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National Crime Research Centre Boda Boda NATIONAL CRIME RESEARCH CENTRE BODA BODA MOTORCYCLE TRANSPORT AND SECURITY CHALLENGES IN KENYA Vincent Odhiambo Opondo Geofrey Kiprop COPY RIGHT Copyright© 2018 by National Crime Research Centre Nairobi; Printed in Kenya ISBN 978-9966-7493-8-3 Part of this publication may be copied for use in research and education purposes provided that the source is acknowledged. This publication may not be reproduced for other purposes without prior permission from the National Crime Research Centre Published by The Jomo Kenyatta Foundation FOREWORD Ensuring public safety is one of the leading functions of the public service and successful performance in this role requires a strategic approach that involves the concerted effort of all stakeholders. Transport plays a significant role in the development of the economy and, the boda boda sub-sector is becoming entrenched as a major part of the Kenyan economy and a source of employment and livelihood for many. Boda bodas are becoming a popular means of transport for many rural and urban dwellers and have evolved into an informal sector of the transport industry. With this rising popularity, there are worrying concerns that the sub-sector is becoming associated with crime, traffic accidents and impunity, with grave implications for public safety. This situation has largely been attributed to the boda boda sector operating with minimal regulation and control. Complaints of boda boda operators and criminals on motorcycles attacking people are common occurrences across Kenya and, boda bodas are gradually turning into the new face of crime. In addition, boda boda accident related deaths and injuries have become major public health concerns in Kenya. The seemingly informal, unregulated nature and weak governance framework for the sector is a serious threat to national security as it provides incentives for risk taking, recklessness and impunity among operators. The sector is dominated by a fairly youthful population without requisite professionally motorcycle training, less educated and of lower socio- economic standing- operating in a context of weak regulation and oversight. Consequently, the sub-sector is evolving into an unregulated informal industry with greater risks to public safety. Preventing crime is a priority for national security, with immediate implications for the public. The penal approach to the sector, that of arresting operators and banning boda boda operations will not be sustainable in the long run for Kenya’s developing economy. There is an urgent need to develop and implement policies that will allow boda boda operators to participate in economic activities in a regulated and orderly manner, where operators can derive an income while contributing to our nation’s development and prosperity. This study recommends the urgent need to put in place a policy framework to register, regulate, monitor and govern the boda boda industry in the country. This research is among efforts initiated by the government to inform policy discourse in addressing conventional, new and emerging crime trends in the country. It is my sincere hope that this report will assist stakeholders in addressing public safety challenges by ensuring that boda bodas are safe, secure, orderly, reliable and can be converted into a sustainable sector of public transport in Kenya. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The National Crime Research Centre (NCRC) acknowledges the important roles played by various individuals and institutions in the Boda boda Motorcycle Transport and Security Challenges Study. First, we thank the Government of Kenya for the financial support, without which this study would not have been accomplished. The Centre would like to acknowledge and thank members of the Governing Council of NCRC in general and the Research and Development Committee in particular for their strategic leadership and professional guidance in the entire process of this study. In a special way, my sincere gratitude to Dr. Florence Muli-Musiime, a member of the Council and Committee, who reviewed and supervised the writing of this report. The Centre sincerely thanks Dr. Michael Katola the peer reviewer of this report, whose invaluable input contributed to improving and completing the report. The Centre is also greatly indebted to the study respondents who shared their views, experiences and information on the reference subject of boda boda transport. This would not have been possible without your participation. The Centre expresses its gratitude to the Research Supervisors and Research Assistants who ensured authentic and quality data was collected, cleaned, coded, entered and analyzed. Finally, my sincere appreciation to NCRC’s Principal Researcher Vincent O. Opondo, the lead researcher and author of this report as well as Geofrey Kiprop - Research Officer, who assisted in the report writing, for their tremendous contribution in finalization of the report. The findings and recommendations of this study will go a long way in assisting stakeholders in the security and transport sector to formulate sound policies in addressing public safety challenges in the boda boda Motorcycle Transport in Kenya. GERARD E. WANDERA DIRECTOR/CEO NATIONAL CRIME RESEARCH CENTRE SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 1.0 Introduction Transport plays a significant role in the development of the economy and, the boda boda sub- sector is becoming entrenched as a major part of the Kenyan economy and a source of employment and livelihood for many. Boda bodas are becoming a popular means of transport for many rural and urban dwellers and have evolved into an informal sector of the transport industry. With this rising popularity, there are worrying concerns that the sub-sector is becoming associated with crime, traffic accidents and impunity, with grave implications for public safety. This situation has largely been attributed to the boda boda sector operating with minimal regulation and control. This study sought to address concerns around the boda boda motorcycle transport and security challenges in Kenya. Major contentions with the boda boda sub-sector are that conventional crimes, new and emerging crime trends involving motorcycles have increased two fold. The general objective of this study was to establish the relationship between boda boda transport and crime in Kenya. The specific objectives were to: establish the prevalence of boda boda motorcycle related crimes; identify the root causes of boda boda related crimes; identify the perpetrators and victims of boda boda related crimes; identify the mode of operation of perpetrators of boda boda related crimes; examine the consequences of boda boda related crimes; identify the existing control measures and their effectiveness in addressing boda boda related crimes; and identify challenges and make recommendations to address boda boda related crimes. This study is informed by a conceptual model providing insights into the interaction of various factors: motorcycle factors, human factors, the physical environment and registration/regulatory factors within the socio-economic context of weak registration, regulation, monitoring and the resultant boda boda-related crimes and accidents that characterize the boda boda sub-sector in Kenya. The study was descriptive in nature and was carried out in 24 purposively selected counties: Mombasa, Kwale, Kilifi, Tana River, Lamu, Taita-Taveta, Garissa, Wajir, Mandera, 1 Marsabit, Turkana, West Pokot, Trans Nzoia, Narok, Kajiado, Bungoma, Busia, Siaya, Homa Bay, Kisumu, Migori, Nairobi, Kiambu and Tharaka Nithi. Multi-stage cluster sampling was applied for the selection of constituencies and wards, while households were systematically selected for the study. Primary data was collected using structured individual face-to-face interviews. A total of 5,515 sample respondents were interviewed in this study: 4,313 (78.2%) respondents were members of the public (households) and 1,202 (21.8%) were boda boda riders. Secondary data was collected through review of existing literature while key informants guide was used to collect information from key informants drawn from selected agencies with specialist knowledge on boda boda motorcycle and transport sector. Quantitative data was analyzed through descriptive statistics using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The information is presented in frequencies, percentage tables, bar graphs and pie-charts. Qualitative data from the key informants was analyzed thematically and reinforced households and riders quantitative data. 1.1 Summary of Major Findings The boda boda transport sub-sector is dominated by a majorly youthful population of males with family obligations and responsibilities. Majority have low levels of schooling with majority at primary and secondary education levels. Boda boda also employ minors with serious implications for the development trajectory and safety of children. The sub-sector further employ people with university level education –speaking to the realities and pervasiveness of unemployment in Kenya. The following are summaries of the major findings of this study: 1.1.1 Understanding Boda boda riders/operators Majority of the boda boda riders or operators were males (97.4%) while female riders constituted (2.6%). On age, (38.2%) of the riders were in the age range of 26-33 years; with (30.0%) falling within the 18-25years age cohort; (20.0%) were aged 34-41 years; (7.3%) were between 42-49 years; (2.4%) were aged 50-57years. Notably (1.1%) of riders were aged 10-17 years. On marital status, (71.1%)
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