Urban Regeneration in a South African Context
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URBAN REGENERATION IN A SOUTH AFRICAN CONTEXT C. STEENKAMP Dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Magister Artium et Scientiae in Urban and Regional Planning of the Potchefstroom University of Christian Higher Education Supervisor: Prof H.S Geyer 2004 Potchefstroom ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: I wish to extend my sincere thanks: To Professor H.S. Geyer, my Supervisor, that taught me the wisdom required through the dissertation and understanding my viewpoints on the different matters. To Hilton for helping me with the technical part of the dissertation. To my friends, Alec (Boetie), Lyzaan (Patience), Jolien, Jannie, Daleen, Erika and Johan for enduring all my new ideas. To my parents, I extend heartfelt thanks for the years of support and encouragement, and not for blinking an eye when I decided to further my studies. And to Zane for his support, encouragement and love, thanks! To the joyful memory of Zagie OPSOMMING As gevolg van die oorgang van 'n moderne Hierdie studie demonstreer die wyse na 'n post modeme gemeenskap, en die waamp nuwe pogings na stedelike besef dat die wbreld se hulpbronne nie vir hernuwing, plaaslik en internasionaal altyd gaan hou nie, moet 'n verskeidenheid aangewend kan word om die probleem van gebruike vir die hulpbronne ontwikkel word stedelike degenerasie in Suid-Afrika te om die stygende sosiale en ekonomiese hanteer. Dit bevestig die feit dat alhoewel druk te balanseer. Om die ideale van die daar aandag gegee word aan stedelike volhoubare stad te bereik sal hierdie studie hernuwing in Suid-Afrika, daar 'n gebrek op die aspekte van stedelike hernuwing aan gestruktureerde beleid en wetgewing fokus. 'n Toenemende probleem waarmee bestaan wat daarop gerig is om die die beplanner te kampe het is die konstante potensiele voordele van die proses te destruktiewe teenwoordigheid van metodes vergmot. Twee belangrike bevindings van wat premature stedelike ve~alverwrsaak. die studie is dat stedelike hemuwing slegs Dit is dus die intensie van die outeur dat die suksesvol kan wees indien daar groter karakter en funksie van stedelike hernuwing betrokkenheid van die inwoners en 'n weer besoek moet word om te verbeter op verskeidenheid aspekte van die stedelike die tradisionele metodes wat gebruik word omgewing soos ekonomie, kuns, kultuur, om sentrale stedelike gebiede te verbeter. bemarking asook natuurlike en institusionele potensiaal ontwikkel moet word om die verlangde resultaat te bereik. As a result of the transition from a modem This study demonstrates how new to post-modem society, and the realization approaches to urban regeneration, locally that the earth's resources are no longer and internationally, could be applied to infinite, a diversity of uses needs to be urban areas in South Africa to help solve created in order to balance out the the problem of urban degeneration. It increasing social and economic pressures shows that although some attention is paid in built-up areas. In order to achieve the to urban regeneration in South Africa, there ideal of a sustainable city this study will is a lack of a dedicated set of policies and focus on the aspects of urban regeneration. legislation aimed at maximizing the A growing problem the planner has to potential benefits of the process. Two of the contend with is the constant presence of important findings of the study are that in destructive tools that are working their way order for urban regeneration to be through inner cities causing premature successful, there should be greater urban decay. It is the contention of the involvement from the inhabitants, and that a author that the characteristics and functions variety of aspects of the urban environment of urban regeneration need to be revisited such as its economic, artistic, cultural, in order to improve on the methods that marketing, natural, and institutional have traditionally been used to improve potential needs to be exploited in order for it inner urban areas. to have the desired outcome. CONTENTS CHAPTER I.................................................. 4 CHAPTER 3 ........................................ 46 1.1 OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY ..................5 3.1 URBAN REGENERATION DEFINED.... 47 1.11 INTRODUCTION................................ 5 3.1) INTRODUCTION........... .. .......... 47 1. l:l] PROBLEM STATEMENT ...................6 3.21 DEFINING URBAN REGENERATION 48 I.3 AIM OF THE STUDY .............................7 3.2:1] TEN PRINCIPLES OF URBAN 1.31 GLOSSARY ..........................................7 REGENERATION ....................................... 51 1.41 METHOLOGY .......................................9 3.31 REASONS FOR URBAN 1.4.11 UNDERSTANDING RESEARCH ........ 9 REGENERATION .................................... 51 1.4.21 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS 3.41 OBJECTIVES OF URBAN ...................................................................10 REGENERATION ......................................54 1.4.31 RESEARCH DESIGN ....................... 11 3.51 TOOLS OF URBAN REGENERATIONS~~ 1.51 PROJECT STRUCTURE.................... 11 3.5.11ACTORS INVOLVED........................ 54 1-61CONCLUSION ...................... ..........13 3.5.21 LEGISLATION AND POLICIES ........55 3.5.31 IMPROVEMENT DISTRICTS ........... 56 CHAPTER 2 ..............................................14 3.61 URBAN REGENERATION TERMINOLOGY ........................................57 3.6.11 FLAGSHIPS ................................... 57 3.71 EFFECT OF URBAN REGENERATION 2.1 THE URBAN REALITY ..........................15 ...................................................................58 3.81 SUSTAINABLE DNELOPMENT....... 60 3.91 CONCLUSION .................................... 60 2.1) INTRODUCTION........................ 15 2.4 SOUTH AFRICAN URBAN AREAS IN HISTORY ................................................ 15 CHAPTER 4 ................................................ 61 2.2.11 THE PERIOD BEFORE AND AFTER THE ANGLO-BOER WAR ..........................16 2.2.21 THE PERIOD BETWEEN AND AFTER THE TWO WORLD WARS .........................18 4.1 UTOPW PRAC-TOPIA ......................... 62 2.2.31APARTHElD .......................... ..... 21 2.2.43 RECONSTRUCTION OF A NATION 30 4-11INTRODUCTION ............................. 62 2.31 TOOLS OF DESTRUCTION ...............33 4-21 PHILOSOPHER'S UTOPk ................ 63 2.3.11 POVERTY ........................... ...... 36 4.31 THE MASTERS OF UTOPIAN 2.3.21 CRIME ......................... .......37 THOUGHT ................................................65 2.3.31 SPRAWL ........................... .........40 4.3.11 PLAT0.............................................. 65 2.3.4i URBAN ECONOMICS ......................42 4.3.23 ARISTOTLE ................................. 66 2.3.51 URBAN LANDSCAPE ..................... 42 4.3.31 THOMAS MOORE ................ ...... 67 2.3.4 SOClAU COMMUNITY 4.3.41 CHARLES FOURIER ........................68 DEVELOPMENT ........................ .......... 43 4.3.51 ROBERT OWEN............................ 68 2.41 CONCLUSlON .................................. 45 4.3.6) HENRl SAINT-SIMON ...................... 69 4.3.71 KARL MARX AND FREDRICH ENGELS................................................... 70 4.3.81 EBENEZER HOWARD .....................71 4.3.91 LE CORBUSIER ............................... 73 4.3.101 FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT ............... 75 4.3.111 LEWIS MUMFORD ......................... 75 4.3.121 NORTHROP FRYE .........................76 4.3.121 PAUL TlLLlCH ............................... 77 CHAPTER 7 .............................................. 119 4.3.13) THE EXTREMES ........... .. ...........78 4.4) THE THREE CITIES ............................ 79 4.51 MODERN UTOPIA ........................... 80 4.61 CONCLUSION .......................... ...... 81 7.1 THE PREllY CITY ..................... .... 120 CHAPTER 5 ................................................ 83 7.11 INTRODUCTION............................... I20 7.21 PUBLIC ART ..................................... 121 7.3j THE HISTORY IN THE CITY ............. 123 7-41CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT........ 126 5.1 THE FRAGMENTED CITY .....................84 7.4:1] MUNICIPAL ART ............................ 127 7.4.21 CIVIC IMPROVEMENT .................. 127 7.4.31 OUTDOOR ART ........................... 128 5.11 INTRODUCTION.............................. 84 5.21 SKEWED DEVELOPMENT................. 85 7.51 URBAN DESIGN ............................... 129 7.61THEARTlST IN THE CITY ................ 132 THE MARALIASTADREGENERATION PROGRAMME ...................................................................86 7.6.11 GRAFFITI ....................................... 136 5.31 NATURAL BOUNDARIES .................. 90 7.6.21 HISTORICAL BUILDINGS .............. 137 5.41 THE PRESENCE OF SLUMS.............. 91 7.71 CONCLUSION ..................................138 5.4.11 SLUMS ........................ ...........91 5.5) CRIME AND PLACE ........................... 92 CHAPTER 8 ........................................... 140 5.61 CONCLUSION .................................... 94 CHAPTER 6 ............................ .............95 8.1 THE CULTURE CITY ...........................141 8.11 INTRODUCTION............................... 141 6.1 THE GREEN CITY ..................... ......-96 8.2j DEFINING CULTURE ....................... 142 8.2.11 UNlVERSlAL CULTURES .............. 143 6.11 INTRODUCTION................................. 96 8.1 THE SOUTH AFRICAN CULTURAL 6.21 THE ENVIRONMENT .......................... 96 ORIENTATION......................................... 143 6.2.11