DOCSLIB.ORG

TIBET 2OOO Environment and Development Issues

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
TIBET 2OOO Environment and Development Issues TIBET 2OOO Environment and Development Issues Environment and Development Desk, DIIR Central Tibetan Administration Gangchen Kyishong Dharamsala, HP, India 2000 Published by the Environment and Development Desk, DIIR Central Tibetan Administration Gangchen Kyishong, Dharamsala, 176215 District Kangra, HP, India [email protected] website: www.tibet.net April 2000 Copyright 2000 Environment and Development Desk, DIIR ISBN 81-86230-29-7 Tibet 2000: Environment and Development Issues Project Team Project Director and Principal Researcher Tsultrim Palden Dekhang Researchers Tashi Choedon Bidhartsang Khedup Waiser Judy Duncan Nick Schofield Lorne Stockman Laura Ziemer Editorial Consultant Jane Perkins Production Tsering Yangkey Dekyi Tsondue Cartographer Dr. Kunchok Tsundue Acknowledgements The Environment and Development Desk, DIIR would like to thank the following individuals and organisations for their contributions and support: Anusha Fernando, Nicholas Schofield, Judy Duncan, Lorne Stockman, Laura Ziemer, Kunchok Tsundue, Susan Mizrahi, Gabriel Lafitte, Peter Raine, Catherine Moore, John Ackerly, Lodi G. Gyari, Tempa Tsering, Bhuchung K. Tsering, Tseten Samdrup, Chris Rapaport, Leslie Dickout, Karin Tang, Markus Strumpel, Jordhen Chazotsang, Pema Dorjee, Rachel Fleming, Department of Security, Planning Council and Tibetan Reception Centre of CTA, Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, ICT, ICLT, TIN, TYC and the staff of DIIR. Our special thanks to Milarepa Fund for funding the research for this report. For further information on Tibet and its environment, please visit our official website: www.tibet.net DEDICATION Dedicated to His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet whose concern for the future of this planet and message of non-violence continues to inspire us all. PREFACE WHY SAVE TIBET’S ENVIRONMENT? TIBET, popularly known as the “Roof of the World”, existed for over 2,000 years as a sovereign nation, with its three administrative regions, Kham, Amdo and U-Tsang, spanning 2.5 million sq. km. Communist China invaded the country in 1949. And today Beijing refers only to the so-called Tibet Autonomous Region (1.2 million sq. km) created in 1965 as “Tibet”. The Tibetan Plateau is the highest and largest plateau on earth and towers over the continent of Eurasia. It is home to over 5,000 higher plant species and over 12,000 species of vascular plants, 532 different species of birds, 126 identified minerals and has rich old growth forests. It is also the source of many of Asia’s major rivers whose tributaries are the lifeblood of millions of people in the Asian continent. Our research figures show that rivers originating from Tibet sustain the lives of 47 per cent of the world’s population. Thus, the environmental issue of Tibet is not an inconsequential regional issue; it has a huge global significance warranting international attention. Scientists have shown that the environment of the Tibetan Plateau affects the global jetstreams that blow over it. This in turn causes Pacific typhoons and the El Nino (warm ocean current) phenomenon, which stirs up ocean water causing disruption to marine food chains, affecting the weather patterns and the economy of Peru, Ecuador and the California coastline of USA, while New Zealand, Australia, India and Southern Africa reel under dreadful drought. It also has an important influence on the monsoon, which provides essential rainfall for the breadbaskets of South Asia to meet the food needs of millions of people. The monsoon contributes 70 per cent to India’s annual rainfall. But excessive rain leads to flooding while little or no rain causes drought and famine in South Asia. Ever since the Chinese occupation of Tibet, widespread environmental destruction has taken place due to logging of virgin forests, uncontrolled mining, water pollution and nuclear waste dumping, which has resulted in the degradation of grasslands, extinction of wildlife, desertification, floods, soil erosion and landslides. Also, the transfer of huge numbers of Chinese settlers into Tibet demonstrates the colonial nature of Chinese rule. Under such a system, Tibetans have been marginalised in the economic, educational, political and social spheres and Tibet’s rich culture and traditions are rapidly disappearing. Given the high altitude and the extreme climatic conditions of Tibet, the damage caused to the environment and the fragile mountain ecosystem is becoming irreversible. This is a cause of great concern not only for the Tibetan people; it has much larger ramifications. More than ever before, the need to save the Tibetan Plateau from ecological devastation is urgent because it is not a question of the survival of Tibetans, but half of humanity is at stake. It is for this reason that His Holiness the Dalai Lama included the protection of Tibet’s environment as one of the points in his Five-Point Peace Plan for Tibet, and spoke of Tibet becoming an oasis of peace and non-violence where man and nature will co-exist harmoniously. Through extensive research this report details the destruction of Tibet’s environment and the inherent dangers to our planet today. We hope this publication will fill a knowledge gap and help increase ecological awareness about Tibet to save its unique and fragile environment. Kalon T.C. Tethong Minister Department of Information and International Relations i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY living creatures, whereby man lives in an BIODIVERSITY interdependent partnership with his environment, the Chapter 1: Pages 1-18 Chinese colonists have viewed all wildlife as an economic resource for human use and gain. This AN EARLY botanist-explorer perceived Tibet as “one great attitude is the underlying cause of today’s rapid loss zoological garden”. By remaining isolated and undisturbed of biodiversity. until the mid - 20th century the plateau’s vast landmass of Most rare animal, bird and plant species are found in the 2.5 million sq.km is a storehouse of innumerable species more temperate forests of Eastern and Southeast Tibet which are necessary to the balance of life worldwide: “What the very ancient, dense forests where China’s clear-fell logging takes place in Tibet also affects global biodiversity and the activities have been most intense. To settle and feed Chinese life of people throughout the world”, asserts the World Wide migrants, the species-rich rangelands of Northeast Tibet are Fund for Nature. being converted to farmland, depriving nomads of their Although Tibet remains one of the few countries on the traditional grazing pastures. globe to have limited scientific research carried out on the Mammals are largely endangered due to hunting and biological aspects of its diverse species, scientists compare poaching some for the commercial value of their wool, the plateau’s known biodiversity to the Amazon Rainforest. antlers, skins, fur, bones and inner organs; some gunned Endemic flora and fauna abound many currently down as trophies to take home to China or sell as meat. endangered and due to the variety and complexity of Fish are dynamited in lakes and rivers. While wildlife unique ecological niches across the massive landscape Tibet conservation laws are in place in the legal system, their is still seen as a final sanctuary for some of the world’s rare implementation is weak and barely enforced since wildlife is plant and animal species. a state-controlled commodity and therefore categorised as a The statistics are staggering. Over 12,000 species of renewable and exploitable resource. 1,500 genera of vascular plants are identified; fungi alone Because the loss of Tibet’s unique flora and fauna would account for 5,000 species of 700 genera; of the more than be irreversible, the potential impact on the fabric of the 5,000 higher plant species in 280 families over 100 are woody plateau’s living system and on the evolutionary process is of plants of 300 species. There are altogether 400 species of grave global concern. rhododendron on the Tibetan Plateau, which make up about 50% of the world’s total species. Of immense value and WATER RESOURCES potential to medical science are the over 2,000 medicinal Chapter 2: Pages 19-41 plants in the wild. The animal world is equally rich. There are 210 species THE MOST political commodity of the 20th century was of mammals in 29 families; endemic animals are abundant oil. With environmentalists identifying water as the resource and include the snow leopard, blue sheep, giant panda, red that will lead to wars this century, Tibet’s pivotal importance panda, golden monkey, Tibetan argali, takin, musk deer, in sustaining life on earth will spiral. The Tibetan Plateau is Tibetan antelope and Tibetan gazelle, wild yak and the source to the world’s 10 greatest river systems which flow Himalayan marmot and Himalayan woolly hare. And downstream to feed the most populous region on earth: although the plateau remains an ornothological paradise with China, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Vietnam, 532 bird species in 57 families, at least 37 are endangered Burma, Cambodia, Laos and Thailand all depend upon including the rare endemic black-necked crane, tragopan, Tibetan watersheds and rivers for their survival. That adds Tibetan eared pheasant, Tibetan snowcock and Tibetan sand up to 47% of the world’s population. grouse. Today more than 81 animal species in Tibet are The headwaters of China’s two great rivers the Yangtze endangered. and the Yellow River lie high in Tibet’s northeastern and The danger of extinction began with China’s invasion in eastern provinces: downstream 1,250 million Chinese depend 1949. In an ethical reversal of Buddhism’s respect for all on their flows to supply four fifths of China’s water. ii In 1998 and 1999 summers these flows brought China’s unbridled economic growth, catastrophe. The worst flooding of the Yangtze in 40 industrialisation and urbanisation has contributed to years left between 3,656 and 10,000 dead in August widespread water pollution and scarcity.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Call of the Siren: Bod, Baútisos, Baîtai, and Related Names (Studies in Historical Geography II)
    The Call of the Siren: Bod, Baútisos, Baîtai, and Related Names (Studies in Historical Geography II) Bettina Zeisler (Universität Tübingen) 1. Introduction eographical or ethnical names, like ethnical identities, are like slippery fishes: one can hardly catch them, even less, pin them G down for ever. The ‘Germans’, for example, are called so only by English speakers. The name may have belonged to a tribe in Bel- gium, but was then applied by the Romans to various tribes of North- ern Europe.1 As a tribal or linguistic label, ‘German (ic)’ also applies to the English or to the Dutch, the latter bearing in English the same des- ignation that the Germans claim for themselves: ‘deutsch’. This by the way, may have meant nothing but ‘being part of the people’.2 The French call them ‘Allemands’, just because one of the many Germanic – and in that case, German – tribes, the Allemannen, settled in their neighbourhood. The French, on the other hand, are called so, because a Germanic and, in that case again, German tribe, the ‘Franken’ (origi- nally meaning the ‘avid’, ‘audacious’, later the ‘free’ people) moved into France, and became the ruling elite.3 The situation is similar or even worse in other parts of the world. Personal names may become ethnic names, as in the case of the Tuyu- hun. 4 Names of neighbouring tribes might be projected onto their overlords, as in the case of the Ḥaža, who were conquered by the Tuyuhun, the latter then being called Ḥaža by the Tibetans. Ethnic names may become geographical names, but then, place names may travel along with ethnic groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Tibet Under Chinese Communist Rule
    TIBET UNDER CHINESE COMMUNIST RULE A COMPILATION OF REFUGEE STATEMENTS 1958-1975 A SERIES OF “EXPERT ON TIBET” PROGRAMS ON RADIO FREE ASIA TIBETAN SERVICE BY WARREN W. SMITH 1 TIBET UNDER CHINESE COMMUNIST RULE A Compilation of Refugee Statements 1958-1975 Tibet Under Chinese Communist Rule is a collection of twenty-seven Tibetan refugee statements published by the Information and Publicity Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama in 1976. At that time Tibet was closed to the outside world and Chinese propaganda was mostly unchallenged in portraying Tibet as having abolished the former system of feudal serfdom and having achieved democratic reforms and socialist transformation as well as self-rule within the Tibet Autonomous Region. Tibetans were portrayed as happy with the results of their liberation by the Chinese Communist Party and satisfied with their lives under Chinese rule. The contrary accounts of the few Tibetan refugees who managed to escape at that time were generally dismissed as most likely exaggerated due to an assumed bias and their extreme contrast with the version of reality presented by the Chinese and their Tibetan spokespersons. The publication of these very credible Tibetan refugee statements challenged the Chinese version of reality within Tibet and began the shift in international opinion away from the claims of Chinese propaganda and toward the facts as revealed by Tibetan eyewitnesses. As such, the publication of this collection of refugee accounts was an important event in the history of Tibetan exile politics and the international perception of the Tibet issue. The following is a short synopsis of the accounts.
    [Show full text]
  • Lithium Enrichment in the No. 21 Coal of the Hebi No. 6 Mine, Anhe Coalfield, Henan Province, China
    minerals Article Lithium Enrichment in the No. 21 Coal of the Hebi No. 6 Mine, Anhe Coalfield, Henan Province, China Yingchun Wei 1,* , Wenbo He 1, Guohong Qin 2, Maohong Fan 3,4 and Daiyong Cao 1 1 State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China; [email protected] (W.H.); [email protected] (D.C.) 2 College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China; [email protected] 3 Departments of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, and School of Energy Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; [email protected] 4 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Mason Building, 790 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 18 May 2020; Accepted: 3 June 2020; Published: 5 June 2020 Abstract: Lithium (Li) is an important strategic resource, and with the increasing demand for Li, there are some limitations in the exploitation and utilization of conventional deposits such as the pegmatite-type and brine-type Li deposits. Therefore, it has become imperative to search for Li from other sources. Li in coal is thought to be one of the candidates. In this study, the petrology, mineralogy, and geochemistry of No. 21 coal from the Hebi No. 6 mine, Anhe Coalfield, China, was reported, with an emphasis on the distribution, modes of occurrence, and origin of Li. The results show that Li is enriched in the No. 21 coal, and its concentration coefficient (CC) value is 6.6 on average in comparison with common world coals.
    [Show full text]
  • Tibet Brief October 2020 a Report of the International Campaign for Tibet
    TIBET BRIEF OCTOBER 2020 A REPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL CAMPAIGN FOR TIBET NEW REPORT REVEALS COERCIVE LABOR PROGRAM IN TIBET IN THIS ISSUE 1 New report reveals coercive labor program in Tibet 2 Tibet raised at EU-China leaders’ virtual meeting 3 China elected to UN Human Rights Council but suffers another setback as criticism grows 4 ICT joins Global Day of Action against human Military-style training of “rural surplus laborers” in the Chamdo region of Tibet in 2016. (Photo: Tibet’s Chamdo, 30 June 2016). rights violations in China 5 Seventh Tibet Work Forum MIRRORING A PROGRAM OF FORCED LABOR IN XINJIANG, BEIJING IS promises more repression PUSHING GROWING NUMBERS OF TIBETANS INTO MILITARY-STYLE "TRAINING CENTERS", WHERE THEY ARE BEING TURNED INTO LOW- 6 Arrest of New York police PAID FACTORY WORKERS, A NEW REPORT HAS FOUND. officer accused of spying The report, released on 22 September of the TAR last year, includes a number for China reveals China’s by the Jamestown Foundation and of racist assumptions about Tibetans’ efforts against Tibetans corroborated by Reuters, documents “backwardness” and the need to reform their abroad a large-scale program in the Tibet thinking and cultural identity while making New ICT report exposes Autonomous Region (TAR) that pushed them loyal to the Chinese Communist 7 more than half a million rural Tibetans off Party. It also seeks to reduce the influence fraudulent “anti-gang” trial their land and into military-style training of Tibetans’ Buddhist religion, and to force of “Sangchu 10” Tibetans centers in the first seven months of this Tibetans to abandon their traditional way of Political Prisoner Focus year alone.
    [Show full text]
  • 2019 International Religious Freedom Report
    CHINA (INCLUDES TIBET, XINJIANG, HONG KONG, AND MACAU) 2019 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT Executive Summary Reports on Hong Kong, Macau, Tibet, and Xinjiang are appended at the end of this report. The constitution, which cites the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party and the guidance of Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought, states that citizens have freedom of religious belief but limits protections for religious practice to “normal religious activities” and does not define “normal.” Despite Chairman Xi Jinping’s decree that all members of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) must be “unyielding Marxist atheists,” the government continued to exercise control over religion and restrict the activities and personal freedom of religious adherents that it perceived as threatening state or CCP interests, according to religious groups, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and international media reports. The government recognizes five official religions – Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Protestantism, and Catholicism. Only religious groups belonging to the five state- sanctioned “patriotic religious associations” representing these religions are permitted to register with the government and officially permitted to hold worship services. There continued to be reports of deaths in custody and that the government tortured, physically abused, arrested, detained, sentenced to prison, subjected to forced indoctrination in CCP ideology, or harassed adherents of both registered and unregistered religious groups for activities related to their religious beliefs and practices. There were several reports of individuals committing suicide in detention, or, according to sources, as a result of being threatened and surveilled. In December Pastor Wang Yi was tried in secret and sentenced to nine years in prison by a court in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, in connection to his peaceful advocacy for religious freedom.
    [Show full text]
  • Yundong: Mass Movements in Chinese Communist Leadership a Publication of the Center for Chinese Studies University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
    Yundong: Mass Movements in Chinese Communist Leadership A publication of the Center for Chinese Studies University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 Cover Colophon by Shih-hsiang Chen Although the Center for Chinese Studies is responsible for the selection and acceptance of monographs in this series, respon sibility for the opinions expressed in them and for the accuracy of statements contained in them rests with their authors. @1976 by the Regents of the University of California ISBN 0-912966-15-7 Library of Congress Catalog Number 75-620060 Printed in the United States of America $4.50 Center for Chinese Studies • CHINA RESEARCH MONOGRAPHS UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY NUMBER TWELVE YUNDONG: MASS CAMPAIGNS IN CHINESE COMMUNIST LEADERSHIP GORDON BENNETT 4 Contents List of Abbreviations 8 Foreword 9 Preface 11 Piny in Romanization of Familiar Names 14 INTRODUCTION 15 I. ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT 19 Background Factors 19 Immediate Factors 28 Development after 1949 32 II. HOW TO RUN A MOVEMENT: THE GENERAL PATTERN 38 Organizing a Campaign 39 Running a Compaign in a Single Unit 41 Summing Up 44 III. YUNDONG IN ACTION: A TYPOLOGY 46 Implementing Existing Policy 47 Emulating Advanced Experience 49 Introducing and Popularizing a New Policy 55 Correcting Deviations from Important Public Norms 58 Rectifying Leadership Malpractices among Responsible Cadres and Organizations 60 Purging from Office Individuals Whose Political Opposition Is Excessive 63 Effecting Enduring Changes in Individual Attitudes and Social Institutions that Will Contribute to the Growth of a Collective Spirit and Support the Construction of Socialism 66 IV. DEBATES OVER THE CONTINUING VALUE OF YUNDONG 75 Rebutting the Critics: Arguments in Support of Campaign Leadership 80 V.
    [Show full text]
  • Estimations of Undisturbed Ground Temperatures Using Numerical and Analytical Modeling
    ESTIMATIONS OF UNDISTURBED GROUND TEMPERATURES USING NUMERICAL AND ANALYTICAL MODELING By LU XING Bachelor of Arts/Science in Mechanical Engineering Huazhong University of Science & Technology Wuhan, China 2008 Master of Arts/Science in Mechanical Engineering Oklahoma State University Stillwater, OK, US 2010 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December, 2014 ESTIMATIONS OF UNDISTURBED GROUND TEMPERATURES USING NUMERICAL AND ANALYTICAL MODELING Dissertation Approved: Dr. Jeffrey D. Spitler Dissertation Adviser Dr. Daniel E. Fisher Dr. Afshin J. Ghajar Dr. Richard A. Beier ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Jeffrey D. Spitler, who patiently guided me through the hard times and encouraged me to continue in every stage of this study until it was completed. I greatly appreciate all his efforts in making me a more qualified PhD, an independent researcher, a stronger and better person. Also, I would like to devote my sincere thanks to my parents, Hongda Xing and Chune Mei, who have been with me all the time. Their endless support, unconditional love and patience are the biggest reason for all the successes in my life. To all my good friends, colleagues in the US and in China, who talked to me and were with me during the difficult times. I would like to give many thanks to my committee members, Dr. Daniel E. Fisher, Dr. Afshin J. Ghajar and Dr. Richard A. Beier for their suggestions which helped me to improve my research and dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • List 3. Headings That Need to Be Changed from the Machine- Converted Form
    LIST 3. HEADINGS THAT NEED TO BE CHANGED FROM THE MACHINE- CONVERTED FORM The data dictionary for the machine conversion of subject headings was prepared in summer 2000 based on the systematic romanization of Wade-Giles terms in existing subject headings identified as eligible for conversion before detailed examination of the headings could take place. When investigation of each heading was subsequently undertaken, it was discovered that some headings needed to be revised to forms that differed from the forms that had been given in the data dictionary. This occurred most frequently when older headings no longer conformed to current policy, or in the case of geographic headings, when conflicts were discovered using current geographic reference sources, for example, the listing of more than one river or mountain by the same name in China. Approximately 14% of the subject headings in the pinyin conversion project were revised differently than their machine- converted forms. To aid in bibliographic file maintenance, the following list of those headings is provided. In subject authority records for the revised headings, Used For references (4XX) coded Anne@ in the $w control subfield for earlier form of heading have been supplied for the data dictionary forms as well as the original forms of the headings. For example, when you see: Chien yao ware/ converted to Jian yao ware/ needs to be manually changed to Jian ware It means: The subject heading Chien yao ware was converted to Jian yao ware by the conversion program; however, that heading now
    [Show full text]
  • Regionalization of Cryosphere Water Resource Service
    Desalination and Water Treatment 168 (2019) 394–404 www.deswater.com November doi: 10.5004/dwt.2019.24214 Regionalization of cryosphere water resource service Haoxi Lina,b,c, Jinchuan Huangb,c,*, Chuanglin Fangb,c, Jie Liub,c, Xiaoxiao Qib, Yunqian Chend aGuangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Geospatial Information Technology and Application, Guangzhou 510070, China bInstitute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, email: [email protected] (J.C. Huang) cCollege of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China dBeijing National Day School, Beijing 100039, China Received 22 October 2018; Accepted 21 January 2019 abstract The cryosphere water resource service (CWRS) is the most significant cryosphere service (CS) to directly affect human societies. Regionalization of CWRS is an important prototype for the comprehensive regionalization of CSs. It is also a crucial cutting-edge exploration of interdisciplinary work across cryospheric science, physical geography and human geography. We constructed a quan- titative indexing system for the regionalization of CWRS along the dimensions of base–supply– demand informed by the characteristics of cryosphere resources and human use of CSs. Different levels of regionalization are subdivided using cluster analysis, the importance index of CWRS, and a location entropy model. A region in Northwest China with significant CWRS use was the study area. From the joint effects of nature and human activity, there emerge principles of regional differentia- tion that govern the regionalization of CWRS. The study area was first divided into three high level service regions according to the availability of stored cryosphere water in snow cover, frozen ground and glaciers, indicating the regulatory function of cryosphere components.
    [Show full text]
  • The Biggest, the Grandest, Luxurious & the Most Epic Bus
    WELCOME The Biggest, The Grandest, Luxurious & The Most Epic Bus Journey’s in The World Introduction An all-encompassing journey of magnificent menus, outstanding scenery and incredible cultural heritage, this itinerary brings you face-to-face with Europe’s & Asia’s finest attractions. Celebrate Catalonia with a small-group pintxo (tapas) tasting, enjoy a tasting of robust Tuscan reds and ascend to the top of Europe on Mount Stanserhorn to learn about regional fauna and flora from a Swiss Ranger. You will meet passionate locals along the way who will share insider knowledge and enrich your experience. See all the 'stans (well, most of them) on this comprehensive Bus tour through Central Asia. Explore natural landscapes like Kaindy Lake's sunken forest and witness the hustle and bustle of capital cities and their bazaars, cathedrals, and historical sites. Along the way, you'll Eat like the locals and Sleep in Yurts / Hotels to get even closer to this underexplored destination. Start in Volgograd and end in Moscow! With the Historical tour Remarkable Russia, you have a Epic Road tour taking you through Volgograd, Russia and Moscow, Remarkable Russia includes accommodation in a hotel as well as an expert guide, meals, transport and more. Treat yourself with the epic Himalayan panorama before enjoying a roller- coaster ride to vibrant Kathmandu. The thrilling Tibet Nepal tours are expertly crafted to fulfill your ultimate fantasy to delve into two of the most fascinating Himalayan Kingdoms across the Mighty Himalayas. we promise you quality one-stop service for the entire journey, with safety guaranteed.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Evidential Systems of Tibetan Languages
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2017 Review of Lauren Gawne Nathan W. Hill (eds.). 2016. Evidential systems of Tibetan languages. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 40(2), 285–303 Widmer, Manuel DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/ltba.00002.wid Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-168681 Journal Article Accepted Version Originally published at: Widmer, Manuel (2017). Review of Lauren Gawne Nathan W. Hill (eds.). 2016. Evidential systems of Tibetan languages. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 40(2), 285–303. Linguistics of the Tibeto- Burman Area, 40(2):285-303. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/ltba.00002.wid Review of Evidential systems of Tibetan languages Gawne, Lauren & Nathan W. Hill (eds.). 2016. Evidential systems of Tibetan languages. de Gruyter: Berlin. vi + 472 pp. ISBN 978-3-11-047374-2 Reviewed by Manuel Widmer 1 Tibetan evidentiality systems and their relevance for the typology of evidentiality The evidentiality1 systems of Tibetan languages rank among the most complex in the world. According to Tournadre & Dorje (2003: 110), the evidentiality systeM of Lhasa Tibetan (LT) distinguishes no less than four “evidential Moods”: (i) egophoric, (ii) testiMonial, (iii) inferential, and (iv) assertive. If one also takes into account the hearsay Marker, which is cOMMonly considered as an evidential category in typological survey studies (e.g. Aikhenvald 2004; Hengeveld & Dall’Aglio Hattnher 2015; inter alia), LT displays a five-fold evidential distinction. The LT systeM, however, is clearly not the Most cOMplex of its kind within the Tibetan linguistic area.
    [Show full text]
  • Tibet: Why It Is Important to China? a Geographic Perspective by Paul Kaliszewski Cranbrook Kingswood Boys Middle School
    Unit Plan Tibet: Why it is Important to China? A Geographic Perspective By Paul Kaliszewski Cranbrook Kingswood Boys Middle School Introduction The following five day unit plan focuses on the importance of the Plateau of Tibet, generally, and the Tibetan Autonomous Republic (TAR), specifically, to the People’s Republic of China from a geographical perspective. While there has been much recent scholarship on Tibet at the university level, Tibet remains an area either largely ignored in K-12 curricula or, if covered, is presented in a very romantic, biased (usually, anti-Chinese) manner. The purpose of this unit is to demonstrate the importance of the TAR to China in geo-political terms in order to better understand China’s stance on this often highly contentious area. The unit will comprise five, 45 minute class periods, designed for use in grades 6 or 7. However, at the teacher’s discretion, the lesson could be modified for any secondary (6-12) curriculum. Standards are based on the State of Michigan’s Proposed Social Studies Content Expectations for Grade 6. Objective: To use skills of geographic inquiry and analysis to answer important questions about relationships between people, their cultures, and their environment, in their community and within the larger world context. Day 1 Activities: Hand out KWLQ chart (see attached) and conduct a KWLQ activity, asking students to list in column 1 as many facts as they can about what they know about the physical and human geography of Tibet and the Tibetan Plateau. Review with students, creating a master list that will be saved.
    [Show full text]