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3 Orchidej Bletilla Striata – Taxonomie a Botanická Charakteristika

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3 Orchidej Bletilla Striata – Taxonomie a Botanická Charakteristika Univerzita Karlova v Praze Farmaceutická fakulta v Hradci Králové Katedra biologických a lékařských věd Možnosti identifikace rostlin chráněných CITES v přípravcích orientální medicíny (bakalářská práce) Hradec Králové, 2009 Vanda Neradilová Prohlášení „Prohlašuji, ţe tato práce je mým původním autorským dílem, které jsem vypracovala samostatně. Veškerá literatura a další zdroje, z nichţ jsem při zpracování čerpala, jsou uvedeny v seznamu pouţité literatury a v práci řádně ocitovány.“ Vanda Neradilová 2 Poděkování Na tomto místě bych ráda poděkovala především panu Ing. Jaroslavu Andrlemu za odbornou pomoc, trpělivost a veškerý čas, který mi při vypracování mé bakalářské práce věnoval. Dále bych ráda poděkovala své školitelce RNDr. Haně Klusoňové, Ph.D. za vstřícnou pomoc a uţitečné rady. 3 Obsah Shrnutí .............................................................................................................................. 6 Summary .......................................................................................................................... 7 Seznam zkratek ............................................................................................................... 8 1 Úvod ............................................................................................................................... 9 2 CITES a Tradiční čínská medicína ........................................................................... 10 2.1 CITES .............................................................................................................................................. 10 2.2 Tradiční čínská medicína ................................................................................................................. 12 2.2.1 Čínská fytoterapie ................................................................................................................. 13 3 Orchidej Bletilla striata – taxonomie a botanická charakteristika ........................ 14 3.1 Orchideje (Orchidaceae Juss.) ........................................................................................................ 14 3.2 Bletilla striata (Hyacinth orchid) .................................................................................................... 15 3.2.1 Synonyma a klasifikace ........................................................................................................ 15 3.2.2 Botanická charakteristika ...................................................................................................... 15 4 Obsahové látky Bletilla striata ................................................................................... 17 4.1 Obsahové látky rostlin obecně ......................................................................................................... 17 4.1.1 Alkaloidy .............................................................................................................................. 17 4.1.2 Aminokyseliny ...................................................................................................................... 17 4.1.3 Cukry .................................................................................................................................... 17 4.1.4 Fosfolipidy ............................................................................................................................ 18 4.1.5 Fytoncidy .............................................................................................................................. 18 4.1.6 Glykosidy .............................................................................................................................. 18 4.1.7 Hořčiny ................................................................................................................................. 18 4.1.8 Hydroxykyseliny ................................................................................................................... 19 4.1.9 Mastné kyseliny .................................................................................................................... 19 4.1.10 Saponiny ............................................................................................................................... 19 4.1.11 Silice ..................................................................................................................................... 19 4.1.12 Steroidy ................................................................................................................................. 20 4.1.13 Třísloviny .............................................................................................................................. 20 4.2 Bletilla striata a její obsahové látky ................................................................................................ 20 4.2.1 Bletilla – glukomannan ......................................................................................................... 20 4.2.2 Blespirol ................................................................................................................................ 21 4.2.3 Blestriarene A ....................................................................................................................... 21 4.2.4 Blestriarene B ....................................................................................................................... 22 4.2.5 Blestriarene C ....................................................................................................................... 22 4.2.6 Blestrin A .............................................................................................................................. 23 4.2.7 Blestrin B .............................................................................................................................. 23 4.2.8 Blestrianol A ......................................................................................................................... 24 4.2.9 Blestrianol B ......................................................................................................................... 24 4.2.10 Blestrianol C ......................................................................................................................... 25 4.2.11 1,8-bi(4-hydroxybenzyl)-4-methoxyfenanthren-2,7-diol ...................................................... 25 4.2.12 Blestrin C .............................................................................................................................. 26 4.2.13 Blestrin D .............................................................................................................................. 26 4 4.2.14 Bletilol A............................................................................................................................... 27 4.2.15 Bletilol B ............................................................................................................................... 27 4.2.16 Bletilol C ............................................................................................................................... 28 4.2.17 Stilbenoidy ............................................................................................................................ 29 5 Farmakologický účinek Bletilla striata ..................................................................... 31 6 Laboratorní postupy analýzy .................................................................................... 33 6.1 Laboratorní postupy analýzy rostlinného materiálu ........................................................................ 33 6.1.1 Příprava vzorku ..................................................................................................................... 33 6.1.1.1 Extrakce ..................................................................................................................... 33 6.1.1.2 Homogenizace ............................................................................................................ 34 6.1.1.3 Odstřeďování (centrifugace) ...................................................................................... 34 6.1.1.4 Filtrace ....................................................................................................................... 34 6.1.2 Fáze analytická ..................................................................................................................... 34 6.1.2.1 Extrakce na tuhou fázi (Solid phase extraktion - SPE)............................................... 34 6.1.2.2 Chromatografické metody .......................................................................................... 35 6.1.2.3 Hmotnostní spektrometrie (MS) ................................................................................. 38 6.1.3 Izolace a identifikace ............................................................................................................ 39 6.1.3.1 Sloupcová chromatografie (CC) ................................................................................. 39 6.1.3.2 Infračervená spektrometrie (IR) ................................................................................. 40 6.1.3.3 Nukleární magnetická rezonance (NMR) ................................................................... 40 6.2 Laboratorní postupy analýzy přípravků TCM ................................................................................. 41 6.2.1 Přípravky obsahující orchidej Bletilla striata ......................................................................
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