we at first declined its inser Fog ues racti al and Scientific Books sent free to of P I tion but, on making' inquiry, we received e ac h R,tisfactory rep lies, amI one e!';';ecially from a well-known c any I j ne who will rni h h s dr ss. Congregational paRt or o fu s i ad e fflr from Rev. Mr. Childs, the propnetor of the medicine, that we withdrew the B IRD objections." -Congreganottionalis t, Boston. HENRY CAREY A & CO., Industrial Publishers, Booksellers. and I porters AL UT PHILADELPHIA.m , For steep or flat AppHert by 810 W N STltEET, roofs. ordinary workmen CHILDS' CATARRH SPECIFIC will effectually ant. permanently cure any ca&e at one·third the cost ofNEW, tin. 32Circulars J hn and samples free. AgROOents Wanted. T. FINCo Street, New York.. THE HOLLY �·HE:ATING<9� �N�TIONCI)."'MITEO of Catarrh, no matter how desperate. It can only be obtained at Troy , Ohio. The SYSTEM O F s r EA S HOLLYSTE. CKPORT N.Y. treatment is local as well as constitutional , and can not be obtained at the drug-stores. FO R AND VILLAGfo: ItlUSTF\AT£D AD IN J LO L�ST Nu��7 CITIES A fu ll statement of method of home treatment and cost, with scores of testimonials ERICSSON'S MOTOR. fr om those who have been cured will be sent on application. Address NEW Name this paper. REV. T. P CHILDS, Troy, Obio. ERICSSON'S

FOR suppJy at short notice and lowest rates, S one con- Wei manufacture n i and i t and Ore Crusherst OF THE DWELLINGS AND COUNTRY SEATS. ROCKW�:v li� BREA���r;:J:�I�:1�rKERSr�t�;�;��li�?io� &s �heOREi��L:lte�; CRU :����t SHER�3r�� l�M a?fS.if�h SNowimplest cheapest,Caloric and mostPn ecoIllD<>lllDin[ical En[inpi g engineo ;� �At� 20th, Mr. l sh � supplied by ���are �constructed under pum 1880. S. 1,. �Iarsden. Ai r n theand July nte den to Mr. Mar n, Cru e us rate. superianufa tnr ce ofa e sde who, countryfor the past tlfEngland.teen years has been cor...nected with i"6sgl�'r:I��';Je�rJS��� ·fot�!rq��r:��.f��g:�i.:i�� the m c u e of Bl k Crushers in this and FARREL FOlJNDIlY AND J}IACUJNE FOR CO., Manufrs., Ansonia, (:onn. J ISSI. The Mosttitntifit Popular Stient ific�m l'apert indt theau World. DELAMATERc. H. DELA3'IATER IRON &·co., Pl'opri WORetors,KS No. 10 Cortlandt Strl'et, New York, N. Y. VOLUME XUV. �EW SEBIES. .. l10MMENCES J:N. t. BEST IN TH)� WORLD. Only . Ye iucIlldinlr Postage. Pa n an.1 Yalve Stems P 3 20 a ar, Weekly. For BBERcki g the Piston BA UodsCK SQUARof SteamE PA EnginesCKING. and umps. PLANING AND MATCHING lUACHIN B the a ing when in use, is in t �2 a E. p which, on a $ Numbel's Year. representsl i keeps ck nst the rod c ct with the Piston Rod. � P t de y l end dl ll t t A the e aslittlec the partII agai with sufficientpressure to be steam-tight, and yet '1'his wi l cil'culated and sp i y lus ra ed creates butP n all p lis d weekly. Every number contains six­ � !>i � This ack g in lengths of abont 20 feet, and of sizes from N to 2 inches square. paper is ub he i teen pages ot usefu1 infor ation, la ge JOHN H. CHEEVER, Treas. NEW YORK BEL'l'lNG &. PACKING CO., 37 &33 m anu a r number of t"�� Park Row, NewVork. original e gr vings new and discoveries, '"0' �-.------______n a of inventionsWorkS. s8 representing Engineering &team :Machinery. STEARNS MANUFACTURING CO., Inventions, Novelties in uf ct s THE New rapMeenanics.y Photography, Man a Archi­ure , ERIE, PENNSY ANIA, d Chemistry, Electri ity, T l g I LV m e o imp o e e h , y g ak a speCialty f r ve ctu , C H st et � l'r; te re Agriculture, HortIculture,Natural i ory, c. ! All lI.nd MILL Classes of Reu(1ers in THE SCIENTIFIC a n s and t s AMERICA:;- popular the es Special M chi e for Car Work, the la e t impr�;oved� ,SDe AWigne c O MACHIi b NERe c lyY. and a resume of b t scientific in­ Wood Working Machinery of all kinds. S 'ia�d\t;. f,?:��f isa�� �sB%af�����est rf.lli'�ls il:�d y J'.i';���al formation of the day; and it Is the aim of the publishers n ed on q present it in ENGINES, BOILEurRS,h ANDre MACHINERYu . A o bu IN GENERAL to much .. • an attractive form, avoiding as aa ..TOI -I: N n;WI-I:ITLEY � CO. rm To every intelligent mind, eri an ------� possible abstruse te s. Flrst-cJaEnropeanss AgentsRepresentativesi!' of Am c Houses. with affor s constant pp tnstructlve �he.Pri�cipal industrialand agricul- at this journal d a su ly of r per day home. Samplesworth $5free. e i g. It ;s promotive of knowledge p ss s a d t o A re STINSON & r ad n and rogre in � c n n dd ss Co., Portland, Me. SASH DOVETAILING MACHINE• � � ����,r 8 r, ag� l�Se�'iI i:':. P.f er�� g� a�pf:��ltJ�: 1 $5 to $20 �-��- every community where it circulates. �S,��� ���;�ase Paris goods on commission at Planers, Moulding Machines, copy �lil�j, Mortisers and rers T n ning Tcrms of Snbscription.-One of THE SCIEN­ � ACE FILE IIOLDERS. Bo , e o ' AMERICA wi l sent or one year-52 n m rs­ A WEEK. By R b ti g TIFIO X l be f u be $12a dayat home easily made Vostly their usee a crooked filemay be utilized as well asn ina Blind ab e n Ma­ any subscriber In free. Address TBUE & la g variety postage prepaid, to the United States 7 outfit Co., Augu�ta. Me. �'�!f�;o'i.'d s::}�g�;�:�� d t � � g. r of tbl'ee 2 !Si URF l:':, �il����t::� ; chines; also, a e Canada, on dollars and lds l to in lon � u;l t er wood working machines or receipt of tlventy $ No. 4 fl e 12 . g o h , cents six months, $1.80 ; r e No. 5 hoU U s 14 to 16H in. " . PPriceri e $1.0075c. each. each. manufactured by by the pubJishers ; th e c $1.00. ACH I N I STS' LEVI HOUSTON, Montl1:omel'Y,Pa. months, NEW AND IMPROVED PATTERNS. s d on y M TOOLS. I l .-On AMERI­ log b:�Jie �'r'b1'lot�'bU'"#!:d��0� �ro:lj'.:'�J:.Cit�'i� ChI bs e extra COpy of THE SCIENTtFIC Send for new illustrated cata ue. will pli gratiS jor every club ojjive subscribers PEH..:B::J:N'S' CANat be sup ed Lathes, Planers, Drills, &0. $3.20 each ; additional copies at same proportionate NE'V HAVEN lU,\.NUFACTUltiNG CO•• Mitre B ox Co" rate. .\few Haven, Conn. n ...... HOnigh returning Pressnr nglEnginend . , ,,,,, FALLS, e and Boile • One copy of one copy JJ.lu r to E af I have arrangednn withr Etc.Mr THE SCIE'ITIFIC A}IERICANa d sent 2 32 fe���h�i�te�!�t';�I�'h� pIt: of THE SCIE::-:TIFIOAMERICAN SUPPLEMENT will be to $l�OOOJ to Stops. .;t��rjl;l�rne c��:�r;;;; year, postage prepaid, t e Pianos $1 2a l.imited. 1.0Ildon. in this o t . l n - for one to any subscriber in h Daniel _F. up. Paper free. Address and n r A om $ Heatty,Washington,N.J. New ti ns addressedof to him c usubjecty willl c receivemu i United States Canada, on of sellen doll rs ORGANS 30 ca o t on this or receipt a by B t o p blis ers 1 Ox. a ten i n. THE c the u h . --��------�----�----��--�---M·tre P��t�B¥��:i�� (j�:�£'iMITED. fe t way to or EThepr sass s remit Is by Postal Older, Draft, TEL E 0 E x e . Money carefullyn placed inside of envelopes, Circulars free. HOLCOMBP H N �f�:V �,mt a d correctly addressed, seldom goes & CO., M:tlletCr eek, Ohio. assecurelyy, but sealed. is d ress all letters andtra at the sender'sa risk. A d wake all orders, dr fts, etc., payable to MUNN & CO., En2ine Lathes. Planer", Tools"Drills, &c. 37 Park Row, New York. i ies W. To Foreign Subscribers.-Under the facil t of Machinery. SCIENTIFIC AMERIGAX is now sent .• No. Br a w the :rostalUnion, the OTIS BROS. & CO 348 o d ay, New York. DAVID POND, Worcester, Mass. gularity , , by pdstalrectin Great fromBritain, New Yo India,rk,with re toall subscrlb­ the o TISweek in ' Tcrms and $5 0ntll.t ere Australia, and o r vours own town Belgium, m ', -,- _ HALLET�T_&_( :o�.,�P�o �r t�l a�n�d�, �M� e_. " r n� _ fr . ddre � G ee A s H. RELIABLEcomplete " British colonies; tto France,r European. Austrta, a t s Japan,e Brazil.a $66 "_ __ B �WRTIS­ . .Illnflines a r success. of t and Russia, and all o he St e ; HUB �fACHIN"RY -HU TURNING'. HUB Prices still 40 pe cent. belowUn" The attention Architec s. Engineers. Builders all St t s C ntr l ng, Boring Machines. for price list of other Is called to r ght Mexico, and a e of e a and South Ameri !>. lCirculars.and Hub D V D Send and those e imnnnker,.v imr lici- thlt m o ,: Ou foreign countries. Canada x eptecd, A I equaled for ffic e .• Terms, when sent to e c JENKINS, Sheboygan, Wis. believed wereh��l�?IlH� wner fully � small geld, Nt d[t ffis that.cost which onow s aware of the $4, for SCIENTIFIC AMERICA 1 year j $1),gold, for SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLE· iM6t1��P. :�liajji�i�::tt$iM"r� with Gov­�om i erence informer, in many exists bf'tween iron and M R C N and SUPPLEMES"T for H. ompl p, both SCIR"YTIFIC A R 1 A 1 MENT. ne.ired the SCI ENTIFIC ernor, Pump,All c et wood. the c cases.d would be adopted, T AMl��RIC'--\NAny SUPPLE \I FNTback number of and Heater. ��t�a��Y;';ac� �s���e";c"J 6¥gfl�!1. r f year. his Includes postage, which we pay. Remit b� can be had at this officefor Address, I� o� o e;: p s al MUllIl & Co. 87 so in of f,}Ul� tailed tnformation f rni d � ¥,� o t order or draft to order of , ParI; t� ��;:':im�: to be had of n1)wsdealers all parts rif; SISCO & CO . u she to Architects, Engineers, � Baldwin8ville,. N. Y. and Builders, on appll�tlon . Row. New York.

© 1881 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC Ititntifit !tutritan. [JANUARY 29, 1881.

CATALTHE FOLLOWING M OGCTU UED.RS PRO­ THEIR RESPECTIVENUFA RE LINESARE ; Emery, as a rule,PURE is bought of Dealers who have noEME practical kn owledgeRY of the goods. they sell. The MINENT IN A IN various Compani(;'s who sell Emery of their own make in the American market all profess to have special SHORT, ARE HEAD(!UARTERS. arrangements for a supply of Emery Rock or Ore, nearly every one claiming to cont1'ol that bupply, and prais­ ing their own goods by declaring them equal to those of one well known Company whieh has made its name the synonym for excellence. 'I'HE TANI'J'E COMPANY O}' l'\'I'ROUHSBURG. MONRO}; COUNTY, PA., THE HAZARD MANUFG. CO., THOMPSON, " L b t St., do not profess to control any mine, nor to manufacture any Emery; but they do profess to UNDERSTAND, c.\#vI M. REAgt. 8ROi er y PE:N. Y. PRACTICALLY, ALL POINTS CONNECTED WITH EMERY, being well informed as to the quality of the crude ore, PLUMBING SANITARY GOODS the vcAR­ The Asbestos Packing CO., DUS, corner of Wbite and Elm Sts., NewJAMES York. THE BAKER BLOWER. :BOSTON', :LVJ:.A.SS., " Centennial Judges Report. OFFER FOR SALE : CELEBRATED RED STRIP " BELTING, " Good Design and Material. Very PATENTED ASBES'l'OS ROPE PACKING, RUBBER BF.LTING. PACKING. AND BOSE. efficientin action. With the specialad­ " .. THE ASD M'F'G CO., vantagr-s thatthey can be connected LOOSE " GUTT.l PERCa kH.l Place, NewRURBER York. with­ " I' r for motion directly with engine JOURNAL out tIle use gearing or belting." " WIeR 23 The initial number of the of TILE. AND METAL REVIEWBR willICU�, be _ SEND FOR CATALOGUE. MILL BOARD, MACHINISTS' TOOLS AND SUPPLIES. issued at an early date. Parties deSIring �o " SHEATHING PAPER, PRENTISS & COMPANY, !IIIIII IS­ WILBRAHAM BROS. (P. �avaiII!!Il tnemselves of this valuable medium foradvert No. 2018 Frankford Avenue, FLOORING FELT• DeyH. St. O. Box 3362), Ne Ing Brick and Tile :l

&(JOLUMBIA BI(JV(JLE . \liM. A. HARRIS. EmeryI LEHIGH Whee VAlsLLEY and EMERYGrindin[ WH MachEEL inery.CO., h n e The Bicycle has proved itself to be PROVIDENCE, R. (PARR STREET), kWEISSPORT, Carbon Co., Pa. Pyrometers. ���ns���l �la�t �lp�s permanent, practical road vehicle, anda minutes walk I.west from station, noilerFlues.."superheated Steam, Oil stillS, etc. � , be e a Six o HENRI W. BULKLEY, Sole Manufacturer, ��:a��r: �r�e�:f:rn�r i�J E�\h!�; FILES, DRILLS, CHUCKS, VISES, 149 11roadway, N. Y. men, seekers atter health or pleasure, HARKis:C'bRLi�ISerENGiNE TAPS, REAMERS, STUB TOOLS, &t., &c. all join Ih bearing witness to its merits. With Ha is Send 3 cent stamp for catalogue with ' to H. P. & price list and full lllformation. rr J>atented Improvements, GOODNOW WIGHTMAN, Boston, Ma•• THE POPE ltl'F'G CO•• from 10 1,000 Mass. Metaline and Star Roller Tackle IJ P R I L� gl���(:: 697 Washington Street, Boston, Bnsh Blocks, &c. IGH: 0 R THE & H.B Ie K FOR D fJ'n C'/rmo/d!)' Boston, Mass.,BAGNALL and Soutl1 LOUD, t 33 !S eet, New NEW YORK BELTING AND PACKING HOWARD MANUFACTURING CO. r York. Plastic Cement and Hair Felt, with or without the Manufacture Introduce REW PARALLEL, LEG VISES. LOOK FOR OUR STAMP �I and DOUBLE SC , Patent "AIR S PAC E ' , M ethod. 8tronger on the gOOds whenever you buy BOILER COVERINGS. Made and WARRANTED Trenton,than any other Ylse by FISHER & NORRIS only, N. J. ;E

• Sole ManufacturerA Hs, YFNEW YORK. Flax, Hemp, Jute, Rope, Oalrnm. andEn[in Baggingecr Machinery.and Macbinist Steam En- & il e DADDOW BEADLE'S Il��t'er�� ��';v 'it�ien�°'1c�� ��ei� Engine and Force Pumps combined. Also owner and exclusive manufactu.. MINER'S PAT. SQUIBS for BLASTING. rer of Mfd. by Dliner's Snpply Co., St. Clair, Sch'lI Co., Pa. THE NE'W Steam Engines M ng Machinery. && ini tBECRETTa Street. McDOWELL, BalterTheseengines Patent are admirablyPortable ada1'1;ed Steato m Enginfl.kInds C nr l n - • New Ugbt power for driving ".-Intlng presses. pumpingaU wateofr i c l o d York. �;A��f�c'uft��S. ��d �::Jiatgl:\n�����; 11The' Greatest Rock Breaker on Earth. the folloWinglow prices: :� ;� Mirror, Pin Cushion and Tape Measure. Capacity; a ton a minute. AIr kinds of Mlnln Macbin- fnrnilIhed at PRICE 25 CENTS Se c & f,VI LLE iioN �lifK g,C��\�ag�:'"ITt lS SC 2 243 2� Horse Power. 2"3 Sample mail i o ' dis­ IHa orse Power,8130290 11� Horl!le power. '190 by � i �i: A liberal Hor.e Power, 4 330 ��rr ':,� e r� Plansand estimates furnished for any capacity of 8eD4tOl'dellCrlptive Power. circular. HorseAddressPower. HOWARD MANUFACTURING CO., I NERY • .... O. TODD, Box New SAW MILL MACH GENERAL AGENT Also Bullders of Engines, Bollers, and General aMa­ PATERSON, N • .l. FOR STATE OF OHIO WANTED, 2293, York. �nery. THE lSTEARNSll'lFG. CO., Et'ie,P . Or No. 10 Barclay St., New York. p�ferably at Cincinnati, by a promInent of Emery Wheel Makers, Also a General Agent forfirm the North· is West, preferably at Detroit. A liberal stock willbe con· Pietet Artificial Ice Limited, INKS. � "Scientific American" printed WIth CBAS. 3083. c periodicalS including tba SCIEN!rIFIC & S signed. None need apply except those who have the P. o. Box 142 G eenwCo.i h St.,, New York. PRINTINGThe leading . � ENEU JOHNSON CO INK. h• .' Tenth andLom­ i s e s etic . Guaranteed to be tbe most effi!J ient andeconomical of al! AMERICA�� are r.�ln-!-edm,t our Inks. bard Sts., 50 St. York. ig� allY r , John S Y k Philadelphia, and Gold New t?jt. ��� J>���� eXIsting Ice and Cold AIr Machin.. G. MATHER !; !;QN!; or . ��:s���E� W* 60 t., .,,..,ew

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