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Fish Aggregation Devices Or Payaos

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Fish Aggregation Devices Or Payaos SPC/Fisheries 14/WP. 15 22 July 1982 ORIGINAL : ENGLISH SOUTH PACIFIC COMMISSION FOURTEENTH REGIONAL TECHNICAL MEETING ON FISHERIES (Noumea, New Caledonia, 2-6 August 1982) FISH AGGREGATING DEVICES or PAYAOS by M. de San FAO Associate Expert Project RAS/73/025 Regional Fisheries Coordinator (South Pacific) SUMMARY Briefly describes history and use of fish aggregation devices (FADs or Philippine "Payaos") in the Philippines, Hawaii and the South Pacific. Factors to be considered in the design and construction of an effective FAD system are discussed in detail, and specifications and component cost estimates are provided for a suggested "optimum" design. The author suggests economic, bathymetric and other physical factors to be considered before deploying FADs, and describes a recommended procedure for anchoring them at sea. He briefly comments on fishing methods which are used in conjunction with FADs, and suggests further areas for research - particularly in the design and use of sub-surface appendages which appear to be a key element in attracting fish. 885/82 ?Is DP ,'?AS/7 3/025 Workinp Paper June 1932 FAT FISH AGGREGATING DEVICES or PAYAOS Notes on constructions, together with some criteria for placement and examples of utilization prepared oy M. de San FAC Associate Expert Project RAS/73/025 Regional Fisheries Coordinator (South Pacific) FOOD AND AGRICULTURE OPGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 1982 - iii - CONTENTS Page I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND CATCH COMPOSITIONS 1 III. THE FAD WORKS, BUT HOW AND WHY? 2 (a) Tuna and Baitfish Behaviour Around FADs 2 (b) Suitable Sites for FAD Anchorage 2 (c) How Essential are FAD Underwater Appendages 3 (d) Summary 3 IV. FAD DESIGNS, SPECIFICATIONS AND COST 3 (a) Quality, Cost and Durability 3 (b) Description 4 V. WHERE AND HOW TO SET IT 8 (a) Where? 8 (b) How? 10 VI. THE WAY TO USE IT 10 (a) Artisanal Fisheries 10 (b) Industrial Fisheries 11 VII. MAIN PROBLEMS 13 (a) The Loss 13 (b) The FAD Does Not Work 14 (c) Loss from Fishbites 14 (d) Who Uses the FAD 14 (e) Sharks 14 VIII. CONCLUSION 15 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 16 BIBLIOGRAPHY 17 These notes are designed for discussion and information. The technical specifications and recommendations included should not be considered official FAO recommendations which will be prepared when more data and information from different parts of the world are obtained and analysed. _ 1 __ I. INTRODUCTION It has long been known that floating or drifting objects in tropical seas attract pelagic fish species, but locating such objects has always been an element of chance so a natural evolution was the development of tethered or anchored objects to which fishermen could return at will. These anchored rafts or buoys are termed Fish Aggregating Devices (FAD ) in the Central North/ South Pacific, and "payaos" in the Philippines where they were first introduced and used on a large scale nearly1 a decade ago. The US National Marine fisheries Services Honolulu Laboratory, was instrumental in developing designs and deploying experimental FADs in Hawaiian waters - which has since deve­ loped into a relatively large-scale programme under the auspices of the State of Hawaii - and in introducing the technology to American and. Western Samoa. Virtually all South Pacific countries now have, or are planning, FAD programmes. This paper is intended as a brief summary of FAD construction details, .some factors to consider when anchoring them, use of FAD by the artisanal and industrial fisheries, and an outline of past and future problems. It poses some hypotheses as well as questions concerning the.factors and their interactions that make FAD work. This document cannot be considered a definitive treatment of the subject since all regional experience and data are not available nowj rather, it is a general information paper which it is hoped will be of interest and assistance to those planning to use FAD in fisheries developments particularly with respect to designs which provide an optimum service life and efficiency, and their effective deployment.. II. GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND CATCH COMPOSITIONS FAD are essentially rafts or buoys anchored in depths ranging from 270m.to "3 700 m (150-2 000 fath). There are a number of designs, ranging from simple clusters of bamboo poles held inside used rubber tyres, through foam-filled drums encased in a steel framework, aluminium foam-filled catamaran'hulls, foam-filled large earth-moving equipment tyres, and FADs of fiberglass and rotationaily moulded plastic are on the drawing boards or being developed. More details on these designs aire contained in a later section. It appears that Sub-surface appendages comprised of vegetable matter such as palm fronds, or artificial materials such as old tyres, cargo or olf nets laced with vegetation or free streaming lengths of polypropylene strapping material, and rope yarns or other items, play an important role in attracting the larger pelagic fishes in terms of quantity and time. The actual reasons for this are unknown but some reasons have been proposed (see part III). Fish catches in conjunction with FAD are predominantly skipjack (Katsuwanus pelamis) and yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), but there are significant by-catches of other pelagics such as dolphin (family Coryphaenidae), mackerel (family Scombridae), barracudas (family Sphyraenidae), rainbow runners (family Carangidae) 5 sharks, etc. Matsumdtb et al. ,(Sept. 1981) note that catches by livebait pote-and-line vessels and purse seiners are primarily tuna species and,though the majority of fish taken by trolling and handlining around FAD are also tunas, catches of other pelagics are substantial, particularly dolphin. As might be expected, the species composition can change from one FAD to another. - 2 - The annual production from a good, well-placed FAD fished with a purse seine could be in the order of a few hundred tons, that for pole-- and-line fishing somewhat less but still substantial (in Fiji approximately 130 t were- taken, by-one vessel around three FAD over a month) > and even for, the ,81113117-80310 artisanal fisherman production can be significant - e.g»,i the>handline and troll fishery for yellowfin reportedly produced 18 000 t during 1980,:in the .Philippines (E. Gonzales, 1981). One, of the most obvious benefits from u^ing FADs is the savings in fuel,,fpr both,the. industrial and, artisanal fishermen since manyof the hours formerly spent steaming in search of fish schools are obviated to a great extent • ; . ...... -.f .; ... • -.-.• •,•-..; III: THE FAD WORKS, BUT HOW AND WHY? " FADs definitely work but understanding the apparent reasons and their interactions is difficult and will continue to be sd'until more research has been accomplished, and more data collected and collated. With a better knowledge of these reasons or factors, FAD designs will undoubtedly be improved'to make them even more attractive^ and the m6st suitable locations for anchoring more; easily identified. It is therefore important that FAD promoters and users keep1 detailed'records for each FAD which note the location, depth, kind of appendage, catches and species composition; losses, etc. Such recordings and observations '' would show more about: ' (a) Tuna and Baitfish Behaviour Around tfAD ; Tuna: Concentrations range from zero to 100 t or, more^. and quantities change continually as schools leave and others take their place, Matsum'oto et al., (Sept. 1981) note that, "The fish aggregating devices ,attracted a11 sizes of tujxas ranging from below 2 lb to over 20 lb. Small fish below 3-.4 lb (skipjack tuna, yellowfin tuna, kawakawa (rainbow runner), and a few bigeye tuna) generally remained in the immediate vicinity of the buoys and ranged. in depth from the surface to over 250 ft. Larger fish, mainly skipjack and yellowfin tunas, roamed over wider areas from 0.25 mi to 3 mi or more from the buoys during the day. These fishes apparently, returned to the buoys at night since the day's first catches by bait boats were invariably made at the buoys at day-break. The bait boats moved away from the buoys after sunrise as they continued to fish.the schools." This tuna night behaviour is confirmed by purse seine vessels fishing . ,.<• around FAD by night in the Philippines as noted by R. Gonzales. Baitfish; Flocks of birds working around FAD indicate the presence of baitfish but there is little if any information available concerning . ,.. the apparent abundanee of baitfish around FAD or their behaviour. , (b) Suitable Sites for FAD Anchorage (Sites with known tuna presence,optimum depth, distance between FAD and distance from reef - see Part V (a)). '',' ... , ..'.'... - 3 - (c) Just how essential are FAD underwater appendages for attracting and holding fish, and what is the optimum design? According to Matsumoto et al.,the reduction in fish aggregations and catches at FAD that had lost the appendages (or drapes) were quickly noted by Hawaiian fishermen arid there was considerable activity to have them promptly replaced. Besides9 we can expect that9if experience had taught that anchored FAD work as well with or without appendages>fishermen would have concentrated on the simpler version. (d) Summary Following is a diagram showing some of the possible reasons for tuna presence around"FAD (raft and appendages), interaction is probable between the different factors without excluding that one or two are more important. • , '•-"" Food Factor Food Factor (small animals) '""»»»»^««™<™'»'»-»- J - '"'" _„*•• Cleaning Station •--..'"';'"'"'~'''"""»^,«a,,;j Shade Tuna „, .. „ ' i;-- / J 4-u cu i • ti - Shoaling Factor (and other Shoaling Factor ' fish) '•'••«...;.. •'..•?••"'• .- .' •x ~ - Shade .<-•'' "• ' '""--• Navigation Reference From this it is obvious that there is a great deal of scope for further research. IV. FAD DESIGNS, SPECIFICATIONS AND COSTS (a) Quality, Cost and Durability Perhaps two of the most important considerations in planning a FAP deployment programme are to obtain the greatest durability or service life at least cost« Durability is a function of quality just as cost is a function of depth and quality of material.
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