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Sem Book-Final-Printed SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES ON SEVERAL OTOPHEIDOMENID MITES (ACARI: OTOPHEIDOMENIDAE) VIKRAM PRASAD M.D., Ph.D. 2019 INDIRA PUBLISHING HOUSE Publisher of books in agricultural and biological Sciences P.O. Box 250456, West Bloomfi eld, MI 48325-0456, USA email: [email protected]; website: www.indirapublishinghouse.com 2 Vikram Prasad All rights reserved by Indira Publishing House. Except for brief quotation in a review or reference, this book or parts thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. First printing: March 2019 Published by: Indira Publishing House PO Box 250456 West Bloomfi eld, MI 48325-0456, USA email: [email protected] website: www.indirapublishinghouse.com Printed in the USA ISBN: 0-930337-34-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018915133 [Front cover photo: Atrophied fi xed digits and the movable digits surrounded by the spermatodac- tyls in the male of Prasadoseius cocytes (Prasad, 1970a); Fig. M10, page 133]. 3 3. DEDICATION Respectfully, this book is dedicated to: (1) Deceased Dr. Asher E. Treat who contributed so much information on the moth mites; (2) Dr. Glenn Walker, Professor and Scanning Electron Microscopist, Biol- ogy Department, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan, who helped in this study by taking the photographs on which this study is based; and (3) Mr. George Vieira, Fowlerville, Michigan, a young man, who patiently taught this author about InDesign, Photoshop, formatting this book, and helped in many technical problems. 4 4. ABSTRACT The results of the scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies on the idiosoma, gnathosoma, and the legs of Prasadiseius cocytes (Prasad, 1970a), Prasadiseius donahuei (Prasad, 1970a), Prasadiseius incanus Prasad and Guanilo, in Prasad et al., 2011, and Prasadiseius kayosiekeri (Prasad, 1970b) (Acari: Otopheidomenidae: Otopheidomeninae), never published before, are presented giving numerous micro- graphs. All of these species are native to Central and South America and are obligatory ectoparasites of the hawk moths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). The remaining 4 species in the genus - P. achlora (Prasad, 1972), P. aporodes (Prasad, 1972), P. indicus (Prasad, 1973), and P. pholusis (Prasad, 1970b) are described from these and other tropical regions of the world. Species of the family Otopheidomenidae are most similar to those of the family Phytoseiidae but diff er in having the fi xed digit of the chelicera very much reduced, atrophied and stump-like in appearance, and generally fewer idiosomal setae. The mites of the subfamily Otopheidomeninae infest moths of the families Noctuidae and Sphingidae. They possess 11-16 pairs of minute dorsal idiosomal setae. Females have a long, tubular sperm access system of the laelapid type. The SEM sudy indicated the atrophied fi xed digit of female being diff erent than in the male. The present status of the family Otopheidomenidae is discussed. A key is included to identify the 12 species of Otopheido- meninae belonging to 2 subfamiles (Otopheidomeninae and Prasadoseiinae new subfamily). Another key is provided for the identifi cation of 7 families of Phytoseioidea (Blattisociidae, Hemipteroseiidae new family, Katydiseiidae Fain and Lukoschus, new status, Otopheidomenidae, Phytoseiidae, Podocinidae, and Treatiidae Wainstein, new status) as accepted in this work. Eickwortius termes Zhang and Orthoptero- seius sinicus Mo are transferred to Blattisociidae. Genera Nabiseius having 4 species and Treatia (= Ento- moseius) also having 4 species are included in the family Treatiidae. Twelve tables, several hundred SEM fi gures and line drawings of adults and, immature stages of Otopheidomeninae species including, some key morphological characters, and chaetotaxy of genua and tibiae I-IV, are provided. Key words - Blattisociidae, chelicera, Hemipteroseiidae new family, Katydiseiidae Fain and Lukoschus, new status, Mesostigmata, mites, Otopheidomenidae, Otopheidomeninae, parasites, Phytosei- idae, Podocinidae, Prasadseiinae new subfamily, Treatiidae Wainstein, new status. 5 5. CONTENTS 1. Title - 1 2. Publisher’s data - 2 3. Dedication - 3 4. Abstract - 4 5. Contents - 5 6. Introduction - 7 7. Material and methods - 12 8. Taxonomy - 14 (A) Genus Prasadiseius Wainstein, 1972 - 14 1. Prasadiseius cocytes (Prasad, 1970a) - 15 2. Prasadiseius donahuei (Prasad, 1970a) - 15 3. Prasadiseius incanus Prasad and Guanilo, 2011 - 16 4. Prasadiseius kayosiekeri (Prasad, 1970b) - 16 (B) Key for the identifi cation of 4 species of Prasadiseius - 17 9. Results - 18 1. Prasadiseius cocytes (Prasad, 1970a) - 18 (A) Male # 1 (dorsal) - 18 (a) Idiosoma (dorsal) - 18 (b) Gnathosoma (dorsal) - 18 (c) Legs I-IV, left and right (dorsal) - 19 (B) Female # 2 (ventral) - 25 (a) Idiosoma (ventral) - 25 (b) Gnathosoma (ventral) - 25 (c) Legs I-IV, right (ventral) - 26 2. Prasadiseius donahuei (Prasad, 1970a) - 29 (A) Females (dorsal) - 29 (a) Idiosoma (dorsal) - 29 (b) Gnathosoma (dorsal) - 30 (c) Legs I, II, and IV, right (dorsal) - 31 (B) Females (ventral) - 32 (a) Idiosoma (ventral) - 32 (b) Gnathosoma (ventral) - 32 (C) Males # 1 and # 2 (dorsal and ventral) - 32 (a) Idiosoma (ventral) - 32 (b) Gnathosoma (dorsal and ventral) - 33 (c) Leg II, Femur (ventral) - 33 3. Prasadiseius incanus Prasad and Guanilo, 2011 - 33 (A) Females n-female, females # 1, 2, 3 (dorsal) - 33, 38, 42, 45 (a) Idiosoma (dorsal) - 34, 38 (b) Gnathosoma (dorsal) - 34, 39, 42, 45 (c) Legs I-IV, left and right (dorsal) - 35, 40, 43 (B) Females # 4 and # 5 (ventral) - 45, 49 (a) Idiosoma (ventral) - 45, 49 (b) Gnathosoma (ventral) - 46, 50 (c) Legs I-IV, left and right (ventral) - 47, 50 (C) Male # 1 (ventral) - 52 (a) Idiosoma (ventral) - 52 (b) Gnathosoma (ventral) - 52 (c) Legs I-IV, left and right (ventral) - 53 (D) Male # 2 (ventral) - 56 (a) Idiosoma (ventral) - 56 (b) Gnathosoma (ventral) - 57 (c) Legs I-IV, left and right (ventral) - 57 6 4. Prasadiseius kayosiekeri (Prasad, 1970b) - 58 (A) Female (dorsal) - 58 (a) Idiosoma (dorsal) - 58 (b) Gnathosoma (dorsal) - 58 (c) Legs I-IV, left and right (dorsal and ventral) - 59 (B) Females (ventral) - 60 (a) Idiosoma (ventral) - 60 (b) Gnathosoma (ventral) - 60 10. Discussion - 61 11. Acknowledgements - 96 12. References - 97 13. Tables 1-12 - 100 14. Abbreviations and terms - 115 15. SEM Figures: 1. Prasadiseius cocytes (Prasad, 1970a) - 123, 197 Males [Figs. M1-M73] - 124 Females [Figs. F1-F58] - 198 2. Prasadiseius donahuei (Prasad, 1970a) - 256, 306 Females [Figs. F1-F49] - 257 Males [Figs. M1-M10] - 307 3. Prasadiseius incanus Prasad and Guanilo, 2011 - 317, 494 Females [Figs. F1-F175] - 318 Males [Figs. M1-M67] - 495 4. Prasadiseius kayosiekeri (Prasad, 1970b) - 562 Females [Figs. F1-F28] - 563 16. Line Drawings: 1. Prasadiseius cocytes (Prasad, 1970a) - 591 Male [Figs. L1-L12] - 592 Female [Figs. L13-L23] - 604 2. Prasadiseius donahuei (Prasad, 1970a) - 616 Females [Figs. L24-L39] - 617 Males [Figs. L40 and L41] - 633 3. Prasadiseius incanus Prasad and Guanilo, 2011 - 636 Female [Figs. L42-L80] - 637 Males [Figs. L81-L98] - 676 4. Prasadiseius kayosiekeri (Prasad, 1970b) - 695 Females [Figs. L99-L107] - 696 17. Addendum (Some additional SEM Figures) - 705 18. Some key fi gures - 741 19. Conclusions - 762 20. Index - 771 7 6. INTRODUCTION Mites of the families Blattisociidae, Otopheidomenidae, Phytoseiidae, and Podocinidae belong to superfamily Phytoseioidea of the cohort Gamasina and order Mesostigmata. Detail characteristics of these and related superfamilies are given by Lindquist, Krantz, and Walter (2009). The number of setae on diff er- ent segments of the palp of a typical mesostigmatic mite are as follow (from trochanter to tarsus; palp coxa is fused with gnathosoma): larva - 0, 4, 5, 12, 11; protonymph - 1, 4, 5, 12, 15; deutonymph and adult - 2, 5, 6, 14, 15. Thus, in comparison to a larva, 1 seta is added on the trochanter and 4 setae added on the tarsus in the protonymph. Also, in comparison to a protonymph, 1 seta is added on the trochanter, 1 seta added on the femur, 1 seta added on the genu and 2 setae added on the tibia in the deutonymph, a pattern retained in the adult. The superfamily Phytoseioidea is most closely related to superfamily Ascoidea. Thus, some features are common to both the superfamilies. In the adult mites of the superfamily Phytoseioidea, the femur of leg I usually has 11-12 setae (in- cluding 4-5 dorsal, 3 ventral and 4 lateral), the tibia of leg I with 7-11 setae (4-6 dorsal, 2-3 ventral and 1-2 anterolateral), and the tibia of leg III with 7-8 and, rarely, with 9 setae. The palp tarsus usually has a 2-tined palpal apotele in Phytoseiidae. In addition, the “Phytoseiid type sperm access system” is present in which sperm induction pores (= solenostomes) in the females are present at the base of coxa III on the left and right that often lead to a sclerotized spermathecal calyx, with an associated sac-like vesicle, atrium, and mi- nor duct (such mites are called “podospermic” but having the “Phytoseiid type” sperm access system). Lar- vae are with or without a pygidial shield, protonymphs have a pygidial shield and with 5-8 pairs of setae, and deutonymphs have a dorsal shield covering almost the entire idiosoma with lateral incisions or divided as in the adults. In comparison to the above, mites of family Ameroseiidae representing the superfamily Ascoidea, possess the “Laelapid type sperm access system” in which sperm induction pores in the females are also present on each lateral side at the bases of coxae III but lead to
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