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The Rehabilitation of Marija Gimbutas' Kurgan Theory, Recent Research Developments Content of This Article
The rehabilitation of Marija Gimbutas’ Kurgan theory, recent research developments This update is in English and not in Dutch because recent literature on the rehabilitation of Marija Gimbutas is in English. This text will be included in in the new edition of The Language of MA titled ‘The Language of MA revisited’, forthcoming in 2020. The abbreviation of this 2020 book is LOMA rev.; the abbr. of the 2013 edition is LOMA. Several Dutch articles on patriarchy and the transition from matriarchy to patriarchy can be found on my website www.anninevandermeer.nl under the button ‘Vaderland’ and subbutton ‘De invasies van steppevolkeren en het begin van het patriarchaat’ and ‘actuele visies op de overgang van moederland naar vaderland’. Content of this article: 1. The Kurgan-theory of Marija Gimbutas 2. The rehabilitation of Marija Gimbutas, recent interdisciplinary research 3. Colin Renfrew rehabilitating Marija Gimbutas’ Kurgan-theory 4. David Anthony: ‘Marija Gimbutas was right’… 5. Concluding remark 1. The Kurgan-theory of Marija Gimbutas Cultures in Old Europe: 6500 BC-4500 (left), 4000-3500 BC (middle), right 3500-3000 BC mapping the end of the Neolithic. The Kurgan-people, LOMA, 135. Marija Gimbutas described the culture of the steppe tribes or in her words the ‘Kurgan people’ as follows: ‘they have a herders' economy with rudimentary agriculture, coarse pottery with cord impressions and sun motifs, domestication of horses, warfare, metal weapons, worship of masculine sky gods, a patrilineal social system, and finally elite graves of important men’.1 These graves she called ‘kurgans; the Russian word for ‘grave in a hill’ is kurgan (they use another word for a ‘hill’); these burial mounds form ‘hills’ in the landscape. -
Europaio: a Brief Grammar of the European Language Reconstruct Than the Individual Groupings
1. Introduction 1.1. The Indo-European 1. The Indo-European languages are a family of several hundred languages and dialects, including most of the major languages of Europe, as well as many in South Asia. Contemporary languages in this family include English, German, French, Spanish, Countries with IE languages majority in orange. In Portuguese, Hindustani (i.e., mainly yellow, countries in which have official status. [© gfdl] Hindi and Urdu) and Russian. It is the largest family of languages in the world today, being spoken by approximately half the world's population as their mother tongue, while most of the other half speak at least one of them. 2. The classification of modern IE dialects into languages and dialects is controversial, as it depends on many factors, such as the pure linguistic ones (most of the times being the least important of them), the social, economic, political and historical ones. However, there are certain common ancestors, some of them old, well-attested languages (or language systems), as Classic Latin for Romance languages (such as French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Rumanian or Catalan), Classic Sanskrit for the Indo-Aryan languages or Classic Greek for present-day Greek. Furthermore, there are other, still older -some of them well known- dialects from which these old language systems were derived and later systematized, which are, following the above examples, Archaic Latin, Archaic Sanskrit and Archaic Greek, also attested in older compositions and inscriptions. And there are, finally, old related dialects which help develop a Proto-Language, as the Faliscan (and Osco-Umbrian for many scholars) for Latino-Faliscan (Italic for many), the Avestan for Indo-Iranian or the Mycenaean for Proto-Greek. -
Manali Project Prospectus
Manali Project Prospectus Brief Overview and Areas for Further Research (April, 2017) Contents A. Description of Manali Project B. Overview of Story (as currently envisioned) C. Effort to Highlight Ways of Creating Unprecedented Culture Change, Cultivating Spiritual Wisdom D. Areas for Further Research A. Description of Project The Manali Project is a fictionalized account of three story lines taking place in a time period of from maybe 2080-2150. Hopefully, the story lines would highlight—through both dramatic and everyday circumstances-- 1) the positive possibilities associated with permaculture, appropriate technology 2) the humor associated with salvaging material culture from the previous “advanced” civilization --and share much about ways to create unprecedented culture change, and arrive at communities which integrate spiritual wisdom into the everyday circumstances of daily life. Note: (the name Manali is taken from the name of a town in India)…“Manali is named after the Sanatan Hindu lawgiver Manu. The name Manali is regarded as the derivative of 'Manu-Alaya' which literally means 'the abode of Manu'. Legend has it that sage Manu stepped off his ark in Manali to recreate human life after a great flood had deluged the world.” (Wikipedia) Questions which this fictional account seeks to explore include “what is wisdom?”, and “how does cultural transmission of wisdom take place?”. There will also be an effort to be realistic about what kind of material culture each of the three story lines have. Included below are some sources which I have identified as starting points for giving the three story lines authentic material cultures. However, this kind of writing involves more research than what I’ve done before, and so I’m looking for ideas about how to develop the material culture piece of it. -
Old Europe Meets the Indo-Europeans Indo-European Languages Shared IE Words Proto-Indoeuropean (PIE) Characteristics
Indo-European Languages Old Europe Meets the Indo-Europeans Spoken today from Europe to India. Alan R. Rogers Examples: Latin, Greek, German, English, Celtic, Armenian, Russian, Sanskrit March 14, 2018 1 / 30 2 / 30 Shared IE Words Inherited from PIE. These shared words tell us something about the PIE homeland. I Numbers I Body parts: heart, hand, foot I Oak, beech, wolf, bear, salmon I Snow I Relatives 3 / 30 4 / 30 Proto-IndoEuropean (PIE) Characteristics I Milk words I Horses, sheep, cattle, pigs, goats, grain I Copper, maybe bronze, not iron I Carts, weaving, mead I Patrilineal clans, raiding, war, revenge I Young male warriors, wolf totem Wheel/Horse area overlap at 5k ago shaded in blue. 5 / 30 6 / 30 PIE Characteristics, continued Gods I Deus, Zeus, Jupiter (Zeu Pater), Duanz Pita, Indra I Three classes: warriors, clergy, farmers I Jove, Sius, Deva I Epic poetry: Rig Veda, Iliad I Thor, Perjanya I “driving cattle,” “undying fame,” “immortal gods” I Hestia, Vesta I slay a dragon I Aphrodite, Venus, Freya, Lakshmi I Various twins 7 / 30 8 / 30 PIE were not technologically advanced Anatolian Hypothesis: Colin Renfrew Sumerians had I wheel IndoEuropean originated in I writing Anatolia (Turkey). I arithmetic I cities Spread north with the early Neolithic, 7 kya I irrigation PIE had domesticated the horse. 9 / 30 10 / 30 Kurgan Hypothesis: Marija Gimbutas Old Europe: 6500–2800 BC IndoEuropean originated in Pontic Steppes (Ukraine) Spread West, East, and South in Bronze Age, 5 kya It now seems clear that Gimbutas was right; Renfrew wrong. 11 / 30 12 / 30 Old Europe Varna Cemetery, Farming Bulgaria Gold, copper 4900–4400 BC Dispersed settlements little Lots of gold ⇒ warfare. -
Univerza V Mariboru Filozofska Fakulteta
UNIVERZA V MARIBORU FILOZOFSKA FAKULTETA Oddelek za anglistiko in amerikanistiko DIPLOMSKO DELO Iva Starc Maribor, 2011 UNIVERZA V MARIBORU FILOZOFSKA FAKULTETA Oddelek za anglistiko in amerikanistiko Diplomsko delo INDOEVROPEJCI IN BESEDE SKUPNEGA IZVORA INDOEVROPSKIH JEZIKOV Graduation thesis INDO-EUROPEANS AND WORDS OF COMMON ORIGINS FROM THE INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES Mentorica: Kandidatka: red. prof. dr. Dunja Jutronić Iva Starc Maribor, 2011 Lektorici: Maja Schweiger, profesorica angleškega in nemškega jezika Maja Malnarič, profesorica slovenskega in nemškega jezika ZAHVALA Zahvaljujem se mentorici, red. prof. dr. Dunji Jutronić, za strokovno pomoč pri izdelavi diplomskega dela. Iskrena hvala družini in prijateljem za vso pomoč in podporo v času študija. I Z J A V A Podpisana Iva Starc, rojena 22.08.1987 študentka Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Mariboru, smer angleški jezik s književnostjo in sociologija, izjavljam, da je diplomsko delo z naslovom Indo-Europeans and words of common origins from the Indo-European languages pri mentorici red. prof. dr. Dunji Jutronić, avtorsko delo. V diplomskem delu so uporabljeni viri in literatura korektno navedeni; teksti niso prepisani brez navedbe avtorjev. _______________________ Maribor, 2011 POVZETEK Indoevropejci predstavljajo najštevilčnejšo jezikovno družino sveta. Zaradi svoje številčnosti in raznolikosti so skozi zgodovino pomembno vplivali na oblikovanje današnjega sveta. Mnogi strokovnjaki skušajo pojasniti njihov izvor in način, po katerem so živeli, a jih pri tem ovira predvsem primanjkljaj dokazov. V prvem delu diplomske naloge so bili opisani indoevropski jeziki in narodi, ki uporabljajo te jezike v Evropi in Aziji. Tako kot številna strokovna dela, se je tudi diplomsko delo poskušalo najti domovino Indoevropejcev in poti po katerih je potekala njihova razselitev. -
Anatomy of a Backlash: Concerning the Work of Marija Gimbutas
Anatomy of a Backlash Charlene Spretnak! ! Special Issue 2011!! ! ! ! !!!!!!!! ! ! ! !!!!! ! ! !!!!!!!!Volume 7! ! Anatomy of a Backlash: Concerning the Work of Marija Gimbutas Charlene Spretnak Introduction: Marija Gimbutas’ Pioneering distancing themselves from a caricature of Work in Five Areas Gimbutas’ work they termed “outdated”—that they had made a number of fresh discoveries Anyone who assumes that material published and conclusions about Neolithic societies which under her own name will stand as an inviolable are, in truth, exactly what Gimbutas had record of her positions might well consider the discovered, observed, and written about decades case of Marija Gimbutas (1921–1994). She is a earlier. An example is “Women and Men at renowned Lithuanian-American archaeologist Çatalhöyük” by Ian Hodder in Scientific who was internationally regarded as occupying American,1 in which Hodder incorrectly informs the pinnacle of her field, having left an his readers that MariJa Gimbutas “argued extensive written record of her pioneering work forcefully for an early phase of matriarchal for over half a century (scores of monographs society.”2 In this article on the excavation of and excavation site reports, editorships of Catalhöyük in Turkey, Hodder announces “fresh scholarly journals, presentations at international evidence of the relative power of the sexes” in conferences published in proceedings volumes, that Neolithic settlement—as if it were a break- three hundred fifty articles, and more than through discovery of his own, supposedly -
DNA Genealogy and Linguistics. Ancient Europe
Advances in Anthropology 2013. Vol.3, No.2, 101-111 Published Online May 2013 in SciRes (http://www.scirp.org/journal/aa) http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/aa.2013.32014 DNA Genealogy and Linguistics. Ancient Europe Anatole A. Klyosov1, Giancarlo T. Tomezzoli2 1The Academy of DNA Genealogy, Newton, USA 2European Patent Office, Munich, Germany Email: [email protected], [email protected] Received March 19th, 2013; revised April 20th, 2013; accepted April 27th, 2013 Copyright © 2013 Anatole A. Klyosov, Giancarlo T. Tomezzoli. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This article attempts to merge the data of contemporary linguistics and DNA genealogy in order to de- scribe the migrations and settlement of peoples and languages in Europe after the last Ice Age. In the new paradigm, three important groups of players have been identified: —R1a haplogroup bearers, condition- ally identified as Aryans. They arose around 20,000 years before the present (ybp) in central Asia and the Altai Mountains; after their migration along the southern route, they arrived in Europe between 10,000 - 9000 ybp, bringing proto-Indo European (PIE) and Indo European (IE) languages. In 4800 ybp they mi- grated eastward from Europe to the Russian Plane and then to India. About 3000 - 2500 ybp they mi- grated with their IE languages from the Russian Plain back to central, western, and southern Europe, lay- ing the genetic groundwork for peoples later called Celts, Germans, Italics, Greeks, Illyrians, and Balto-Slavs. -
The Proto-Indo-Europeans
APPENDIX III: THE PROTO-INDO-EUROPEANS III.1. PEOPLE The Proto-Indo-Europeans are the speakers of the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language, a prehistoric people of the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Age. They are a group of people whose existence from around 4000 BCE is inferred from their language, Proto-Indo-European. Some things about their culture can be determined with confidence, based on the words reconstructed for their language: They used a kinship system based on relationships between men. The chief of their pantheon was djḗus patḗr (lit. ―sky father‖) and an earth god. They composed and recited heroic poetry or song lyrics, that used stock phrases like undying fame. The climate they lived in had snow. They were both pastoral and nomadic, domesticating cattle and horses. They had carts, with solid wheels, but not yet chariots, with spoked wheels. What is known about the Proto-Indo-Europeans with any certainty is the result of comparative linguistics, partly seconded by archaeology. The following traits are widely agreed-upon, but it should be understood that they are hypothetical by their reconstructed nature. The Proto-Indo-Europeans were a patrilineal society, probably semi-nomadic, relying on animal husbandry (notably cattle and sheep). They had domesticated the horse (ékwos). The cow (cṓus) played a central role, in religion and mythology as well as in daily life. A man's wealth would have been measured by the number of his animals (péku, the word for small livestock, acquired a meaning of ―value‖ in both English fee and in Latin pecunia). They practiced a polytheistic religion centered on sacrificial rites, probably administered by a priestly caste. -
The Journal of Archaeomythology Summer, 2005 Volume 1, Number 1
The Journal of Archaeomythology Summer, 2005 Volume 1, Number 1 Marija Gimbutas’ Kurgan Hypothesis and Indo-European Studies Edgar C. Polomé It is difficult to measure how extensive an actively all her life). Here again, she coordinates impact any one scholar has had on a specific linguistic data with the results of archaeological field. Not only are her or his publications findings, displaying a sound scepticism versus relevant, but more important is the response of the Balto-Slavic hypothesis: other researchers within the discipline. Sometimes, the influence of particular views is The question of unity or parallelism. even made deeper by the dissenting opinions is mainly a matter of terminology and they have triggered or the continued chronology. Judging from archaeological investigations they have inspired. Nowhere are evidence, the period of convergence these considerations more valid than in the case must have ended in the first half of the of Marija Gimbutas. second millennium BC, and in the long history of relationships between the The earlier work of Marija Gimbutas, on the Baltic and Slavic languages there were Balts and the Slavs, led to the two brilliant periods of complete independence and monographs in the series Ancient Peoples and parallelism (Gimbutas 1971:25-6). Places (1963 and 1971). Beside rich archaeological and prehistorical data, The Balts Her position is comparable to that of G. Devoto contain a remarkable synthesis of her views on versus the alleged unity of Latino-Faliscan and Baltic religion, which she later expanded in Osco-Umbrian. several contributions drawing, with independent thoughts, on the works of Biezais. -
Draugas News Dec 2017
8 DECEMBER 2017 DRAUGASNEWS Professor Marija Gimbutas and Those Indo-Europeans The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago – a leading center for the study of Part of the collection of the Oriental Institute. ancient Near Eastern civilizations • Lectureship at the Oriental Insitute • Genetic studies confirm her theory • Faced and overcame discrimination derwrite. The talk presented her scientific contri- advocated by Lord Colin Renfrew, maintained that bution in establishing the origins of the Indo-Eu- Indo-Europeans originated from what is now central ropeans. The presenter was Lord Colin Renfrew, Sen- Turkey and that they slowly, and gradually spread ior Fellow of the McDonald Institute for Archaeo- through Europe. logical Research, Formerly Disney Professor of Ar- The question which of these two theories is cor- chaeology and Director of the McDonald Institute, rect has intrigued me for some time. University of Cambridge. He flew in from England In studying the literature about Indo-European for the sole purpose of giving this lecture. origins, a year and a half ago, I ran across a DVD fea- turing an interview with Marija Gimbutas, entitled Oriental Institute “Signs Out of Time.” The conversation covered her entire life, from her early education in Lithuania to The Oriental Institute is an internationally her professorship at UCLA. This DVD was produced recognized center for the study of archeology of the in 2003 by Belili Productions and Canadian Donna ancient world. In addition to undertaking and Read and was narrated by Olympia Dukakis. (You can sponsoring a large number of archeological exca- view the interview on YouTube at vations and publishing its findings, the Institute, as www.youtube.com/watch?v=BjE2-H1R9Zs.) part of the University of Chicago, has an active un- What I heard, stunned me. -
Indo-European Expansion Cycles
Indo-European Expansion Cycles Axel Kristinsson The Reykjavik Academy http://www.axelkrist.com/ Hypothetical solutions to the ‘homeland problem’ in Indo- European studies are often hampered by the lack of clear causes for the expansion of the IE languages. The author uses a recently developed model of expansion cycles to address this situation. The model suggests that cultures comprised of several autonomous political units often constitute competitive systems which, through their inner dynamics, produce massive expansions after some centuries of competition. Using this model, the author finds that an intermediary solution between the Kurgan and Neolithic hypotheses seems to best fit the evidence. This suggests IE origins on the forest-steppe around the 4th millennium BC in the Cucuteni-Tripolye culture. Instead of seeing the wide distribution of Indo- European (IE) languages as a problem, we can see it as evidence. Something happened, probably around the 4th millennium BC, that caused the IE languages to start spreading over most of Europe and much of Asia, eventually to spawn the languages spoken by almost half of mankind. Whatever it was, it must have been quite unusual, spectacular and historically important. This importance has nothing to do with the IE languages as such. IE expansion did not take place because of some grammatical features of these languages; their spread is simply the smoking gun, the remaining evidence of an expansion that started around five or six thousand years ago. From this point of view, it is quite irrelevant what language was spoken at the core of the expansion; what matters is that the language dispersal that took place is evidence of an expansion that profoundly affected the societies involved. -
Language in European Prehistory
THEME: Interpreting the archaeological record. SESSION #410 Language in European Prehistory A reconstruction of Cro Magnon mother with her son – by Ateliers Daynès (Courtesy: Lascaux International Exhibition) SESSION ORGANISERS Win SCUTT, English Heritage Marcel OTTE, Université de Liège The Session will focus on the distribution and chronology of languages particularly Indo-European, spoken by people in Europe from the Palaeolithic to the Iron Age. Speakers will draw on a range of methods, including phylogenetic, toponymic, numismatic and historiographic to examine alternative models for the dating and dispersal of Indo-European languages. MULTILINGUAL COIN INSCRIPTIONS IN PRE-ROMAN EAST ANGLIA Dr Daphne Nash Briggs, [email protected] Inscriptions on ancient British coins mostly name the war-lords, rulers, or officials responsible for the coinages in question, and lend scraps of insight into language use, at least amongst the senior social elite in southern Britain, between the late first century BC and c. AD 45 or 60, or whenever native coinage ended after Claudius' conquest. Almost all such names are plainly in Brittonic, or are in Latin reflecting Brittonic (an interesting language choice in its own right). There are, however, some conspicuous exceptions, all in Norfolk, where several coin inscriptions record non-Latin, non- Brittonic, but plausibly West Germanic names and speech-forms. These must belong to some of the richest and most influential families in the northern cantons of the Civitas Icenorum, long before the Romans can have had any direct influence on the character of Britain's ethnic mix. They therefore raise some very interesting questions about the identity and maritime connections of some of the permanent residents of the Fen edge and North-Sea shoreline.