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DONBAS: Territory of eXistence ASSESSMENT OF ARMED CONFLICT INFLUENCE TO THE DONETSK AND LUHANSK REGION’S STATE OF TECHNOGENIC AND ECOLOGIC SAFETY IN UKRAINE Ukrainian Research Institute of Engineering Ecology ASSESSMENT OF ARMED CONFLICT INFLUENCE TO THE DONETSK AND LUHANSK REGION’S STATE OF TECHNOGENIC AND ECOLOGIC SAFETY IN UKRAINE The authors: Chernenko Ruslan Pliushchakova Lina Aleksieieva Viktoriia Nefodova Nadiia Voloshyna Nataliia The editor: Pliushchakova Lina Translation: Afanasienko Anna Design and layout: Nefodova Nadiia The Ukrainian version of the link - iEco.in.ua © All the rights are reserved. All the information inside could be used only if Ukrainian Research Institute of Engineering Ecology is mentioned © Designed by Harryarts/Freepik CONTENT 1. Preamble................................................... 5 2. Introduction.............................................. 6 3. TOP-100 Facilities..................................... 10 4. TOP-10 Facilities........................................ 20 5. Resume...................................................... 28 6. Luhansk Region TOP-10........................... 30 7. Donetsk Region TOP-10............................ 50 Annex 1............................................................ 70 Annex 2............................................................ 74 DONBAS: Territory of eXistence -4- Ukrainian Research Institute of Engineering Ecology The summary PREAMBLE analysis of the most important works has been issued as a The environmental problems and priorities of component part of the report «Assessment the eastern Ukraine of environmental damage and priorities for environment in conditions of the armed conflict restoration on the east of Ukraine» by the OSCE Project The aim of this report is to access the influence of the armed Coordinator in Ukraine. conflict to the state of environmental and industrial safety of the It has displayed relative Donetsk and Luhansk regions in Ukraine within 2014 – 2018 years as ambivalence of the well as to forecast the abovementioned state in prospect in accordance problem highlighted with the most probable scenarios. as well as variety of assessment subjects The main tasks of this investigation are as follows: and approaches being — identification of the most possible catastrophes of technogenic origin used. and places of their occurrence in the eastern Ukraine in conditions of armed conflict in order to maintain readiness for such disasters and However the major possibility to respond appropriately); focus of such report - determination of negative influence degree on the state of technogenic was placed on the and environmental safety of eastern regions of Ukraine (Donetsk and present environmental Luhansk regions) for its subsequent restoration at the social level, as state being changed well as at the regional, interregional, national and international levels. under condition of the armed conflict. Within this work, the methods aimed to make a comprehensive analysis of the interrelated environmental and industrial components of the region safety are used. The region’s urbanization, industrialization and militarization factors are taken into account during preparation of this work. Such analysis is conducted through the assessment of the separate hazardous infrastructure facilities, their branch and technological connections and complexes with the specification of the state of environmental and industrial components of the region’s safety in peace time (retrospectively) as well as during the armed conflict (present and prospective in accordance with the most probable scenarios: cessation and escalation). -5- DONBAS: Territory of eXistence INTRODUCTION The armed conflict in eastern Ukraine, taking place in one of the most industrialized and urbanized regions of Europe, led to significant increase of interrelated technogenic and environmental threats to the population, in particular due to the violation of operating conditions of numerous dangerous plants: Potentially Hazardous Facilities (PHF) and Facilities of Increased Danger (FID). Before the beginning of this conflict, almost a quarter of industrial potential of Ukraine was concentrated on the territory of Donetsk and Luhansk regions. Up to 80% of such facilities belong to the most environmentally hazardous production facilities, which have the most negative influence on the environment, causing an overall, substantial irreversible impact. The complex of mining, processing, chemical, power and other facilities with a significant number of industrial and urban agglomerations inherited from the former Soviet Union, led to appearance of significant risks of technogenic and ecological disasters with the major transboundary consequences due to military actions in places of PHF location. The greatest threat among them pertains to power stations, chemical industry enterprises, mines, product pipelines and hydrotechnical structures, including places for the hazardous waste disposal. Significant disproportions in the production forces distribution, which took place over a long period of time, led to the following situation in Ukraine: the environmental technogenic burden became 4-5 times higher compared to the same in the developed countries. However, about 4600 PHF (17% of the total) are concentrated on the territory of Donetsk and Luhansk regions, so the space density factor is two times higher than the average value within the country, and in Donetsk region - 3 times higher (75,6 and 109,7 against 39,2 units/ths.km2 correspondingly). The major part of them, being the facilities of critical infrastructure, work using outdated technologies, in conditions of excessive deterioration (up to 70%) and dangerous decrease of subsoil strength because of flooding as well as widespread occurrence of karst processes typical for the region (85% of the territory) and the corrosion devastating effects on the structural elements of engineering communications and structures. -6- Ukrainian Research Institute of Engineering Ecology The highest level of technogenic burden in two eastern regions of Ukraine is greatly increased because of the presence of more than 650 FID, many of which carry a threat of chemical damage to the population. In general, at the beginning of the conflict, there were 218 production facilities in the region, being the place of storage and use of more than 84 thousand tons (28% of the total) of hazardous chemicals (including chlorine, ammonia, concentrated acids, benzene, methanol, formalin) intended for production activities. At the same time, 28 productions within the region considered comprised approximately a half of all plants of the 1st level - the highest level of chemical hazard in Ukraine. The concentration of a large number of hazardous facilities and high density of population in Donetsk and Luhansk regions caused a significant threats leading to death of the population because of accidental (emergency) situations, even during the peacetime. Only at 01.01.2014 2,6 million of people occupied the zones of possible chemical pollution within these regions, the total area of which had compounded 11 thousand km2. In the conditions of armed conflict, these threats have increased significantly. It happened not only because of the destruction and damage to enterprises due to the shells hit during hostilities. Violation of operation principles during work with hazardous facilities and insufficient replacement or the main production facilities updating had a significant negative influence to technogenic and environmental safety. For example, in the mining regions of the Donbas, in conditions of systematic violations of technological regulations of mines and opencasts water discharge there is an existential threat of catastrophic flooding/waterlogging of adjacent cities and villages, unpredictable emission of explosive methane in industrial and residential buildings, pollution of underground and surface water sources. Presence in the coal mining area more than 2,000 «pits» only intensifies shiftings and destruction of surface engineering infrastructure, as well as uncontrolled leakage of contaminated mine water into the feeding areas of surface and underground water intakes and the transboundary runoff of contaminated mine water in the Siversky Donets River. -7- DONBAS: Territory of eXistence Extensive interconnections of energy and resourses enforces the consequences of emergency situations when occurred. The probability of such issues is much more higher in conditions of armed conflict and military actions. Emergency during operation (stop, damage, destruction, etc.) of one facility in many cases leads to a chain reaction and appearance of cascade problems at the related manufacturing plants. Such emergencies considerably increase the level of hazard for environment and local population of the region through distribution, deterioration, prolongation of the consequences. Even disruption of transport infrastructure and logistics services caused by confrontation and military actions in the east of Ukraine result to increasing of the hazard severity rating of the facilities and administrative divisions located within these areas. As compared to Donetsk region, having better developed communication lines, and steadily declining quantity of dangerous chemicals during the recent years, the similar values in Luhansk region compared to 2013 (before the armed conflict) have increased rapidly. Only within the part of this region (where the processing industry enterprises and
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