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House Dust Mites and Their Genetic Systems

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House Dust Mites and Their Genetic Systems House dust mites and their genetic systems Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Biological Sciences Kirsten M. Farncombe July 2018 Declaration Declaration: I confirm that this is my own work and the use of all material from other sources has been properly and fully acknowledged Kirsten M. Farncombe 1 Table of Contents Declaration................................................................................................................................ 1 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 8 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. 9 Chapter 1: Knowledge and Applications of House Dust Mites ......................................... 11 1.1 Ecology of House Dust Mites .................................................................................. 12 1.1.1 Mites in the home: ............................................................................................. 12 1.1.2 Life cycle: .......................................................................................................... 12 1.1.3 Humans in the home: ......................................................................................... 13 1.1.4 Pets in the home: ................................................................................................ 13 1.1.5 Colonisation of mites: ........................................................................................ 14 1.2 Taxonomy of Mites .................................................................................................. 16 1.2.1 Accuracy: ........................................................................................................... 16 1.2.2 The Acariformes: ............................................................................................... 16 1.2.3 The Parasitiformes: ............................................................................................ 18 1.2.4 Published mite genomes: ................................................................................... 20 1.3 Relevance of Mites ................................................................................................... 23 1.3.1 Medical importance: .......................................................................................... 23 1.3.2 Economic importance: ....................................................................................... 24 1.3.3 Forensic importance: .......................................................................................... 25 1.4 Various Genetic Systems in Mites.......................................................................... 26 1.4.1 Diploidy: ............................................................................................................ 26 1.4.2 Thelytoky: .......................................................................................................... 26 1.4.3 Arrhenotoky: ...................................................................................................... 27 1.4.4 Pseudo-arrhenotoky: .......................................................................................... 28 1.5 Population Genetic Structure in Mites: ................................................................ 30 1.5.1 Fragmented habitats: .......................................................................................... 30 1.5.2 Tetraynchus urticae population structure: ......................................................... 31 Chapter 2: Compiling a Database of House Dust Mites and Geographic Location ........ 32 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 32 2.2 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................... 33 2.2.1 Collection of published research:....................................................................... 33 2.2.2 Publication parameters: ...................................................................................... 34 2 2.3 Results and Discussion ............................................................................................ 35 2.3.1 Database from the literature: .............................................................................. 35 2.3.2 Assessing completeness of the database: ........................................................... 38 2.3.3 Limitations of the dataset and how they have been mitigated: .......................... 46 a. Number of studies: .......................................................................................................................... 46 b. External variants: ............................................................................................................................ 47 c. Collection methods: ........................................................................................................................ 47 d. Publication bias: .............................................................................................................................. 48 2.3.4 Applications of the database: ............................................................................. 49 2.4 Conclusions .............................................................................................................. 54 Chapter 3: Biogeographical Distribution of House Dust Mites ......................................... 56 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 56 3.2 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................... 57 3.3 Results and Discussion ............................................................................................ 58 3.3.1 Distribution by biogeographical region: ............................................................ 58 3.3.2 Distribution by country: ..................................................................................... 58 3.3.3 Latitudinal diversity gradient: ............................................................................ 60 3.3.4 Pleistocene glaciation: ....................................................................................... 61 a. Hypothesis: ..................................................................................................................................... 61 b. Select species supporting this hypothesis: ...................................................................................... 63 c. Issues with this hypothesis: ............................................................................................................. 63 3.3.5 Niche conservatism: ........................................................................................... 64 a. Hypothesis: ..................................................................................................................................... 64 b. Select species supporting this hypothesis: ...................................................................................... 65 c. Issues with this hypothesis: ............................................................................................................. 66 3.3.6 Tropical conservatism hypothesis: ..................................................................... 66 a. Hypothesis: ..................................................................................................................................... 66 b. Select species supporting this hypothesis: ...................................................................................... 68 c. Issues with this hypothesis: ............................................................................................................. 69 3.3.7 Time and area hypothesis (Time-for-speciation effect): .................................... 71 a. Hypothesis: ..................................................................................................................................... 71 b. Select species supporting this hypothesis: ...................................................................................... 72 c. Issues with this hypothesis: ............................................................................................................. 73 3.3.8 Species-energy hypothesis: ................................................................................ 73 a. Hypothesis: ..................................................................................................................................... 73 b. Select species supporting this hypothesis: ...................................................................................... 75 c. Issues with this hypothesis: ............................................................................................................. 76 3 3.3.9 House dust mites and the latitudinal diversity gradient: .................................... 77 a. Most likely hypotheses: .................................................................................................................. 77 b. House dust mites and the latitudinal diversity gradient: ................................................................. 78 3.4 Conclusions .............................................................................................................. 83 Chapter
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