Reflections on Heritage Projects on Kihnu Island, in Viljandi County, and in Various Protected Areas

SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT IN ESTONIA: REFLECTIONS ON HERITAGE PROJECTS ON KIHNU ISLAND, IN VILJANDI COUNTY, AND IN VARIOUS PROTECTED AREAS KESTLIK KOGUKONNAKORRALDUS: KULTUURIPÄRANDIGA SEOSTUVATE ARENDUS TEGEVUSTE PEEGELDUSI KIHNU SAARELT, VILJANDI MAAKONNAST JA EESTI KAITSEALADELT PRIIT-KALEV PARTS A Thesis for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Protection Väitekiri filosoofiadoktori kraadi taotlemiseks keskkonnakaitse erialal Tartu 2015 EESTI MAAÜLIKOOL ESTONIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT IN ESTONIA: REFLECTIONS ON HERITAGE PROJECTS ON KIHNU ISLAND, IN VILJANDI COUNTY, AND IN VARIOUS PROTECTED AREAS KESTLIK KOGUKONNAKORRALDUS: KULTUURIPÄRANDIGA SEOSTUVATE ARENDUSTEGEVUSTE PEEGELDUSI KIHNU SAARELT, VILJANDI MAAKONNAST JA EESTI KAITSEALADELT PRIIT-KALEV PARTS A Thesis for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Protection Väitekiri filosoofiadoktori kraadi taotlemiseks keskkonnakaitse erialal Tartu 2015 Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Estonian University of Life Sciences According to verdict No 6-14/8-10 of June 25, 2015, the Doctoral Committee for the Environmental Sciences and Applied Biology of the Estonian University of Life Sciences has accepted the thesis for the defence of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Protection. Opponent: Prof. Jussi S. Jauhiainen Professor of Geography University of Turku Finland Supervisor: Prof. Kalev Sepp Department of Landscape Management and Nature Conservation Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Estonian Univesrity of Life Sciences Venue and time for defence of the thesis: Estonian University of Life Sciences, Baer House in Tartu, 4 Veski St, on August 21, 2015, at 11:00. The English text in the thesis has been revised by Meelis Leesik and the Estonian by Helen Kästik. The thesis was pre-reviewed by Carlo A. Cubero, PhD, Department of Social & Cul- tural Anthropology, University of Tallinn. Publication of this thesis is supported by the Estonian University of Life Sciences and by the Doctoral School of Earth Sciences and Ecology created under the auspices of European Social Fund © Priit-Kalev Parts 2015 ISSN 2382-7076 ISBN 978-9949-536-88-7 (trükis) ISBN 978-9949-536-89-4 (pdf) CONTENTS LIST OF ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS 7 ABBREVIATIONS 9 1. INTRODUCTION 10 2. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 18 2.1. Essence and principal tenets of planning 18 2.2. Discourse analysis: the role of language in ‘making places’ 19 2.3. Essentialism and cultural constructivism 20 2.4. Cultural heritage: historical and legal background 22 2.4.1. Cultural heritage as cultural phenomenon 25 2.4.2. Long lists: cultural heritage and ethnographic tradition 27 2.4.3. From cultural heritage to cultural capital 32 2.5. The notion of cultural environment preservation and European Union 34 2.6. The concept of tourism carrying capacity 37 2.7. Crafts Today: Theoretical Approaches, Economic and Political Context 43 2.7.1. Tacit knowing and other vivid descriptions of possessing a craft 43 2.7.2. Cultural heritage and traditional skills on the post-productivist market 45 2.7.3. The concept of an inherited craft 46 2.7.4. Reasons and methods for collecting information about individuals possessing an inherited craft: international experience 47 2.7.5. Cataloguing inherited crafts and collecting information about individuals who possess them: previous experience in Estonia 49 3. AIMS OF THE STUDY 51 4. MATERIALS AND METHODS 53 4.1. Study areas: general overview 53 4.1.1. Karula National Park, Lahemaa National Park and other protected areas which include seminatural landscapes 53 4.1.2. Kihnu island 57 4.1.3. Viljandi county 59 4.2. Methods used 60 4.2.1. Discourse analysis 60 4.2.2. Rapid/Relaxed and Participatory Rural Appraisal 62 5 4.2.3. Collecting Information about Individuals Possessing an Inherited Craft in Viljandi County: Elaboration of Principles and Content 64 4.2.4. Assessing the Viability of Settlements for Efficient Cultural Landscapes Management 66 4.3. Data 67 5. RESULTS 70 5.1. Evaluation of Landscapes 70 5.1.1. Analysis of the Estonian discourse of the value of landscapes 70 5.1.2. ‘Livingness’ as proposed basic value for landscape planning and community management 72 5.2. Assessing the Impact of Tourism on Kihnu Island 72 5.2.1. Historical background for tourism in Kihnu 72 5.2.2. Popular theories of tourism development and the basis for determining CP 74 5.2.3. The dynamics of Kihnu TALC 79 5.2.4. Preliminary tourism carrying capacity indicators 80 5.2.5. Recommendations for the organisation of monitoring of cultural and natural environment 81 5.3. Proposed approach of cultural heritage preservation for protected areas 85 5.4. Men’s crafts in Viljandi county in 2008: current situation and developments 86 6. DISCUSSION 87 6.1. Dynamic preservation: applicability and relevance 87 6.2. Limitations of TALC model 87 6.2.1. The position and prospects of Kihnu in TALC model 89 6.3. Women’s crafts and men’s work: implications for crafts-related institutions and policies 90 7. CONCLUSIONS 92 8. RECOMMENDATIONS 95 REFERENCES 96 SUMMARY IN ESTONIAN 111 ORIGINAL Publications 117 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 275 CURRICULUM VITAE 276 ELULOOKIRJELDUS 280 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 285 APPROBATION 288 6 LIST OF ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS This thesis is based on the following papers that are referred to by the corresponding Roman numerals in the text. The papers are reproduced with the kind permission of the publishers. Parts, P.-K. The Evaluation of Landscape: Nature Morte or Living Land- scape?, 36 p. Manuscript submitted to Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography. Parts, P.-K., Sepp, K. 2007. Assessing the Impact of Tourism: Intellec- tual and Economic Struggles and Landscape Changes on Kihnu Island. – Sustainable Planning and Development Conference Proceedings III. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, Vol 102, WIT Press: Southampton, Boston, 341–354. Parts, P.-K. 2007. Kultuurilise tootmise tehnoloogia poole: kultuuri- pärandi näide [Towards a technology of cultural production: The exam- ple of cultural heritage]. Akadeemia, (2), 227–271. Parts, P.-K., Rennu, M., Jääts, L., Matsin, A., Metslang, J. 2011. De- veloping Sustainable Heritage-Based Livelihoods: an initial study of artisans and their crafts in Viljandi County, Estonia. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 17(5) September 2011, 401–425. Kliimask, J., Parts, P.-K., Järv, H., Sepp, K., Ward, R. 2015. Endan- gered Settlements and Protected Areas in Estonia − The Challenge of Maintaining Cultural Landscapes. International Journal of Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology, [In press]. 7 The authors made contributions to the articles as follows: I II III IV V Original idea JK PKP, KS PKP PKP PKP Study design JK, PKP PKP, KS PKP PKP PKP Data collection All PKP, KS PKP All PKP Data analysis All PKP, KS PKP All PKP Preparation of All PKP PKP PKP, MR, PKP the manuscript LJ PKP − Priit-Kalev Parts, KS − Kalev Sepp, JK – Jaak Kliimask, HJ − Henri Järv, RW – Raymond Ward, MR − Madis Rennu, LJ − Liisi Jääts, AM − Ave Matsin, All – all authors of the article 8 ABBREVIATIONS CC − Carrying Capacity DA − discourse analysis DAPIS − Database of Viljandi County Artisans Possessing Inherited Skills DCPIS=DAPIS1 EUROPARC (also EUROPARC Federation) − Federation of Nature and National Parks of Europe ICHC − Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage ICHC − the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (below, the ICHC) IPIC – individual possessing an inherited craft LFA – logical framework approach NATURA (to be precise: NATURA 2000) – a Europe-wide network of nature protection areas based on the EU nature directive 92/43/EC (last amended on 20 November 2006) NP – National Park PRA – Participatory Rural Appraisal RRA – Rapid/Relaxed Rural Appraisal TA − Tourism Area TACP – Tourism Area Carrying Capacity TALC − Tourism Area Life Cycle TCHC − Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage UNEP − United Nations Environment Program VASAB − Vision and Strategies around the Baltic Sea − is an intergovern- mental network of 11 countries of the Baltic Sea Region promoting cooperation on spatial planning and development in the Baltic Sea Region WTO=UNWTO − World Tourist Organisation, since 2005 UNWTO (United Nations World Tourist Organisation) 1 An earlier version of the name is DCPIS (database of craftsmen possessing inherited skills). 9 1. INTRODUCTION The initial impetus for this thesis originated from an assignment that I undertook to prepare a set of recommendations regarding building re- strictions in the Karula National Park (Parts 2002). My task turned out to be more complicated than I had initially expected and I soon found myself in need of an underlying theoretical framework on which to base my planning recommendations. In connection with elaborating the development and management recommendations concerning landscapes and cultural heritage, the thesis looks at the national parks of Karula and Lahemaa, various other protected areas of Estonia, the Kihnu island and Viljandi county. The principal questions I am dealing with are the following: Is the value of landscapes and heritage an objective one? Who should have the authority to decide on development priorities concerning landscapes and different types of heritage that they contain and how will that decision affect practical management of such landscapes and heritage? Is it possible to protect a landscape’s authentic character? What characteristics of landscapes and/or heritage are likely to respond to management and how should they be managed? How should the notion of sustainability be interpreted in the context of landscape planning and heritage management? My work and recreational pursuits have brought me into frequent con- tact with topics and environments whose current importance is linked to earlier historical periods – i.e., to cultural heritage. These topics and environments include valuable rural (traditional, ‘national’ (i.e., typical of Estonia), etc.) landscapes, the Kihnu cultural environment, tourism (II) and traditional skills (IV).

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