DOCSLIB.ORG

US5514437.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
US5514437.Pdf ||||||||| USOO5514437A United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 5,514,437 Tanner et al. (45) Date of Patent: May 7, 1996 (54) ARTIFICIALTANNING COMPOSITIONS 2nd edition, Dec. 10, 1973, vol. 1, pp. 293–305 Wiley-Inter HAVING IMPROVED STABILITY Science, New York. Merck German Technical Data sheet, Nov. 24, 1993. (75) Inventors: Paul R. Tanner, Maineville; Larry R. Kawashima et al., "Nonenzymatic Browning Reactions of Robinson, Lebanon, both of Ohio Dihydroxyacetone with Amino Acide or Their Esters', Agric. Biol. Chem., 44(7), 1595–1599 (1980). (73) Assignee: The Procter & Gamble Company, Ingredient label from packaging, Bain de Soleil Tanning Cincinnati, Ohio Creme, copyright 1993. A. Meybeck, "A Spectroscopic Study of the Reaction Prod 21 Appl. No.: 219,053 ucts of Dihydroxyacetone with Amine Acids”. J. Soc. Cos 22 Filed: Mar. 29, 1994 met. Chem, 28, 25-35 (1977). E. Wittgenstein et al., “Reaction of Dihydroxyacetone (51) Int. CI.' ......................................... A6K7/02 (DHA) with Human Skin Callus and Amino Compounds', J. 152 U.S. Cl. .................................. 424/63; 424/59; 424/60 Invest. Derm, 23, 283-286 (1961). 58) Field of Search ................................... 424/63, 60,59 M. F. Bobin et al., “Effects of Color Adjuvants on the Tanning Effect of Dihydroxyacetone', J. Soc. Cosmet. 56) References Cited Chem., 35, 265,272 (Aug. 1984). U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS Ingredient label from Elizabeth Arden's Spa for the Sun Self Tanner SPF 15 Product, no copyright date available. 2,274,725 3/1942 Meeker et al. ............................ 424/59 2,949,403 8/1960 Andreadis. The Merck Index, Tenth Edition, 1983, Entry 8476. 3,177,120 4/1965 Black et al. ... ... 424/59 V. R. Usdin, “Artificial Tanning Preparations',Cosmetics 3,184,388 5/1965 Kalopissis. ... 424/59 and Toiletries, vol. 91, Mar. 1976 pp. 29–32. 3,272,713 9/1966 Runge ........ ... 424/59 J. Buchter et al., “The Reaction of Dihydroxyacetone with 3,920,808 11/1975 Fusaro ........ ... 424/59 Proteins', American Perfumer, Dec. 1960, pp. 46-48. 4,145,413 3/1979 Usdin et al. ... 424/63 N. Kanas et al., "Factors Influencing the Tanning Effect of 4,293,543 10/1981 Cotte et al. ... 424/59 4,419,343 12/1983 Pauly ......... ... 424/59 Dihydroxyacetone of the Skin' American Perfumer, Nov. 4,434,154 2/1984 McShane ....... ... 424/60 1960, pp. 33–34. 4,831,943 5/1989 Grollier et al. ... 424/59 M. Fleming et al., "Chemistry of Browning Reaction', The 4,847,267 7/1989 Deckner et al. ... 514/311 Sugar Journal, Apr. 1971, pp. 21-27. 5,100,660 37992 Hawe et al. ............ 424/78.35 K. Laden et al., "The Reaction of o-Hydroxymethyl 5,221,530 6/1993 Janchitraponveget al. .............. 424f70 Ketones with Skin and Amino Acids, J. Soc. Cosmetic 5,232,688 8/1993 Ziegler et al. .......... ... 424/59 Chemists, 16, 777-782 (1965). 5,302,378 4/1994 Crotty et al. .............................. 424/59 Primary Examiner-Shelley A. Dodson FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS Attorney, Agent, or Firm--Anthony D. Sabatelli; David K. 90/61950 5/1991 Australia ......................... A61K 7/02 Dabbiere CA72(20):103635B/1969 Czechoslovakia. 227012 7/1987 European Pat. Off. ......... A61K 7700 57 ABSTRACT 456545 4/1991 European Pat. Off. ......... A61K 7/42 547864 6/1993 European Pat. Off. ......... A61K 7/42 The present invention relates to artificial tanning composi 622070A1 11/1994 European Pat. Off. ......... A61K 7/42 tions having improved stability. These compositions com 34227937 8/1994 Japan .................... ... A61K 7/42 prise dihydroxyacetone, a salt selected from the group 98(16):132150g 10/1982 Spain ... ... A61K 62A4 consisting of metabisulfite salts, sulfite salts, hydrogen 83-825600/47 1/1983 U.S.S.R. .......................... A61K 7/OO sulfite salts, and mixtures thereof. These compositions are WO92/1759 10/1992 WIPO .............................. A61KT42 useful for imparting an artificial tanto human skin. In further WO93,092.15 5/1993 WIPO .............................. C11D 3/04 embodiments, these compositions also comprise a sunscreen OTHER PUBLICATIONS agent and are also useful for providing protection from the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation, Technical Bulletin-Salcare SC 92 for Cosmetic/Personal Care applications, Allied Colloids, Suffolk, VA-Undated. M. S. Balsam et al., (ed.) Cosmetic Science and Technology 19 Claims, No Drawings 5,514,437 1. 2 ARTEFICAL TANNING COMPOSITIONS human skin by its reaction with the nitrogen containing HAVING MPROVED STABILITY proteins of the skin. See L. Goldman et al., “Investigative Studies with the Skin Coloring Agents Dihydroxyacetone The present invention relates to compositions useful for and Glyoxal', The Journal of Investigative Dermatology, providing an artificial tan to human skin. These composi 5 vol. 35, pp. 161-164 (1960); E. Wittgenstein et al., “Reac tions exhibit improved chemical and physical stability. tion of Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) with Human Skin Callus These compositions comprise dihydroxyacetone, a salt and Amino Compounds', The Journal of Investigative Der selected from the group consisting of metabisulfite salts, matology, vol. 36, pp. 283–286 (1961); and A. Meybeck, "A sulfite salts, and hydrogen sulfite salts, and mixtures thereof, Spectroscopic Study of the Reaction Products of Dihdyroxy and a topical carrier. In further embodiments these compo 10 acetone With Amino Acids', J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem, 25-35 sitions also comprise a sunscreen agent and are useful for (1977); all of which are incorporated by reference herein in protecting the skin from the harmful effects of ultraviolet their entirety. This incompatibility of dihydroxyacetone with radiation. nitrogen containing compounds has limited the formulation scope of artificial tanning products in the past. 15 Conventional stablilizing agents and antioxidants such as BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION BHA, BHT, and vitamin E are ineffective for stabilizing A sun-tanned appearance is a symbol of a healthy, artificial tanning compositions containing dihydroxyac dynamic, and active life. Yet, the damaging effects of etone. Surprisingly, it is found in the present invention that sunlight and other sources of ultraviolet radiation on the skin certain salts such as metabisulfite salts, sulfite salts, and are well documented. These effects are cumulative and 20 hydrogen sulfite salts greatly enhance the stability of artifi potentially serious, and include sunburn, skin cancer, and cial tanning compositions containing dihydroxyacetone. The premature aging of the skin. These effects associated with use of metabisulfite salts as anti-oxidants is known in the exposure to ultraviolet radiation are more fully discussed in pharmaceutical area, however, their use has typically been DeSimone, "Sunscreen and Suntan Products', Handbook of limited to extremely low levels, e.g. 0.005%. In the present Nonprescription Drugs, 7th Ed., Chapter 26, pp. 499-511 25 invention, it is found that much higher levels of salts such as (American Pharmaceutical Association, Washington, D.C; metabisulfite, sulfite, and hydrogen sulfite salts, i.e. levels in 1982); Grove and Forbes, "A Method for Evaluating the the range from about 0.025% to about 5%, provide an Photoprotection Action of Sunscreen Agents Against UV-A unexpected enhancement of stability. This enhanced stabil Radiation', International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 4, ity translates into benefits such as increased product shelf pp. 15-24 (1982); and U.S. Pat. No. 4,387,089, DePolo, 30 life, good product performance, maintenance of the aesthetic issued Jun. 7, 1983, the disclosures of all of which are characteristics of the product, i.e. less discoloration and incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. off-odors, and better user acceptance. Sunscreens are the most common agents used for Sun It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide protection. However, sunscreens also have the disadvantage artificial tanning compositions useful for imparting an arti of preventing or greatly diminishing the cosmetically desir 35 ficial tan to human skin, able tanning response. Thus, if an individual uses a sun It is another object of the present invention to provide screen for protection from ultraviolet radiation, he or she artificial tanning compositions which exhibit improved does so at the expense of foregoing a tanned appearance. chemical and physical stability. Furthermore, even if an individual is willing to accept the 40 It is another object of the present invention to provide risks associated with exposure to ultraviolet radiation to artificial tanning compositions which have good color devel obtain a tan, there are situations in which it may not be opment characteristics such as providing a natural looking practical or even possible to do so because of time con and rapidly developing tan. straints, weather conditions, etc. Therefore, it would be It is another object of the present invention to provide highly desirable to develop products for providing a tanned 45 artificial tanning compositions useful for both providing an appearance to the skin, whenever desired without the need artificial tan to human skin and for protecting human skin for exposure to ultraviolet radiation. from the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation. It is generally known that dihydroxyacetone, when It is another object of the present invention to provide a applied topically to human skin, will produce a tanned method for artificially tanning human skin. appearance, i.e. an artificial tan. U.S. Pat. No. 4,708,865, to 50 Turner, issued Nov. 24, 1987 describes the use of hydro It is another object of the present invention to provide a alcoholic solutions of dihydroxyacetone for tanning the skin; method for artificially tanning human skin and for providing U.S. Pat. No. 4,466,805, to Welters, issued Aug. 21, 1984 protection from the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation. describes hair and skin coloring formulations containing These and other objects of this invention will become dihydroxyacetone; and U.S. Pat. No. 2,949,403, to Andrea 55 apparent in light of the following disclosure. dis et al., issued Aug. 16, 1960 describes artificial tanning formulations containing dihydroxyacetone in an oleaginous SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION base.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Report of the Advisory Group to Recommend Priorities for the IARC Monographs During 2020–2024
    IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans Report of the Advisory Group to Recommend Priorities for the IARC Monographs during 2020–2024 Report of the Advisory Group to Recommend Priorities for the IARC Monographs during 2020–2024 CONTENTS Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 Acetaldehyde (CAS No. 75-07-0) ................................................................................................. 3 Acrolein (CAS No. 107-02-8) ....................................................................................................... 4 Acrylamide (CAS No. 79-06-1) .................................................................................................... 5 Acrylonitrile (CAS No. 107-13-1) ................................................................................................ 6 Aflatoxins (CAS No. 1402-68-2) .................................................................................................. 8 Air pollutants and underlying mechanisms for breast cancer ....................................................... 9 Airborne gram-negative bacterial endotoxins ............................................................................. 10 Alachlor (chloroacetanilide herbicide) (CAS No. 15972-60-8) .................................................. 10 Aluminium (CAS No. 7429-90-5) .............................................................................................. 11
    [Show full text]
  • May 23, 2007 Office of Pesticide Programs
    May 23, 2007 Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) Regulatory Public Docket (7502P) Environmental Protection Agency 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW Washington, DC 20460-0001 RE: Insect Repellent-Sunscreen Combination Products [EPA-HQ-OPP-2007-0087] Beyond Pesticides appreciates the prudent contemplation of insect repellent-sunscreen combination products EPA proposed in the reregistration eligibility decision (RED) for N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET). We also appreciate this opportunity to share our concerns over these products. Beyond Pesticides interest in this issue lies in our effort to restrict pesticide use in a manner that protects public health and the environment, and to advance alternatives that eliminate dependency on toxic chemicals. We oppose the reregistration of all DEET-sunscreen combination products for the following reasons: 1. DEET exposure can result in negative health effects. As the agency notes, the registration of DEET is unusual in that it is one of few residential-use pesticides that is applied directly to the skin. The result is that the public is being exposed to a pesticide that has the ability to cause in lab animals increased fetal loss, bone and skeleton abnormalities in the offspring of rabbits, birth defects in birds, reduction in size of the testes and degeneration, and has produced abnormal sperm with reduced motility. Additionally, the public is directly applying a chemical to their skin that is demonstrated to cross the placenta and move into fetal blood in humans, has the ability to cause mutagenicity and oxidative stress, can decrease sensory and motor skills, causes skin irritation and kills brain cells.1 2. Sunscreen exposure can result in negative health effects.
    [Show full text]
  • Toxic Effects
    Chapter 8 Toxic effects Toxic and other adverse effects studies of tens or hundreds of patients spectrum to which the skin is exposed of sunscreens (Thune, 1984; English et al., 1987; (Gasparro et al., 1998). Since UVB is the In order for a sunscreen to have a toxic Lenique et al., 1992; Szczurko et al., primary stimulus for adaptation of the effect on living tissues, it must penetrate 1994; Trevisi et al., 1994; Gonçalo et al., skin to sunlight, less adaptation might be the skin. There is some evidence that 1995; Ang et al., 1998) and reviews expected to develop in individuals who this can occur (see p. 63 et seq.). (Dromgoole & Maibach, 1990; Gonzalez use sunscreens regularly. The adaptive & Gonzalez, 1996; Schauder & Ippen, responses include thickening of the epi- Human studies 1997). In the past, PABA and its esters dermis and transfer of melanin-contain- No published studies of toxic effects in were the most commonly reported ing granules to keratinocytes (tanning) humans were available to the Working contact and photoallergens in sun- (Fig. 44), which reduces the trans- Group. screens (Funk et ai., 1997), and this find- parency of the skin to UVA and UVB ing contributed to a reduction in their use (Fusaro et al., 1966; Olson et al., 1973). Contact sensitivity in sunscreens. The contact or photocon- Several reports showed that UVR- There are numerous reports of cases of tact allergen in sunscreens most induced injury, such as dermal connec- allergic reactions and photoreactivity to frequently cited today is benzophenone- tive tissue damage and sunburn cell for- sunscreens, but the prevalence of this 3, followed by dibenzoyl methanes.
    [Show full text]
  • FDA Proposes Sunscreen Regulation Changes February 2019
    FDA Proposes Sunscreen Regulation Changes February 2019 The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates sunscreens to ensure they meet safety and eectiveness standards. To improve the quality, safety, and eectiveness of sunscreens, FDA issued a proposed rule that describes updated proposed requirements for sunscreens. Given the recognized public health benets of sunscreen use, Americans should continue to use broad spectrum sunscreen with SPF 15 or higher with other sun protective measures as this important rulemaking eort moves forward. Highlights of FDA’s Proposals Sunscreen active ingredient safety and eectiveness Two ingredients (zinc oxide and titanium dioxide) are proposed to be safe and eective for sunscreen use and two (aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and trolamine salicylate) are 1 proposed as not safe and eective for sunscreen use. FDA proposes that it needs more safety information for the remaining 12 sunscreen ingredients (cinoxate, dioxybenzone, ensulizole, homosalate, meradimate, octinoxate, octisalate, octocrylene, padimate O, sulisobenzone, oxybenzone, avobenzone). New proposed sun protection factor Sunscreen dosage forms (SPF) and broad spectrum Sunscreen sprays, oils, lotions, creams, gels, butters, pastes, ointments, and sticks are requirements 2 proposed as safe and eective. FDA 3 • Raise the maximum proposed labeled SPF proposes that it needs more data for from SPF 50+ to SPF 60+ sunscreen powders. • Require any sunscreen SPF 15 or higher to be broad spectrum • Require for all broad spectrum products SPF 15 and above, as SPF increases, broad spectrum protection increases New proposed label requirements • Include alphabetical listing of active ingredients on the front panel • Require sunscreens with SPF below 15 to include “See Skin Cancer/Skin Aging alert” on the front panel 4 • Require font and placement changes to ensure SPF, broad spectrum, and water resistance statements stand out Sunscreen-insect repellent combination 5 products proposed not safe and eective www.fda.gov.
    [Show full text]
  • Annex VI, Last Update: 02/08/2021
    File creation date: 03/10/2021 Annex VI, Last update: 22/09/2021 LIST OF UV FILTERS ALLOWED IN COSMETIC PRODUCTS Substance identification Conditions Wording of Reference Maximum conditions of Product Type, concentration Update date number Chemical name / INN / XAN Name of Common Ingredients Glossary CAS Number EC Number Other use and body parts in ready for use warnings preparation 2 N,N,N-Trimethyl-4-(2-oxoborn-3-ylidenemethyl CAMPHOR BENZALKONIUM 52793-97-2 258-190-8 6% 15/10/2010 ) anilinium methyl sulphate METHOSULFATE 3 Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, HOMOSALATE 118-56-9 204-260-8 10% 02/08/2021 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl ester / Homosalate 4 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone / BENZOPHENONE-3 131-57-7 205-031-5 6% Reg (EU) Not more than Contains 02/08/2021 Oxybenzone 2017/238 of 10 0,5 % to protect Benzophenone-3 February 2017- product (1) date of formulation application from September 2017 6 2-Phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulphonic acid and its PHENYLBENZIMIDAZOLE SULFONIC 27503-81-7 248-502-0 8%(as acid) 08/03/2011 potassium, sodium and triethanolamine salts / ACID Ensulizole 7 3,3'-(1,4-Phenylenedimethylene) bis TEREPHTHALYLIDENE DICAMPHOR 92761-26-7 / 410-960-6 / - 10%(as acid) 26/10/2010 (7,7-dimethyl-2-oxobicyclo-[2.2.1] SULFONIC ACID 90457-82-2 hept-1-ylmethanesulfonic acid) and its salts / Ecamsule 8 1-(4-tert-Butylphenyl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl) BUTYL 70356-09-1 274-581-6 5% 15/10/2010 propane-1,3-dione / Avobenzone METHOXYDIBENZOYLMETHANE 9 alpha-(2-Oxoborn-3-ylidene)toluene-4-sulphoni BENZYLIDENE CAMPHOR SULFONIC 56039-58-8 - 6%(as acid)
    [Show full text]
  • Should a Toxicological Risk Assessment of Ubiquitous Chemicals Be Done Using Data from Only One Source of Exposure?
    Mini Review Open Acc J of Toxicol Volume 4 Issue 2 - January 2020 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Di Nardo JC DOI: 10.19080/OAJT.2020.04.555633 Should a Toxicological Risk Assessment of Ubiquitous Chemicals Be Done Using Data from Only One Source of Exposure? Di Nardo JC1* and CA Downs2 1Retired Toxicologist, Vesuvius, USA 2Executive Director, Haereticus Environmental Laboratory, Clifford, USA Submission: January 09, 2020; Published: January 23, 2020 *Corresponding author: Di Nardo JC, Retired Toxicologist, Vesuvius, USA Keywords: Toxicological; Chemicals; Dioxybenzone; Octocrylene; Oxybenzone; Sulisobenzone Introduction consumers to believe that there is no further risk associated with the After much discussion and petitioning by several individuals, chemical. non-governmental organizations and scientists alike, the Food & Drug Administration (FDA) re-opened the sunscreen drug monograph Data on February 26, 2019 to review the safety of sunscreen actives In October of 2018 the Food & Drug Administration (FDA) banned considered Generally Recognized as Safe and Effective (GRASE) the chemical benzophenone from use in foods and/or in plastic food since 1978 [1]. After their review, the FDA concluded that the public wraps [3], because it was found to cause cancer in rodents according to a study conducted by the National Institute of Environmental safety of a dozen drug actives currently in use (several of which record “does not” currently contain sufficient data to support the Health Sciences in May 2007 [3]. In June 2012 the state of California are benzophenone based chemicals - avobenzone, dioxybenzone, added benzophenone to their Proposition 65 list recognizing it as octocrylene, oxybenzone and sulisobenzone) and, therefore, are a carcinogen and came to an agreement that a sunscreen product requesting industry to provide additional data (mainly toxicokinetics, should not contain any more that 50 parts per million [4].
    [Show full text]
  • EWG Petitions CDC to Conduct Biomonitoring Studies for Common Sunscreen Chemicals
    EWG Petitions CDC To Conduct Biomonitoring Studies for Common Sunscreen Chemicals May 22, 2019 To: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Environmental Health Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 4770 Buford Hwy, NE Atlanta, GA 30341 Patrick Breysse, Ph.D., CIH Environmental Working Group (EWG), a nonprofit research and advocacy organization with headquarters in Washington, D.C., is petitioning the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to add common sunscreen chemicals to the CDC’s Biomonitoring Program. EWG has been doing research on sunscreen ingredients since 2007, helping to educate the public about the importance of using sunscreens for health protection, as well as providing information about health risks that may be associated with certain ingredients used in sunscreen products. In response to a significant increase in the use of sunscreens in the United States and the associated increased potential for systemic exposure to the ingredients in these products, in February 2019, the Food and Drug Administration proposed a new rule for sunscreen products.1 The proposed rule would require sunscreen active ingredients to be assessed for their propensity to absorb through the skin and overall safety. Recently, the FDA completed tests on the absorbance of four common sunscreen active ingredients: avobenzone, oxybenzone, octocrylene, and ecamsule. As reported in a study published by the Journal of American Medical Association in May 2019,2 application of all four tested sunscreen ingredients resulted in plasma concentrations that exceeded the 0.5 ng/mL threshold proposed by the FDA for waiving systemic carcinogenicity studies as well as developmental and reproductive toxicity studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Sun Protection & Sun Screens | Four Seasons Dermatology
    FOUR SEASONS DERMATOLOGY 354 MOUNTAIN VIEW DR. • SUITE 300 • COLCHESTER, VT 05446-5988 • PHONE 802-864-0192 • FAX 802-860-4919 SUN PROTECTION AND SUNSCREENS Repeated and prolonged exposure to sunlight increases the risk of developing skin cancer and is the major cause of wrinkled, spotty, "old" -appearing skin. It's important to have a healthy and active lifestyle and we encourage this. Some common sense guidelines to keep your skin and eyes safe: • Avoid the hot mid-day sun. Try to schedule your outdoor activities for early morning or early evening. • Make clothing a regular part of protection: o Keep your shirt on o Wear a wide brimmed hat instead of a baseball cap o Wear long sleeves - "rash-guard" or "water'' shirts made from quick drying, breathable material may be most comfortable in hot weather. o "Golf sleeves" can protect your arms and keep you cool in the sun. They can be found in sporting good stores or online. • Be especially careful when on the water, snow or sand as sunlight is reflected upwards from these surfaces. • Don't forget the sunglasses - excess sun exposure causes cataracts. • Encourage your children to practice good sun protection. Early sun damage increases the risk of skin cancer. • Wear a sunscreen that contains specific UVA-blocking ingredients {see below) and an SPF of at least 30. If you are getting sunburns or very tan, you need to 1) use a higher SPF, 2) apply more thickly or reapply more frequently {ideally every 2 hours or more), and/or 3) use a product with better UVA protection.
    [Show full text]
  • Sun Protection
    DRUG NEWS Recommending the Best Sun Protection Clinical Pearls: o Recommend a “broad-spectrum” sunscreen – one that covers UVB, UVA1, and UVA2. o Recommend SPF 30-50 o Advise on non-pharmacological sun protection methods o Emphasize proper sunscreen application technique o Emphasize skin protection when taking drugs known to cause photosensitivity. Familiarize yourself with known implicated drugs by referring to appendix 2. Background 1-4 The sun emits 3 types of ultraviolet (UV) radiation: UVC (100-290 nm), UVB (290-320 nm), and UVA (320 -400 nm). UVA rays can be further divided into the shorter UVA2 rays and the longer UVA1 rays. UVC rays, the shortest rays, are completely absorbed by the ozone layer, whereas UVB rays penetrate the epidermis and UVA rays, the longest rays, penetrate into the dermis. The main consequence of UVB irradiation is sunburn, but can also include immunosuppression and skin cancer. Consequences of UVA radiation include: phototoxicity (i.e. involvement in drug-induced sun sensitivity reactions), photo-aging, immunosuppression, and skin cancer. What is SPF? 2,5,6,7 It is easy to be misled by Sun Protection Factors (SPF). SPF is assessed through a standardized test by finding the ratio of the minimal dose of solar radiation that produces perceptible erythema (i.e., minimal erythema dose) on sunscreen-protected skin compared with unprotected skin. Sunburn is caused primarily by UVB rays (and shorter UVA2 rays), and thus SPF indicates mostly UVB protection. However, UVA protection is equally important since it is responsible for photo-aging and cancer. Therefore, it is important to look for the phrase “broad spectrum” when choosing a sunscreen as broad spectrum indicates both UVB and UVA protection.
    [Show full text]
  • Sun Safety and Protection Tips American Academy of Pediatrics
    Sun Safety and Protection Tips American Academy of Pediatrics Spending time outdoors is a common activity on spring breaks or summer vacations, but remember to protect against the sun’s rays. Everyone is at risk for sunburn. Children especially need to be protected from the sun’s burning rays, since most sun damage occurs in childhood. Like other burns, sunburn will leave the skin red, warm, and painful. In severe cases, it may cause blistering, fever, chills, headache, and a general feeling of illness. The American Academy of Pediatrics offers tips to keep children safe in the sun. Sun Safety for Babies Under 6 Months Babies under 6 months of age should be kept out of direct sunlight. Move your baby to the shade under a tree, umbrella or stroller canopy. Dress babies in lightweight clothing that covers the arms and legs and use brimmed hats that shade the neck to prevent sunburn. When adequate clothing and shade are not available, parents can apply a minimal amount of sunscreen with at least 15 SPF (sun protection factor) on infants under 6 months to small areas, such as the infant's face and the back of the hands. Remember it takes 30 minutes to be effective. If an infant gets sunburn, apply cool compresses to the affected area. Sun Safety for Kids The first, and best, line of defense against harmful ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure is covering up. Stay in the shade whenever possible, and limit sun exposure during the peak intensity hours - between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m.
    [Show full text]
  • Facts and Myths: Ultraviolet Light and Sun Protection
    Facts and Myths: Ultraviolet Light and Sun Protection Katherine T. Steele, MD Assistant Professor of Clinical Dermatology University of Pennsylvania Fundamentals: Ultraviolet light Sunlight consists of 2 types of ultraviolet (UV) light • UVA • UVB • UVC (absorbed by the ozone in the earth’s atmosphere) Fundamentals: Ultraviolet light UVA rays • Premature aging – Dark spots – Wrinkles – Loose skin UVB rays • Sunburn Both UVA + UVB • Skin cancer Sun Protection: Facts What is the most effective way to protect your skin from the sun? 1) Avoiding sun exposure 2) Sun-protective clothing 3) Sunscreen Sun Avoidance UVB intensity peaks from 10 AM to 2 PM Note: UVA intensity is relatively constant throughout the day Avoid Peak Hours 6 AM 10 AM 2 PM 8 PM Which is the most effective way to protect your skin from the sun? 1) Avoiding sun exposure 2) Sun-protective clothing 3) Sunscreen Sun-protective clothing with UPF (ultraviolet protection factor) Benefits of sun-protective clothing • Once garment is on, it starts working immediately • Won’t wear off throughout the day • Not messy, oily or greasy • Non-allergenic • Potential cost savings: garments last many seasons • Created for Leisure and Sporting activities • Fashionable and trendy https://yoursummerskin.com/pages/about-upf-clothing Sun-Protective Clothing Sun Threadz Colleen Dougherty Bronstein Supporter of Melanoma Program at the Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania Which is the most effective way to protect your skin from the sun? 1) Avoiding sun exposure 2) Sun-protective clothing 3) Sunscreen Sunscreen: Facts Sunscreen labeling Broad-spectrum = Provides protection against both UVA + UVB Only broad-spectrum sunscreens with SPF 15+ can claim to reduce the risk of skin cancer and early skin aging.
    [Show full text]
  • Sunburn Overview Preventive Measures for Travelers
    SUNBURN OVERVIEW Increased exposure to UV radiation occurs near the equator, during summer months, at high elevation, and between 10 AM and 4 PM. Reflection from the snow, sand, and water increases exposure, a particularly important consideration for beach activities, skiing, swimming, and sailing. In addition, several common medications may cause photosensitivity reactions in travelers: Acetazolamide Amiodarone Antibiotics (fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines, especially demeclocycline and doxycycline) Furosemide Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Phenothiazines Sulfonylureas Thiazide diuretics Voriconazole UVA rays are present throughout the day and cause premature aging of the skin. In addition, UVA rays are responsible for photosensitivity reactions and also contribute to skin cancer. UVB rays are intense from 10 AM to 4 PM and are most responsible for sunburn and skin cancer. Serious burns are painful, and the skin may be tender, swollen, and blistered. These sunburns may be accompanied by fever, headache, itching, and malaise. Overexposure to the sun over several years leads to premature aging of the skin, wrinkling, age spots, and an increased risk for skin cancer, including melanoma. Repeated exposure to sunlight can result in pterygium formation, cataracts, and macular degeneration. PREVENTIVE MEASURES FOR TRAVELERS Sun Avoidance Staying indoors or seeking shade between 10 AM and 4 PM is very important in limiting exposure to UV rays, particularly UVB rays. Be aware that sunburn and sun damage can occur even on cloudy days and even when one sits under an umbrella or in the shade. Protective Clothing Wide-brimmed hats, long sleeves, and long pants protect against UV rays. Tightly woven clothing and darker fabrics provide additional protection.
    [Show full text]