Dottorato Di Ricerca the Only Truly Alien Planet Is

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Dottorato Di Ricerca the Only Truly Alien Planet Is View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Archivio istituzionale della ricerca - Università di Cagliari Università degli Studi di Cagliari DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN STUDI FILOLOGICI E LETTERARI Ciclo XXIII THE ONLY TRULY ALIEN PLANET IS EARTH J. G. BALLARD, DALLA FANTASCIENZA AL MAINSTREAM TRA ROMANTICISMO E SURREALISMO L-FIL-LET/14 CRITICA LETTERARIA E LETTERATURE COMPARATE Presentata da: Ignazio Sanna Coordinatore Dottorato Prof. Cristina Lavinio Tutor/Relatore Prof. Mauro Pala Esame finale anno accademico 2010 ‐ 2011 A mio padre e mia madre Un ringraziamento particolare alla Dott.ssa Jeannette Baxter, docente di Letteratura Inglese presso la Anglia Ruskin University di Cambridge, per l’incoraggiamento e i preziosi consigli, e alla comunità on line dei cultori dell’opera ballardiana INDICE Introduzione: L’unico pianeta veramente alieno è la Terra p. 1 I. SURREALISMO, ATROCITA’, SCONTRI p. 7 1. Bello come l’incontro fra il tavolo per le autopsie e la pornografia p. 7 2. Violenza e morte dell’affetto p. 23 3. Baudrillard legge Crash p. 31 II. SURREALISMO, CONTROCULTURA, ‘CONSIGLI PER GLI ACQUISTI’ p. 35 1. Politica e mass media p. 35 2. Controcultura e stati alterati di coscienza p. 40 3. Immagini e pubblicità p. 49 III. SURREALISMO, PITTURA, INCONSCIO p. 54 1. Inner space e disaster story p. 54 2. Surrealismo e pittura nella cosiddetta ‘tetralogia del disastro’ p. 59 3. Il sogno p. 77 4. Mandala p. 86 IV. ROMANTICISMO, PSICHE, ARTE p. 91 1. Romanticismo: Il doppio p. 91 2. The Man-Machine p. 101 3. Psiche e patologia p. 108 4. Moderno e postmoderno p. 113 5. Ballard al cinema p. 117 V. THE UNLIMITED DREAM COMPANY: LA COMPAGNIA DEL SOGNO p. 122 ILLIMITATO 1. Struttura binaria: il doppio p. 122 2. Il pilota fantasma p. 127 3. La compagnia del sogno illimitato p. 131 VI. THE UNLIMITED DREAM COMPANY: IL VOLO E L’AVVENTURA p. 141 1. Il volo p. 141 2. Il simulacro p. 146 3. Robinson, Blake e gli altri p. 152 Conclusione: L’unico pianeta veramente alieno è Ballard p. 159 Bibliografia p. 162 INTRODUZIONE L’unico pianeta veramente alieno è la Terra Il 19 aprile del 2009 James Graham Ballard moriva a causa di un cancro alla prostata. Tra i numerosi necrologi dedicatigli nell’occasione dalla stampa mondiale, quello del Times rileva come l’aggettivo ‘ballardiano’ sia una delle voci del Collins English Dictionary, onore condiviso con autori quali Shakespeare, Dickens, Pinter1. Nonostante sia partito come outsider, come ‘semplice’ autore di fantascienza negli anni Cinquanta, la ricezione della sua opera in patria con il tempo si è fatta di tutto rispetto, come riportato dal New York Times nella stessa occasione2. Ma negli USA Ballard, pur essendo stato introdotto ai lettori da importanti antologie quali Dangerous Visions (1967) di Harlan Ellison, England Swings SF. Stories of Speculative Fiction (1968) di Judith Merril e in seguito dal quinto volume – “The British Way” (1998) - di The Road to Science Fiction di James Gunn, contenente “The Voices of Time” e “The Drowned Giant”, non è mai riuscito ad essere considerato un autore di primissimo piano, raggiungendo il picco della sua notorietà con il film (1987) di Steven Spielberg tratto da Empire of the Sun. Ballard è uno scrittore britannico a tutti gli effetti, ma decisamente atipico. A differenza della maggior parte dei suoi colleghi infatti è nato all’estero, nella Cina che in quegli anni conosceva profondi cambiamenti, con l’emergere della figura di Mao Zedong e l’invasione dell’esercito giapponese. Il racconto dell’esperienza del giovane Jim Ballard nel campo di prigionia di Lunghua, presso Shanghai, dal 1942, è al centro delle pagine della sua opera più conosciuta, Empire of the Sun appunto. Nato a Shanghai nel 1930, come racconta anche nelle altre opere a carattere autobiografico, The Kindness of Women e Miracles of Life, visse i primi anni nella villa di famiglia nel settore internazionale della città, con il padre, la madre e la sorella minore. La sua infanzia fu caratterizzata 1 «Pinteresque, Dickensian, Shakespearean. Not many writers are so distinctive and influential that their name becomes an adjective in its own right. J. G. Ballard […] was one of them. ‘Ballardian’ is defined in the Collins English Dictionary as: “adj.) 1. of James Graham Ballard (born 1930), the British novelist, or his works (2) resembling or suggestive of the conditions described in Ballard’s novels and stories, esp. dystopian modernity, bleak man-made landscapes and the psychological effects of technological, social or environmental developments.» Ben Hoyle, “Author J. G. Ballard dies after lengthy illness”, The Times, 20/04/2009 (http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/fiction/article6128445.ece) [Ultima visita 21/08/2010]. 2 «His admirers included Kingsley Amis and Graham Greene, Anthony Burgess and Susan Sontag. In 2008, The Times of London listed him 27th among the 50 greatest British writers since World War II.» Bruce Weber, “J. G. Ballard, novelist, is dead at 78”, New York Times, 21/04/2009 (http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/21/books/21ballard.html) [Ultima visita 21/08/2010]. - 1 - da una grande curiosità e vivacità che esprimeva girando in bicicletta per le strade della città, non senza correre dei rischi, e trovandosi spesso faccia a faccia con un mondo di povertà e violenza ben lontani dalla vita di società che conduceva soprattutto sua madre, appassionata giocatrice di bridge. Nel dicembre 1945, quando con la madre e la sorella arrivò in Inghilterra per viverci poi tutto il resto della sua vita, l’impatto con un mondo per lui nuovo e in gran parte sconosciuto fu notevole. Infatti quello che aveva conosciuto a Shanghai era un mondo piuttosto differente, in gran parte modellato su quello americano, dalla Coca Cola alle grandi automobili. Ricorda a tal proposito che quando vide dalla nave le minuscole auto inglesi le prese per piccoli mezzi di trasporto merci, restando non poco stupito quando si rese conto che erano in realtà automobili. Uno degli aspetti che rendono unica la narrativa ballardiana è proprio la personale commistione di britishness e cultura, soprattutto pop, americana. Nonostante abbia visitato raramente gli USA, e soltanto quando era già famoso, Ballard si dimostra capace di coglierne alcuni aspetti peculiari. Un romanzo come Hello America si presenta come una visione distopica del continente nord-americano, fortemente caratterizzata dall’immaginario degli anni Sessanta e Settanta. La figura di Charles Manson, per esempio, è richiamata nella scelta del nome dell’ultimo autoproclamato Presidente americano. I Presidenti-robot, tutti quelli della storia USA, e i giganteschi ologrammi di John Wayne e altri attori completano il quadro della vicenda, indubitabilmente yankee. Tutta la sua opera è pervasa da icone cinematografiche quali James Dean, Marilyn Monroe e Elizabeth Taylor, così come da personaggi dell’iconografia massmediatica USA, da John Fitzgerald Kennedy a Ronald Reagan, da Lee Harvey Oswald allo stesso Manson. La prospettiva di Ballard è mondiale, senza dubbio, benché sempre a partire da un punto di vista anglo-centrico. Tant’è vero che, pur avendo spesso criticato come provinciale la scena letteraria britannica, per esempio non avendo mai fatto mistero di non amare autori anche del livello di un James Joyce, tuttavia la sua anglicità emerge si può dire praticamente da ognuna delle sue pagine, come il profumo del tè. Ma un tè talvolta dagli effluvi lisergici. Uno scrittore di fantascienza che sostiene che l’unico pianeta veramente alieno è la Terra3 non può certo essere semplicemente uno scrittore di genere, ancor meno può attirare l’attenzione delle masse. Eppure Ballard è sì un autore importante tra quelli della seconda metà del Novecento, ma per molti versi un autore di nicchia, underground nel senso migliore del termine. Acutamente Roger Luckhurst ha notato come, a seconda del punto di vista adottato dalla critica che si è occupata di lui, Ballard sia stato considerato di volta in volta 3 «The biggest developments of the immediate future will take place , not on the Moon or Mars, but on earth, and it is inner space, not outer, that needs to be explored. The only truly alien planet is Earth.» J. G. Ballard, “Which Way to Inner Space?”, “New Worlds”, May 1962. - 2 - The mainstream post-war novelist of increasing import; the aberrant foreign body within science fiction; the belated voice of a science fiction modernism; the anticipatory or timely voice of a paradigmatic postmodernism; the avant-garde writer of extreme experimental fictions; the prophet of the perversity of the contemporary world4. Difficile da incasellare in un genere letterario in particolare, dunque: il corpus narrativo ballardiano ne comprende diversi. Ma tutti affrontati sempre secondo una prospettiva assolutamente personale5. Una serie di elementi narrativi tipicamente ballardiani ricorrono nei suoi romanzi e racconti, quali dune di sabbia, lagune, aree desertiche, piscine in stato di abbandono, parcheggi multipiano e altri ancora, rendendoli riconoscibili quasi come una firma vera e propria. Pare decisamente adatto, per inquadrare in qualche modo un autore come lui, il riferimento di David Pringle alla teoria borgesiana secondo la quale ogni autore ‘crea’ i propri precursori6. Ballard nasce come scrittore all’interno del gran calderone della science fiction, diventando presto uno dei nomi principali del movimento britannico passato alla storia come ‘new wave’. Così fu definito da Judith Merril in un articolo pubblicato nel 1966 dalla rivista Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction quel movimento di rinnovamento artistico che intendeva prendere le distanze dagli aspetti più banalmente commerciali ed escapisti di gran parte della fantascienza fin lì prodotta. Quest’ultima in genere aveva come campo d’azione la hard science, quindi in particolare l’estrapolazione tecnologica, mentre la ‘new wave’era molto più orientata verso la soft science, in particolare psicologia e sociologia.
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