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The Expeditions to Tocharistan*
HANNES A. FELLNER The Expeditions to Tocharistan* I have been in love many times, but Asia remained my bride. She has held me captive in her cold embrace, and out of jealousy would never let me love any other. And I have been faithful to her, that is certain. Sven Hedin Introduction Tocharian studies within Indo-European linguistics seem compared to the studies of other branches of the Indo-European family to suffer from a little underdevelopment. One of the * I would like to express my gratitude to my teacher, Melanie Malzahn, for her patience, generosity and encouragement as well as for her very helpful comments on earlier drafts of this paper. Tocharian just like the Anatolian branch of Indo-European was dis- covered only at the beginning of the 20th century. Consequently, the study on both branches lacks a research tradition reaching back hun- dreds of years like it was the case with Sanskrit, Ancient Greek or Latin. But it is to emphasize that in this respect Anatolian was some- what more fortunate than Tocharian. Assyriology provided methods and experiences in the investigation of a cuneiform language like Hit- tite. The Hittites were also known from a lot of very important and diverse sources like the Old Testament and Ancient Egyptian records, so there was a more general interest for research in this language from very different fields right from the beginning. After the decipherment and proof that Hittite is an Indo-European language, KuryLowicz showed that it was possible to trace some of the Hittite (_) signs back to Saussure’s “coefficients sonantiques” and as a consequence at least some of the Indo-European scholars at that time recognized the im- portance of this branch immediately. -
The Rehabilitation of Marija Gimbutas' Kurgan Theory, Recent Research Developments Content of This Article
The rehabilitation of Marija Gimbutas’ Kurgan theory, recent research developments This update is in English and not in Dutch because recent literature on the rehabilitation of Marija Gimbutas is in English. This text will be included in in the new edition of The Language of MA titled ‘The Language of MA revisited’, forthcoming in 2020. The abbreviation of this 2020 book is LOMA rev.; the abbr. of the 2013 edition is LOMA. Several Dutch articles on patriarchy and the transition from matriarchy to patriarchy can be found on my website www.anninevandermeer.nl under the button ‘Vaderland’ and subbutton ‘De invasies van steppevolkeren en het begin van het patriarchaat’ and ‘actuele visies op de overgang van moederland naar vaderland’. Content of this article: 1. The Kurgan-theory of Marija Gimbutas 2. The rehabilitation of Marija Gimbutas, recent interdisciplinary research 3. Colin Renfrew rehabilitating Marija Gimbutas’ Kurgan-theory 4. David Anthony: ‘Marija Gimbutas was right’… 5. Concluding remark 1. The Kurgan-theory of Marija Gimbutas Cultures in Old Europe: 6500 BC-4500 (left), 4000-3500 BC (middle), right 3500-3000 BC mapping the end of the Neolithic. The Kurgan-people, LOMA, 135. Marija Gimbutas described the culture of the steppe tribes or in her words the ‘Kurgan people’ as follows: ‘they have a herders' economy with rudimentary agriculture, coarse pottery with cord impressions and sun motifs, domestication of horses, warfare, metal weapons, worship of masculine sky gods, a patrilineal social system, and finally elite graves of important men’.1 These graves she called ‘kurgans; the Russian word for ‘grave in a hill’ is kurgan (they use another word for a ‘hill’); these burial mounds form ‘hills’ in the landscape. -
Linguistics Development Team
Development Team Principal Investigator: Prof. Pramod Pandey Centre for Linguistics / SLL&CS Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi Email: [email protected] Paper Coordinator: Prof. K. S. Nagaraja Department of Linguistics, Deccan College Post-Graduate Research Institute, Pune- 411006, [email protected] Content Writer: Prof. K. S. Nagaraja Prof H. S. Ananthanarayana Content Reviewer: Retd Prof, Department of Linguistics Osmania University, Hyderabad 500007 Paper : Historical and Comparative Linguistics Linguistics Module : Indo-Aryan Language Family Description of Module Subject Name Linguistics Paper Name Historical and Comparative Linguistics Module Title Indo-Aryan Language Family Module ID Lings_P7_M1 Quadrant 1 E-Text Paper : Historical and Comparative Linguistics Linguistics Module : Indo-Aryan Language Family INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGE FAMILY The Indo-Aryan migration theory proposes that the Indo-Aryans migrated from the Central Asian steppes into South Asia during the early part of the 2nd millennium BCE, bringing with them the Indo-Aryan languages. Migration by an Indo-European people was first hypothesized in the late 18th century, following the discovery of the Indo-European language family, when similarities between Western and Indian languages had been noted. Given these similarities, a single source or origin was proposed, which was diffused by migrations from some original homeland. This linguistic argument is supported by archaeological and anthropological research. Genetic research reveals that those migrations form part of a complex genetical puzzle on the origin and spread of the various components of the Indian population. Literary research reveals similarities between various, geographically distinct, Indo-Aryan historical cultures. The Indo-Aryan migrations started in approximately 1800 BCE, after the invention of the war chariot, and also brought Indo-Aryan languages into the Levant and possibly Inner Asia. -
The Iranian Reflexes of Proto-Iranian *Ns
The Iranian Reflexes of Proto-Iranian *ns Martin Joachim Kümmel, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena [email protected] Abstract1 The obvious cognates of Avestan tąθra- ‘darkness’ in the other Iranian languages generally show no trace of the consonant θ; they all look like reflexes of *tār°. Instead of assuming a different word formation for the non-Avestan words, I propose a solution uniting the obviously corresponding words under a common preform, starting from Proto-Iranian *taNsra-: Before a sonorant *ns was preserved as ns in Avestan (feed- ing the change of tautosyllabic *sr > *θr) but changed to *nh elsewhere, followed by *anhr > *ã(h)r. A parallel case of apparent variation can be explained similarly, namely Avestan pąsnu- ‘ashes’ and its cog- nates. Finally, the general development of Proto-Indo-Iranian *ns in Iranian and its relative chronology is discussed, including word-final *ns, where it is argued that the Avestan accusative plural of a-stems can be derived from *-āns. Keywords: Proto-Iranian, nasals, sibilant, sound change, variation, chronology 1. Introduction The aim of this paper is to discuss some details of the development of the Proto- Iranian (PIr) cluster *ns in the Iranian languages. Before we proceed to do so, it will be useful to recall the most important facts concerning the history of dental-alveolar sibilants in Iranian. 1) PIr had inherited a sibilant *s identical to Old Indo-Aryan (Sanskrit/Vedic) s from Proto-Indo-Iranian (PIIr) *s. This sibilant changed to Common Iranian (CIr) h in most environments, while its voiced allophone z remained stable all the time. -
The Aristocratic Warlike Ethos of Indo-Europeans and the Primordial Origins of Western Civilization—Part Two Ricardo Duchesne [email protected]
Comparative Civilizations Review Volume 61 Article 3 Number 61 Fall 2009 10-1-2009 The Aristocratic Warlike Ethos of Indo-Europeans and the Primordial Origins of Western Civilization—Part Two Ricardo Duchesne [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/ccr Recommended Citation Duchesne, Ricardo (2009) "The Aristocratic Warlike Ethos of Indo-Europeans and the Primordial Origins of Western Civilization—Part Two," Comparative Civilizations Review: Vol. 61 : No. 61 , Article 3. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/ccr/vol61/iss61/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the All Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Comparative Civilizations Review by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Duchesne: The Aristocratic Warlike Ethos of Indo-Europeans and the Primordi The Aristocratic Warlike Ethos of Indo-Europeans and the Primordial Origins of Western Civilization—Part Two1 Ricardo Duchesne [email protected] Western civilization has been the single most war-ridden, war- dominated, and militaristic civilization in all human history. Robert Nisbet [Mycenaean] society was not the society of a sacred city, but that of a military aristocracy. It is the heroic society of the Homeric epic, and in Homer's world there is no room for citizen or priest or merchant, but only for the knight and his retainers, for the nobles and the Zeus born kings, 'the sackers of cities.' Christopher Dawson [T]he Greek knows the artist only in personal struggle... What, for example, is of particular importance in Plato's dialogues is mostly the result of a contest with the art of orators, the Sophists, the dramatists of his time, invented for the purpose of his finally being able to say: 'Look: I, too, can do what my great rivals can do; yes, I can do it better than them. -
From Small States to Universalism in the Pre-Islamic Near East
REVOLUTIONIZING REVOLUTIONIZING Mark Altaweel and Andrea Squitieri and Andrea Mark Altaweel From Small States to Universalism in the Pre-Islamic Near East This book investigates the long-term continuity of large-scale states and empires, and its effect on the Near East’s social fabric, including the fundamental changes that occurred to major social institutions. Its geographical coverage spans, from east to west, modern- day Libya and Egypt to Central Asia, and from north to south, Anatolia to southern Arabia, incorporating modern-day Oman and Yemen. Its temporal coverage spans from the late eighth century BCE to the seventh century CE during the rise of Islam and collapse of the Sasanian Empire. The authors argue that the persistence of large states and empires starting in the eighth/ seventh centuries BCE, which continued for many centuries, led to new socio-political structures and institutions emerging in the Near East. The primary processes that enabled this emergence were large-scale and long-distance movements, or population migrations. These patterns of social developments are analysed under different aspects: settlement patterns, urban structure, material culture, trade, governance, language spread and religion, all pointing at population movement as the main catalyst for social change. This book’s argument Mark Altaweel is framed within a larger theoretical framework termed as ‘universalism’, a theory that explains WORLD A many of the social transformations that happened to societies in the Near East, starting from Andrea Squitieri the Neo-Assyrian period and continuing for centuries. Among other infl uences, the effects of these transformations are today manifested in modern languages, concepts of government, universal religions and monetized and globalized economies. -
Pre-Proto-Iranians of Afghanistan As Initiators of Sakta Tantrism: on the Scythian/Saka Affiliation of the Dasas, Nuristanis and Magadhans
Iranica Antiqua, vol. XXXVII, 2002 PRE-PROTO-IRANIANS OF AFGHANISTAN AS INITIATORS OF SAKTA TANTRISM: ON THE SCYTHIAN/SAKA AFFILIATION OF THE DASAS, NURISTANIS AND MAGADHANS BY Asko PARPOLA (Helsinki) 1. Introduction 1.1 Preliminary notice Professor C. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky is a scholar striving at integrated understanding of wide-ranging historical processes, extending from Mesopotamia and Elam to Central Asia and the Indus Valley (cf. Lamberg- Karlovsky 1985; 1996) and even further, to the Altai. The present study has similar ambitions and deals with much the same area, although the approach is from the opposite direction, north to south. I am grateful to Dan Potts for the opportunity to present the paper in Karl's Festschrift. It extends and complements another recent essay of mine, ‘From the dialects of Old Indo-Aryan to Proto-Indo-Aryan and Proto-Iranian', to appear in a volume in the memory of Sir Harold Bailey (Parpola in press a). To com- pensate for that wider framework which otherwise would be missing here, the main conclusions are summarized (with some further elaboration) below in section 1.2. Some fundamental ideas elaborated here were presented for the first time in 1988 in a paper entitled ‘The coming of the Aryans to Iran and India and the cultural and ethnic identity of the Dasas’ (Parpola 1988). Briefly stated, I suggested that the fortresses of the inimical Dasas raided by ¤gvedic Aryans in the Indo-Iranian borderlands have an archaeological counterpart in the Bronze Age ‘temple-fort’ of Dashly-3 in northern Afghanistan, and that those fortresses were the venue of the autumnal festival of the protoform of Durga, the feline-escorted Hindu goddess of war and victory, who appears to be of ancient Near Eastern origin. -
Proto-Indo-European Roots of the Vedic Aryans
3 (2016) Miscellaneous 1: A-V Proto-Indo-European Roots of the Vedic Aryans TRAVIS D. WEBSTER Center for Traditional Vedanta, USA © 2016 Ruhr-Universität Bochum Entangled Religions 3 (2016) ISSN 2363-6696 http://dx.doi.org/10.13154/er.v3.2016.A–V Proto-Indo-European Roots of the Vedic Aryans Proto-Indo-European Roots of the Vedic Aryans TRAVIS D. WEBSTER Center for Traditional Vedanta ABSTRACT Recent archaeological evidence and the comparative method of Indo-European historical linguistics now make it possible to reconstruct the Aryan migrations into India, two separate diffusions of which merge with elements of Harappan religion in Asko Parpola’s The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization (NY: Oxford University Press, 2015). This review of Parpola’s work emphasizes the acculturation of Rigvedic and Atharvavedic traditions as represented in the depiction of Vedic rites and worship of Indra and the Aśvins (Nāsatya). After identifying archaeological cultures prior to the breakup of Proto-Indo-European linguistic unity and demarcating the two branches of the Proto-Aryan community, the role of the Vrātyas leads back to mutual encounters with the Iranian Dāsas. KEY WORDS Asko Parpola; Aryan migrations; Vedic religion; Hinduism Introduction Despite the triumph of the world-religions paradigm from the late nineteenth century onwards, the fact remains that Indologists require more precise taxonomic nomenclature to make sense of their data. Although the Vedas are widely portrayed as the ‘Hindu scriptures’ and are indeed upheld as the sole arbiter of scriptural authority among Brahmins, for instance, the Vedic hymns actually play a very minor role in contemporary Indian religion. -
Indo-Iranian Personal Names in Mitanni: a Source for Cultural Reconstruction DOI: 10.34158/ONOMA.54/2019/8
Onoma 54 Journal of the International Council of Onomastic Sciences ISSN: 0078-463X; e-ISSN: 1783-1644 Journal homepage: https://onomajournal.org/ Indo-Iranian personal names in Mitanni: A source for cultural reconstruction DOI: 10.34158/ONOMA.54/2019/8 Simone Gentile Università degli Studi di Roma Tre Dipartimento di Filosofia, Comunicazione e Spettacolo via Ostiense, 234˗236 00146 Roma (RM) Italy [email protected] To cite this article: Gentile, Simone. 2019. Indo-Iranian personal names in Mitanni: A source for cultural reconstruction. Onoma 54, 137–159. DOI: 10.34158/ONOMA.54/2019/8 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.34158/ONOMA.54/2019/8 © Onoma and the author. Indo-Iranian personal names in Mitanni: A source for cultural reconstruction Abstract: As is known, some Indo˗Aryan (or Iranian) proper names and glosses are attested in documents from Egypt, Northern Mesopotamia, and Syria, related to the ancient kingdom of Mitanni (2nd millennium BC). The discovery of these Aryan archaic forms in Hittite and Hurrian sources was of particular interest for comparative philology. Indeed, some names can be readily compared to Indo˗Iranian anthroponyms and theonyms: for instance, Aššuzzana can likely be related with OPers. Aspačanā ‘delighting in horses’, probably of Median origin; Indaratti ‘having Indra as his guest’ clearly recalls Indra, a theonym which occurs both in R̥ gveda and Avesta. This paper aims at investigating the relationship between Aryan personal names preserved in Near Eastern documents and the Indo˗Iranian cultural milieu. After a thorough collection of these names, their 138 SIMONE GENTILE morphological and semantic structures are analysed in depth and the most relevant results are showed here. -
Bronze Age Human Communities in the Southern Urals Steppe: Sintashta-Petrovka Social and Subsistence Organization
BRONZE AGE HUMAN COMMUNITIES IN THE SOUTHERN URALS STEPPE: SINTASHTA-PETROVKA SOCIAL AND SUBSISTENCE ORGANIZATION by Igor V. Chechushkov B.A. (History), South Ural State University, 2005 Candidate of Sciences (History), Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2013 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2018 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH KENNETH P. DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Igor V. Chechushkov It was defended on April 4, 2018 and approved by Dr. Francis Allard, Professor, Department of Anthropology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Dr. Loukas Barton, Assistant Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh Dr. Marc Bermann, Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh Dissertation Advisor: Dr. Robert D. Drennan, Distinguished Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh ii Copyright © by Igor V. Chechushkov 2018 iii BRONZE AGE HUMAN COMMUNITIES IN THE SOUTHERN URALS STEPPE: SINTASHTA-PETROVKA SOCIAL AND SUBSISTENCE ORGANIZATION Igor V. Chechushkov, Ph.D. University of Pittsburgh, 2018 Why and how exactly social complexity develops through time from small-scale groups to the level of large and complex institutions is an essential social science question. Through studying the Late Bronze Age Sintashta-Petrovka chiefdoms of the southern Urals (cal. 2050–1750 BC), this research aims to contribute to an understanding of variation in the organization of local com- munities in chiefdoms. It set out to document a segment of the Sintashta-Petrovka population not previously recognized in the archaeological record and learn about how this segment of the population related to the rest of the society. -
Europaio: a Brief Grammar of the European Language Reconstruct Than the Individual Groupings
1. Introduction 1.1. The Indo-European 1. The Indo-European languages are a family of several hundred languages and dialects, including most of the major languages of Europe, as well as many in South Asia. Contemporary languages in this family include English, German, French, Spanish, Countries with IE languages majority in orange. In Portuguese, Hindustani (i.e., mainly yellow, countries in which have official status. [© gfdl] Hindi and Urdu) and Russian. It is the largest family of languages in the world today, being spoken by approximately half the world's population as their mother tongue, while most of the other half speak at least one of them. 2. The classification of modern IE dialects into languages and dialects is controversial, as it depends on many factors, such as the pure linguistic ones (most of the times being the least important of them), the social, economic, political and historical ones. However, there are certain common ancestors, some of them old, well-attested languages (or language systems), as Classic Latin for Romance languages (such as French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Rumanian or Catalan), Classic Sanskrit for the Indo-Aryan languages or Classic Greek for present-day Greek. Furthermore, there are other, still older -some of them well known- dialects from which these old language systems were derived and later systematized, which are, following the above examples, Archaic Latin, Archaic Sanskrit and Archaic Greek, also attested in older compositions and inscriptions. And there are, finally, old related dialects which help develop a Proto-Language, as the Faliscan (and Osco-Umbrian for many scholars) for Latino-Faliscan (Italic for many), the Avestan for Indo-Iranian or the Mycenaean for Proto-Greek. -
Anatolian Civilizations.Pdf
P a g e | 1 ANATOLIAN CIVILIZATIONS: “From Hittites to the Persian Domination” Text written by Erdal Yavuz Anatolia, also called Asia Minor, at the Their center was Hattusas (in Boğazköy near crossroads of Asia and Europe, has been the home Yozgat) which will also be the capital city of the of numerous peoples during the prehistoric ages, Hittite kingdoms. with well-known Neolithic settlements such as Hattians spoke a language related to the Çatalhöyük , Çayönü, Hacılar to name a few. Northwest Caucasian language group eventually The settlement of legendary Troy also starts merged with the Hittites, who spoke the Indo- in the Neolithic period and continues forward into European Hittite language. the Iron Age. In the east and south east Anatolia, one of Anatolia offered a mild climate with reliable the earliest state builders were the Hurrians, and regular rainfall necessary for a regular entering the scene toward the end of the 3rd agricultural production. Besides the timber and millennium BC stone essential for construction but deficient in Hurrians occupied large sections of eastern Mesopotamia, Anatolia had rich mines, which Anatolia and later the Cilicia region (From Alanya to provided copper, silver, iron, and gold. Mersin including the Taurus Mountains) and had a Since the peninsula is a land bridge between strong influence on the Hittite culture, language and Asia and Europe as well as the Mediterranean and mythology. the Black Sea, trade to and from the region also had However the Hurrians lost all political and been important since the prehistoric times. All the cultural identity by the last part of the 2nd above particularities made Anatolia very attractive millennium BC.