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~ TOC"'~"'T"«,", ""ltlcm"nl5dndc<"",~[i"'()f'hc:SibaculfUre.3nE..lyBronzhi. The only wa~ we can d'5<1W Yuozhi Tochnn.n'pocinli.ts.regener.llyre!uc,an,ro.dm",har,h.",wa. 11,1 "",Turpan any flow of Indo-Iranian vocabulary Into Tochan.n e.rlier than the !>,,,,n' ,han 'he h..ro",:,,1 record,aUow. We.re engaged In mOl'mgMme. 1" millenmum Be,. mnewhen words such as Tochanan A porat, Tocha"an r aero" a map wlIhou, any evid=of 'he people. If 'he Chine.., histo,,,,s Bperel'a",,'ruayhavebeenborrowedfmmKlmelranlanlanguage(wehnd had never mtnnoned rhe YueUl1 on the bord... of Ch,n., noorchacologi" O,serle fariit 'axe')_ Tochari.:!n al,o employs a word for 'oron' (A ancu, B i wouldhavehadtheshgh'''''reasonropo'lUlarc,heirexiSfenco TheYue,h, "ricUIlIO) whICh 'Ome compare wah .imilar word, .uch os O..otic ~~d4n "re'ghosr.".uromonedupbyh"rorian,rorormentarchaeolosm,.'Weh.ve 'stU:I'.While.u,hev,deoceeanonlybeemployedpo.invely,i.o.i,cannor no need to look for ghost>; we have the remain' of ",.1 ~ople w!th ade"", demonstrate'h.t~on..c..didnotexl..,rhe",ha~beenfewto.ugge",ha, ,omeeviden"eof,hn,m.to,ia]cuJEbre. ,hoancestorso[,hoTochar""uW<:relndo>econ",,,with,ho,,lndo-lranian netghboun;beforec.l000--500ac.Togobackanyearlierrake.u,inroone Lingui.ticPrehi.wry oflh.mostd"pured~latin prefIx wlfh • GermanIc roar or.ubfamlh.. ,nd ,be i.. ue of how 'Europe.n-the Tochanan language. (emb.dded).Tharrhemos,ba.icvyofProro-lndo-lrani.n,.nd.nydiAryan Or Irani.n orig,in.will 'ndud. the geographical sr.gingareaof WIth the medieval pmnun";a"on 'd~"an; a)'o me.suremen{$ of capoClt!\ Proro-Indo-lr~nian. The malorilyof,<11rhough noralI,lndo-Europeau15 .. and,a.D. Q. Adarru;h •• recenrly Indlca'M"he word for 'flee') nor does wouldal.oaccepraBalro-51.vic"agebefo'"theind.:pendenrde~lopmenr TurklShprov.dca.ignifiean'KlurceofToch.roanrocabula'l'On,heorher of rhe Bal{tc and 5lovlClanguages. Now borh lhe.e.ubgroup. of lndo­ hand,M,dclle lran,anl.nguagescurrent III dteTarim Ba"nand.urmundmg European are.atem languages (I.e. rhey changed a 'hard'gorkroj,.or.) arta. in rhe hrmillennium ADprov,ded.ma)orandpred"table,ourceoi andlheexJ"enceofodteruruquelingnlSticfea,u",.,ha",db.twttn,he.. 10anwordsroth~Toch.ri.nl.nguage•. FromKhorane.. S.ka"helanguage ,atem languages.uggests ,omedegree of proximity berween rho 'WO group., of ,he ,ourhern Tarlm Ba'Jn,wefindIoanword••ucha.dsa~a- 'worthy' I.e. in ,orne way there was acontlnuum of Balro·Sbv,,-lndo-lr.ruan which borrowed",Toehan3l1B"1arr>'wortby',whoietheSogcognate with OUI Engh.h m.ad') '0 the cen'um langu.ge, whicb are dcfmed by 'h"'rhordpronunciarion of wInch wa. taken up a, Tocharian B mOl 'alcohol'. Somewhat earlie, conracts wh.rwereconsrruc,.,palaral vetars ('g, "/f.,erc.). I,i. generally, alrhough With I,anl.n languages"on be...,nin word. ouch a' Isam, 'arrow', which waS norun,~"ally,pro,um.d,ha,rhecen,umlanguage,dldno'partic,pa,ein app.renrlyborrowedfromano"bea'tlranianI3ngu.g,'"eb .. A~".n the ,nnovatlon. exp~rrenced by ,he .arem language.; being a cen'um ("""""-'we.pon'). Not all borrowmgs came by way of I,aru'n Slncethere langu.ge,however,doesno,te))youanymoreabout,"preh1Srotlc ",Jation •. "al.oe.,denceof IndJc borrowing. (a, well a, thed,rect impOrt3tIOn of Forrhar,JjnguJS"ba~.oughrorhercm.riaamongrheV3"o",centum San,ling atr"l' of modd. 'ha' ,hey havt: proposed. We e,g. Toclt.tlan B airy4 'nun" asarj're

! 'v. I v; .~'" I~j li: :;s" 1:;0I~I ~, ""5" <{I ~ ~! ~ 0 ~ "" iill could ent ..tho Tarim B.. ,n from eIther the we., or the n"rrh. Of ,he,. tWo Frnally. ahhaugh the Qumul mummies lie beyond aur documen,ary potentlal,ou=sthe""'''l,.urelytheprefe,redopuonbecau,ethemain .vtd.ncofo'llre""rnacularl.ngu~geoofEa"C'I1I"'IAsia._.ullhavea .ourceofSak.,ox"i.Khotanonthe,outhemS,lkRoad,whichwosnoE f ..... hin .... 'awhallangu.geth.ymayhave.poken.Wedo.fo,.xample. rW'\Y3pproacltabled"""tlyfromthenorrhotherlhanalong.de.enn>ad h",,< Tocharran documenrs a mere 150 km 193 miles) rO ,h. woo<- We mighr W'.,h""".lso,eenth.!rilephY'1Calevldencealongrheenrj"""urhem rou," alsonow",caUWernerWin="'uggestionrh",thelanguall"whlch~merged ofth.$J!kRoadback,ntoBacm33ppe;l,..tobem.rkedbyth''''''''~neraJ In wrltt.n ,ources 3S Tochan.n A may bave boen .poke. ra"her to the phy,ical type. Tho ,raJ=<>ry of th,.lndo·Afghantype,the",fon:, i.mo,r norrheast.i.e.inthedifOcllonoftbelaror T"rki,hpen.",monofEasr ...ily ...ignedtoth""e",hocarnedlnd1Co'I'.ni~n(S.kal\.nguage.fmm Centpold. (orHemphll!"peflpheral chronologtcal gap b.twet'n the Qumul mumm", .. dared rO abou, 1000 Be, Qawrighul people) .s the mor~ ltkely onnet.,he,dpartllewoman"he'ScreamBaby·••!C.jdarotoc.60011C and mummr.. and our language horizon. Here '00 rhen one migh, p«>pose B wo are only,ugge>,ing,ha"heybeassodatedwilhalmgu1Stlcsub,rrale north-,outhnwvem.I1Iof.arlyToohanon•. th.tmu"ha.ebeen ..",bh.hedb.foretlte3rdcenturyAD.AsTochanan Tho """knee of a crud. ,I..h from Occam', rator would seem rO ,ugge.. loartworoutmeStltor4thcentun.. pain,ings.we oanno',poak of thotltToch.r1.n occupied ,h. terri'ory most do.ely a,""c,aced Wltlt our Tooharian B doc· AandBdOCllmen,.. Wlnlei,,,diff,,,ul'toknowhowfarbaokwecanextr.­ umen... i,e.aroundKucha.lnOlhe.-worregion. Age populations witlt ,he laroc oa'" ".,", mentIOned in Han documen .. TocharJan at le.sr supplies a plau51bl. candidate for the Turpan group 0 f tltatproduc.d the Tooharran documents of the hlOto!1calpenod.Wha' we mumrni.....nceweh""'noOfherlanguagem'h.. regKIn'h.toffe..acred,ble have proposed i,merdy,ha,on,bo""idenceof phy"cal typo!ogy and alrern.t1ve. In ,.rms of generol phrsical'yp«.hereroollreProto·Europoid geog:raph,cal d;stribu"on, ,be T<>ch..riana would appear to denv<: from Ihe ,ype.ppe."bur.long.;Jde,helndo·Afg!tantype.with,MPamir_Ferghana notthand,helndo--lraman,l~rgolyfromth.we",hown>bU5'a"'such type apparendy the most re.:en'. conclu"onswhenWe3ddinto,beequatlon,h<"ldencoofarch.eology?

Mummygroup5,languagesandbacl conf,nement to fhe far east of East Central As.ia ,ugg~,,' ,ha' MongolOId Tu'pan Proto.Europ",cl population,enreredl.feandfrom,heeastand",",heaot.Futtbermore.we Indo-Afghon h.....goOdidea"fthe'.nlemen..andcemet.....oftheNeohtlllc¥angohao ""mr~P<:rgh.n. cuhureofno"h.rnChlRawhlchexpandedwestword"n,onelghbouring

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, II W"OWe"'H'M~"''''''Iran,an The Linguiscic Srratigraphy of Tocharian l!l:t 1'lJguagc,e.gAves'anlwr"a-'da~·Bact"anal.o,uppliedlo.nword. We Imve ",en in the prett',e.g.k.amrMo'head','m,ef'(go,,,"ctorderongofourev,deru;e,beir,narofpopul.tioruorarcnoeologlcal Tochanan A kakmor/,k 'ruler'. It is .1,0 Impo'tant to no", that the :1," ~ mfl"enco •. Thepmblemheforeus now15arraoginginCpr.hj,rorlcp<>pulatlons. diffICult Imgu""caUy 10 make ~ny case fo' the "'mpornl pnomy of Sak. In As we h.ve.l",ady ..en,.very language COmalO. sstregion,. place, only On... not probiomatlC. A. "ngation ag,ieulture " tMonly type Now many of the other loanword, found m Tochar...n are connet:ted of agriculrure ,hat one can p'""",e in tl>c Tartm Ba.in, It ISd,fficu!t to see withtherelog;ousand,.,,,,alloleassoc,.tedwithBuddhl5Inancihence,M how tM Tochanan. could ha""ekod out a hYing there bofore they knew of .ourco.here.reBuddhtstHybridS.n.knt,Prakm,.ndotherlndic irrigation. Ir"al.., unhkrly thot ,h. Iranl~n;andTocha"an' both am""" languages,o1, Byfarthegre.testn~mberoflo.nword.inToASIa where .reppe pa5lorah". moved 'nto ,heoa.e. andadopred the larger",m.nncrange.ln,omeln".n=theyappeartohaveb""nloanworo, agrkulruralrechmquesofth...rloerinhabuants.But, •• wehave.lrcady a,,,,,datedwlthexchange,e.g.Toch31JanBp,to'price'm.yderivefromS.ka seen, we do not ,eally have ,yp'cally West Central A.i.n BMAC farmo" I piho."price',andTochananA""""To

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