The Characteristics of Ammonia Nitrogen in the Xiang River in Changsha, China
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Yundong: Mass Movements in Chinese Communist Leadership a Publication of the Center for Chinese Studies University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
Yundong: Mass Movements in Chinese Communist Leadership A publication of the Center for Chinese Studies University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 Cover Colophon by Shih-hsiang Chen Although the Center for Chinese Studies is responsible for the selection and acceptance of monographs in this series, respon sibility for the opinions expressed in them and for the accuracy of statements contained in them rests with their authors. @1976 by the Regents of the University of California ISBN 0-912966-15-7 Library of Congress Catalog Number 75-620060 Printed in the United States of America $4.50 Center for Chinese Studies • CHINA RESEARCH MONOGRAPHS UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY NUMBER TWELVE YUNDONG: MASS CAMPAIGNS IN CHINESE COMMUNIST LEADERSHIP GORDON BENNETT 4 Contents List of Abbreviations 8 Foreword 9 Preface 11 Piny in Romanization of Familiar Names 14 INTRODUCTION 15 I. ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT 19 Background Factors 19 Immediate Factors 28 Development after 1949 32 II. HOW TO RUN A MOVEMENT: THE GENERAL PATTERN 38 Organizing a Campaign 39 Running a Compaign in a Single Unit 41 Summing Up 44 III. YUNDONG IN ACTION: A TYPOLOGY 46 Implementing Existing Policy 47 Emulating Advanced Experience 49 Introducing and Popularizing a New Policy 55 Correcting Deviations from Important Public Norms 58 Rectifying Leadership Malpractices among Responsible Cadres and Organizations 60 Purging from Office Individuals Whose Political Opposition Is Excessive 63 Effecting Enduring Changes in Individual Attitudes and Social Institutions that Will Contribute to the Growth of a Collective Spirit and Support the Construction of Socialism 66 IV. DEBATES OVER THE CONTINUING VALUE OF YUNDONG 75 Rebutting the Critics: Arguments in Support of Campaign Leadership 80 V. -
List 3. Headings That Need to Be Changed from the Machine- Converted Form
LIST 3. HEADINGS THAT NEED TO BE CHANGED FROM THE MACHINE- CONVERTED FORM The data dictionary for the machine conversion of subject headings was prepared in summer 2000 based on the systematic romanization of Wade-Giles terms in existing subject headings identified as eligible for conversion before detailed examination of the headings could take place. When investigation of each heading was subsequently undertaken, it was discovered that some headings needed to be revised to forms that differed from the forms that had been given in the data dictionary. This occurred most frequently when older headings no longer conformed to current policy, or in the case of geographic headings, when conflicts were discovered using current geographic reference sources, for example, the listing of more than one river or mountain by the same name in China. Approximately 14% of the subject headings in the pinyin conversion project were revised differently than their machine- converted forms. To aid in bibliographic file maintenance, the following list of those headings is provided. In subject authority records for the revised headings, Used For references (4XX) coded Anne@ in the $w control subfield for earlier form of heading have been supplied for the data dictionary forms as well as the original forms of the headings. For example, when you see: Chien yao ware/ converted to Jian yao ware/ needs to be manually changed to Jian ware It means: The subject heading Chien yao ware was converted to Jian yao ware by the conversion program; however, that heading now -
The Dragon's Roar: Traveling the Burma Road
DBW-17 EAST ASIA Daniel Wright is an Institute Fellow studying ICWA the people and societies of inland China. LETTERS The Dragon’s Roar — Traveling the Burma Road — Since 1925 the Institute of RUILI, China March 1999 Current World Affairs (the Crane- Rogers Foundation) has provided Mr. Peter Bird Martin long-term fellowships to enable Executive Director outstanding young professionals Institute of Current World Affairs 4 West Wheelock St. to live outside the United States Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 USA and write about international areas and issues. An exempt Dear Peter, operating foundation endowed by the late Charles R. Crane, the Somewhere in China’s far west, high in the Tibetan plateau, five of Asia’s Institute is also supported by great rivers — the Yellow, the Yangtze, the Mekong, the Salween and the contributions from like-minded Irrawaddy — emerge from beneath the earth’s surface. Flowing east, then individuals and foundations. fanning south and north, the waterways cut deep gorges before sprawling wide through lowlands and spilling into distant oceans. TRUSTEES Bryn Barnard These rivers irrigate some of Asia’s most abundant natural resources, the Carole Beaulieu most generously endowed of which are in Myanmar, formerly Burma. Mary Lynne Bird Peter Geithner “Myanmar is Asia’s last great treasure-trove,” a Yangon-based western dip- Thomas Hughes lomat told me during a recent visit to this land of contradiction that shares a 1 Stephen Maly border with southwest China’s Yunnan Province. Peter Bird Martin Judith Mayer Flush with jade, rubies, sapphires, natural gas and three-quarters of the Dorothy S. -
Environmental Impact Analysis in This Report
Environmental Impacts Assessment Report on Project Construction Project name: European Investment Bank Loan Hunan Camellia Oil Development Project Construction entity (Seal): Foreign Fund Project Administration Office of Forestry Department of Hunan Province Date of preparation: July 1st, 2012 Printed by State Environmental Protection Administration of China Notes for Preparation of Environmental Impacts Assessment Report on Project Construction An Environmental Impacts Assessment (EIA) Report shall be prepared by an entity qualified for conducting the work of environmental impacts assessment. 1. Project title shall refer to the name applied by the project at the time when it is established and approved, which shall in no case exceed 30 characters (and every two English semantic shall be deemed as one Chinese character) 2. Place of Construction shall refer to the detailed address of project location, and where a highway or railway is involved, names of start station and end station shall be provided. 3. Industry category shall be stated according to the Chinese national standards. 4. Total Investment Volume shall refer to the investment volume in total of the project. 5. Principal Targets for Environment Protection shall refer to centralized residential quarters, schools, hospitals, protected culture relics, scenery areas, water sources and ecological sensitive areas within certain radius of the project area, for which the objective, nature, size and distance from project boundary shall be set out as practical as possible. 6. Conclusion and suggestions shall include analysis results for clean production, up-to-standard discharge and total volume control of the project; a determination on effectiveness of pollution control measures; an explanation on environmental impacts by the project, and a clear-cut conclusion on feasibility of the construction project. -
Emergence, Concept, and Understanding of Pan-River-Basin
HOSTED BY Available online at www.sciencedirect.com International Soil and Water Conservation Research 3 (2015) 253–260 www.elsevier.com/locate/iswcr Emergence, concept, and understanding of Pan-River-Basin (PRB) Ning Liu The Ministry of Water Resources, Beijing 10083, China Received 10 December 2014; received in revised form 20 September 2015; accepted 11 October 2015 Available online 4 November 2015 Abstract In this study, the concept of Pan-River-Basin (PRB) for water resource management is proposed with a discussion on the emergence, concept, and application of PRB. The formation and application of PRB is also discussed, including perspectives on the river contribution rates, harmonious levels of watershed systems, and water resource availability in PRB system. Understanding PRB is helpful for reconsidering river development and categorizing river studies by the influences from human projects. The sustainable development of water resources and the harmonization between humans and rivers also requires PRB. & 2015 International Research and Training Center on Erosion and Sedimentation and China Water and Power Press. Production and Hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Keywords: Aquatic Base System; Harmonization of humans and rivers; Pan-River-Basin; River contribution rate; Water transfer 1. Emergence of Pan-River-Basin A river basin (or watershed) is the area of land where surface water, including rain, melting snow, or ice, converges to a single point at a lower elevation, usually the exit of the basin. From the exit, the water joins another water body, such as a river, lake, reservoir, estuary, wetland, or the ocean. -
China Ex-Post Evaluation of Japanese ODA Loan Project Xiang River
China Ex-Post Evaluation of Japanese ODA Loan Project Xiang River Basin Hunan Environmental Improvement Project Xiang River Basin Hunan Environmental Improvement Project (II) External Evaluator: Kaori Honda, IC Net Limited 1. Project Description RUSSIAN FEDERATION KAZAKHSTAN MONGOLIA Beijing CHINA Shanghai Xiang River Areas in Hunan Province Project Site INDIA Xiang River MYANMER Project Site Expansion Project of Changsha No.1 Sewage Treatment Plant: Final Settling Tank 1.1 Background The basin of Xiang River (length: 865 kilometers) that runs into Chang River, the longest river in China, is home to China’s major non-ferrous, construction materials and other industries. Because of its rapid economic growth in the last ten-strong years, Xiang River Basin has been designated as one of the highest priority development areas of Hunan Province. The economic growth brought with it increases in the amounts of industrial and household waste water in the area, resulting in a serious problem of water quality deterioration in the basin. Being the source of potable water for the urban population in the basin, the Xiang river system was required to meet Grade II or III under China’s national water quality standard.1 At the time of project appraisal (1997), pollution of water and air was a serious problem in Xiang River Basin; the quality of Xiang River water was below the standard at nearly all of the monitoring sections. 2 The pollutants identified included not only organics but also lead, cadmium, mercury and other heavy metals, giving rise to concerns about human health risks. Additionally, the increased standards of living and rapid rise of urban population resulting from economic growth generated increasingly greater amounts of household and other solid waste, 1 The surface water quality standard was promulgated by the Ministry of Environmental Protection on April 5, 1998, going into effect on June 1 that year. -
A Transformative Partnership to Conserve Water
ANNUAL REPORT 2016 A Transformative Partnership to Conserve Water Introduction World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and The Coca-Cola Company have worked together for a Protection of decade to help conserve the world’s freshwater resources and reduce Coca-Cola’s 350 hectares of forest in environmental footprint. Our partnership proudly serves as a model for cross-sector the Pasabién collaborations to create a more water-secure future for our planet. River basin in Guatemala Our global partnership is focused on helping ensure healthy, resilient freshwater basins continued, in the Mesoamerican Reef catchments in Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, and Honduras, and through control the Yangtze River basin in China. and prevention of forest fires. WWF and Coca-Cola are also working to improve environmental performance across Coca-Cola’s supply chains, integrate the value of nature into decision-making processes, and convene influential partners to help solve global environmental challenges. These priorities intersect in the Mesoamerican Reef catchments and the Yangtze River basin to strengthen the ecosystem health of the basins and improve results for the local communities. Collaboration is at the heart of our partnership. Working with government, international financial institutions, academia, industry, and civil society is necessary to make a lasting impact. Our partnership is committed to tackling the natural resource challenges that impact freshwater and, along the way, elevating awareness of the power of partnership to address these challenges. Cover: Amy Sparks Photography ; Left: © Audra Melton 1 Mesoamerican Reef Catchments Protecting Fresh Water through Fire Prevention, Certifying Sustainable Sugar, and Employing Science WWF and Coca-Cola are working together to address freshwater conservation challenges around the world, including those faced by the catchments that drain to the second-largest barrier reef in the world, the Mesoamerican Reef in Central America. -
Eight Views of the Xiao and Xiang
1 College of Arts at the University of Canterbury Art History and Theory in the School of Humanities ARTH 690 Masters Thesis Title of Thesis: The Eight Views: from its origin in the Xiao and Xiang rivers to Hiroshige. Jennifer Baker Senior Supervisor: Dr. Richard Bullen (University of Canterbury). Co-Supervisor: Dr. Rachel Payne (University of Canterbury). Thesis Start Registration Date: 01 March 2009. Thesis Completion Date: 28 February 2010. Word Count: 30, 889. 2 Abstract This thesis focuses upon the artistic and poetic subject of the Eight Views of the Xiao and Xiang, from its origin in the Xiao-Xiang region in the Hunan province of China throughout its dispersal in East Asian countries such as Korea and Japan. Certain aesthetics and iconography were retained from the early examples, throughout the Eight Views’ transformation from the eleventh to the nineteenth century. The subject‟s close associations with poetry, atmospheric phenomena and the context of exile were reflected in the imagery of the painting and the accompanying verses. This thesis will discuss the historic, geographic and poetic origins of the Eight Views, along with a thorough investigation into the artistic styles which various East Asian artists employed in their own interpretations of the series. Furthermore, the dispersal and diaspora of the subject throughout East Asia are also investigated in this thesis. The work of Japanese artist Andô Hiroshige will serve as the concluding apogee. The Eight Views of the Xiao and Xiang is an important East Asian artistic subject in both poetry and painting and contains many pervasive East Asian aesthetics. -
Inventory of Environmental Work in China
INVENTORY OF ENVIRONMENTAL WORK IN CHINA In this fifth issue of the China Environment Series, the Inventory of Environmental Work in China has been updated and we made extra effort to add many new groups, especially in the Chinese organization section. To better highlight the growing number of U.S. universities and professional associations active in China we have created a separate section. In the past inventories we have gathered information from U.S. government agencies; from this year forward we will be inventorying the work done by other governments as well. This inventory aims to paint a clearer picture of the patterns of aid and investment in environmental protection and energy-efficiency projects in the People’s Republic of China. We highlight a total of 118 organizations and agencies in this inventory and provide information on 359 projects. The five categories of the inventory are listed below: Part I (p. 138): United States Government Activities (15 agencies/organizations, 103 projects) Part II (p. 163): U.S. and International NGO Activities (33 organizations, 91 projects) Part III (p. 190): U.S. Universities and Professional Association Activities (9 institutions, 27 projects) Part IV (p. 196): Chinese and Hong Kong NGO and GONGO Activities (50 organizations, 61 projects) Part V (p. 212): Bilateral Government Activities (11 agencies/organizations, 77 projects) Since we have expanded the inventory, even more people than last year contributed to the creation of this inventory. We are grateful to all of those in U.S. government agencies, international and Chinese nongovernmental organizations, universities, as well as representatives in foreign embassies who generously gave their time to compile and summarize the information their organizations and agencies undertake in China. -
Coal, Water, and Grasslands in the Three Norths
Coal, Water, and Grasslands in the Three Norths August 2019 The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH a non-profit, federally owned enterprise, implementing international cooperation projects and measures in the field of sustainable development on behalf of the German Government, as well as other national and international clients. The German Energy Transition Expertise for China Project, which is funded and commissioned by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi), supports the sustainable development of the Chinese energy sector by transferring knowledge and experiences of German energy transition (Energiewende) experts to its partner organisation in China: the China National Renewable Energy Centre (CNREC), a Chinese think tank for advising the National Energy Administration (NEA) on renewable energy policies and the general process of energy transition. CNREC is a part of Energy Research Institute (ERI) of National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC). Contact: Anders Hove Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH China Tayuan Diplomatic Office Building 1-15-1 No. 14, Liangmahe Nanlu, Chaoyang District Beijing 100600 PRC [email protected] www.giz.de/china Table of Contents Executive summary 1 1. The Three Norths region features high water-stress, high coal use, and abundant grasslands 3 1.1 The Three Norths is China’s main base for coal production, coal power and coal chemicals 3 1.2 The Three Norths faces high water stress 6 1.3 Water consumption of the coal industry and irrigation of grassland relatively low 7 1.4 Grassland area and productivity showed several trends during 1980-2015 9 2. -
Deliverable 1.1 Maps of Quantitative and Qualitative Data for Each of the Showcase Locations - Synthesis Report
Ref. Ares(2020)645283 - 02/02/2020 Sino-European Innovative Green and Smart Cities Deliverable 1.1 Maps of quantitative and qualitative data for each of the showcase locations - Synthesis report Lead Partner: Nordregio Lead Authors: Luciane Aguiar Borges, Linda Randall & Shinan Wang Due date: 31/01/2020 Version: 2.0 The project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research, and Innovation Programme, under Grant Agreement No 774233 Disclaimer SiEUGreen The information, documentation and figures in this deliverable are The project has received written by the SiEUGreen project consortium under EC grant funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research, agreement No 774233 and do not necessarily reflect the views of the and Innovation programme, European Commission. The European Commission is not liable for under grant Agreement N 774233 and from the Chinese any use that may be made of the information contained herein. Ministry of Science and Technology. Throughout SiEUGreen’s implementation, EU and China will share technologies and experiences, thus contributing to the future developments of urban agriculture and urban resilience in both continents. The project SiEUGreen aspires to enhance the EU-China cooperation in promoting urban agriculture for food security, resource efficiency and smart, resilient cities. The project contributes to the preparation, deployment and evaluation of showcases in 5 selected European and Chinese urban and peri-urban areas: a previous hospital site in Norway, community gardens in Denmark, previously unused municipal areas with dense facebook.com/SiEUGreen2020 refugee population in Turkey, big urban community farms in Beijing and new green urban development in Changsha Central China. -
Analysis on the Evolution Trend of Water Resources and Water Environment in Xiangjiang River Basin
MATEC Web of Conferences 246, 02030 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824602030 ISWSO 2018 Analysis on the evolution trend of water resources and water environment in Xiangjiang River basin Xingyi Xu 1,a, Chuqiu Xiao2, Chunyan Hu1, Guiyuan Li1,Xiang Gao3,4, Huaiguang He1, Xinkui Wang2, Yuqi Pan1 1 Hunan Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China 2 College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, China 3 Hunan Provincial Academy of Science and Technology Consulting Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410004, China 4 Hunan Academy of Environmental Protection Science, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China Abstract: According to the daily flow data collected by three representative hydrological stations in the Xiangjiang River basin which are the Guiyang station in the upstream section, the Hengshan station in the midstream section, and the Xiangtan station in the downstream section, and the water environment data collected from the Hunan Water Resources Bulletin, Mann-Kendal method was used to analyze the changes of the annual average flow of the Xiangjiang River basin in the past 20 years as well as the variation of water environment quality in the whole year, flood season and non-flood season. Based on these analysis, the evolution trend of water resources and water environment in the Xiangjiang River basin is further forecasted. The results show that the annual runoff of the upper reaches of the Xiangjiang River basin tends to be stable, and the runoff of the middle and lower reaches is decreasing. The water quality of the Xiangjiang River basin got deteriorated from 1996 to 2010.