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'Reformists': a Feminist Historical Analysis of Al-Huda International

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'Reformists': a Feminist Historical Analysis of Al-Huda International Women in Pakistan as Subjects of Reform to ‘Reformists’: A Feminist Historical Analysis of Al-Huda International By Saima Noreen Submitted to Central European University Department of Gender Studies In partial fulfillment for the Erasmus Mundus Master's Degree in Women’s and Gender Studies (GEMMA) Main supervisor: Dr Nadia Jones-Gailani (Central European University) Second reader: Dr Dorota Golańska (University of Łódź) CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2019 Women in Pakistan as Subjects of Reform to ‘Reformists’: A Feminist Historical Analysis of Al-Huda International By Saima Noreen In partial fulfillment for the Erasmus Mundus Master's Degree in Women’s and Gender Studies (GEMMA) Main supervisor: Dr Nadia Jones-Gailani Second reader: Dr Dorota Golańska Approval by main supervisor: _______________ CEU eTD Collection Declaration of Original Content I hereby declare that this thesis is the result of original research; it contains no materials accepted for any degree in any other institution and no materials previously written and/or published by another person, except where appropriate acknowledgment is made in the form of bibliographical reference rather declare that the following word count for this thesis is accurate: Body of thesis (all chapters excluding notes, bibliography, appendices): 25,811 words Entire manuscript: 32,749 words Signed: Saima Noreen, September 9th 2019 CEU eTD Collection i Abstract Al-Huda, a transnational Muslim piety movement, is bringing socio-cultural transformation in the urban educated class of Pakistan and creating new identities of ‘disobediently pious women' and ‘rebellious religious women' in the political and social context where women have been subjected to reform. The history of making Pakistani women subject to reform can be traced back from the British colonizers, through colonial feminism and in contemporary Pakistan, through religion-based interventions from the social, political and state actors. This thesis presents a feminist historical analysis of Al-Huda International, an organization founded by Dr Farhat Hashmi in 1994 and a source of transformation in the socio-cultural landscape of Pakistani urban educated communities. This study draws upon the political, social and religious context which paved the way for Al-Huda to get accepted and embraced at public and state levels. The thesis further analyzes the inception of Al-Huda as the first-ever Pakistani women- centric and women-proliferated reformist movement focusing on women’s spiritual individualism despite their conservative approach. A substantial part of the analysis engages with the political and organizational strategies which are adopted by Al-Huda to gain unprecedented popularity and to grow into a transnational movement from a dars-based elite women's gathering. The theoretical and methodological approach of this research is informed by anthropological scholarships of Meryem Zaman, Sadaf Ahmad, Aneela Babar and Riffat Hassan. Furthermore, this thesis employs the archival data of Al-Huda, available online in the form of official websites, annual reports, newsletters and YouTube channels. CEU eTD Collection ii Acknowledgements I would like to express my deepest gratitude and appreciations: To my supervisor, Dr Nadia Jones-Gailani for reading between the lines of my writings, for understanding my conversations of hard days and sleepless nights when even my words did not make sense to me, for all her scholarly insightful reviews and discussions, for all her supportive emails and for making me learn how to be sympathetic and kind. I feel indebted for all her patience, care, and support throughout the period of thesis writing. To my second reader: Dorota Golnaska for always being around to emotionally support me and for her beautiful and sweet smiles. To my sisters, Javeria and Farah: for tolerating my mood swings and frustrating attitude during writing days and for all the emotional support not only during research but throughout the two years of this master’s program. To my GEMMA fellows: Sama, Katya, Shehreen and most importantly Jona, for late night WhatsApp conversations, listening me for hours and trying hard to resolves my issues. To my courageous mother Nasra: for standing alone and firmly against our patriarchal society and allow me to purse this degree in a foreign land. To Professor Francisca De Haan: for sparking and fostering my interest in Gender History To Professor Jasmina Lukic: for always being a motherly figure in a foreign land. And last but most least To Susheel and Sundar Hina: for providing me a comfortable space and saving me from the feeling of homelessness in the hardest last two weeks of thesis writing and defense. CEU eTD Collection iii Glossary Abayas Traditionally refers to as long gown which covered from shoulders to toe. Abayas comes in pair with Hijab/Scarf. Bid’at Innovation in religion, referred for an occurring which was not part early Islam and added in religion later in new times. Chaddar A loose piece of cloth which women used to cover their bodies and hairs in South Asian cultures. Chaliswa The gathering of friends and family members of the dead after 40 days Dars Informal get to gather to share religious knowledge Dars-e-Nizami Dars-e-Nizami is a course of religious studies, initiated in the 18th century in South Asia and evolving over the period. A course is also taught in some parts of the United States, UK, Canada, and South Africa. Dawah Literally meaning “making an invitation”, referred to as inviting people towards religion Eid-Milad-Nabwi The birthday celebration of Prohert Muhammat (PBUH) Fitna A dangerous phenomenon, which can create distress in society Hijab A piece of cloth which covers, hairs and face and comes till shoulder. Madrasas The formal schools for Islamic religious education Mayo and Mehndi Pre-wedding events of South Asian traditional weddings. Mulvi/Mullahs A person who is appointed of the mosque to led and call for prayers five times in a day. Ullemas Islamic religious leaders, who have formal education of Dars-e-Nizami CEU eTD Collection iv Table of Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Analytical framework and Historiography ....................................................................... 4 1.2. Methodology .................................................................................................................. 17 1.3. Overview of the Thesis Chapters ................................................................................... 19 Chapter 2: ...................................................................................................................................... 21 Women as a Political Subject in Movements and the State of Pakistan ....................................... 21 2.1. Women as Subjects of Reform in Colonial India ........................................................... 22 2.2. Women in the South Asian Revivalist Movements ....................................................... 24 2.3. Women as Subject of Reform though Political Islam .................................................... 33 Chapter 3: ...................................................................................................................................... 42 Women as ‘Reformists’: The outset of Al-Huda International ..................................................... 42 3.1. Inception of Al-Huda ..................................................................................................... 43 3.2. Farhat Hashmi: The Protagonist of “Al-Huda Phenomena” .......................................... 47 3.2. The backlash on Farhat Hashmi and Al-Huda ............................................................... 54 Chapter 4: ...................................................................................................................................... 61 Progression of Al-Huda into a Transnational Religious Network ................................................ 61 4.1. Influences of Al-Huda at the state level ......................................................................... 61 4.2. Selection of office locations .......................................................................................... 63 4.3. Marketing and outreach of Al-Huda ............................................................................. 64 4.4. Organizational structure of Al-Huda ............................................................................ 66 4.5. Educational and welfare projects of Al-Huda ............................................................... 68 4.6. Sources of funding ........................................................................................................ 74 4.7. Al-Huda acuity to utilize social factors ........................................................................ 76 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 79 References ..................................................................................................................................... 82 CEU eTD Collection v Introduction While I was volunteering with Aalam Bibi School in the summer of 2015, one of my volunteer fellows, a graduate of a distinguished university in the USA, and a member of a well- known elite Pakistani family asked me about my preparation for the upcoming Ramzan. This
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